杉木大孢子叶球发育过程中形态结构的变化

以福州生长的成年杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata（Lamb.） Hook.）为实验材料,采用数码相机实地拍照、体视镜、半薄切片以及扫描电镜等方法,从形态学、解剖学系统观察了杉木大孢子叶球的发育过程。结果显示,2011年10月底至11月初,杉木大孢子叶球形成,此时大孢子叶球呈绿色,体积较小;翌年3月中下旬,大孢子叶球成熟,进入传粉期,期间大孢子叶球经历了由绿变黄的颜色转变、体积增大以及苞片开张的过程。胚珠发育过程中,胚珠原基于1月上旬发生,1月中下旬珠被和珠心组织已分化形成;2月下旬,珠心组织继续发育,形态呈椭圆型,并在其上方形成贮粉室,周围的珠被组织继续生长包围珠心组织,形成珠孔道;3月初珠孔形成,开口达到最大,胚珠的体积继续增大;3月中下旬,胚珠珠孔处开始分泌传粉滴。授粉后,传粉滴消失,珠孔上方的组织停止生长,珠孔开口亦不再增大。研究结果表明杉木大孢子叶球从分化形成到发育成熟需要约5个月的时间,胚珠的形态结构经过长期演化形成了许多适应风媒传粉的结构特征。     

银杏胚珠贮粉室的早期发育

对银杏 (GinkgobilobaL .)胚珠贮粉室的早期发育过程以及珠心细胞死亡的细胞学机制进行了研究。DNA电泳出现DNAladder和TUNEL标记说明参与形成贮粉室的珠心细胞死亡是程序性死亡 (PCD)过程 ,并且显示出在贮粉室形成中 ,PCD的发生有一定的空间分布式样。结合扫描电镜观察 ,贮粉室的早期发育可分为 4个阶段 :起始事件是位于珠孔端的 3至 4层珠心细胞纵向伸长 ;接着 ,位于珠心组织最上部 (珠孔端 )的珠心细胞启始死亡 ;然后 ,这些已经纵向伸长的珠心细胞向基地和侧向地逐渐死亡 ,形成一个空腔 ;最后 ,珠孔端珠心表皮细胞以开裂的方式与其余表皮细胞脱离而形成贮粉室的开口。大孢子母细胞时期 ,贮粉室尚未发生 ;四分体阶段 ,贮粉室已经开始形成 ;到雌配子体发育时期 ,贮粉室已经完全产生。反映大孢子发育和贮粉室发生的同步性。     

银杏胚珠贮粉室的早期发育

对银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)胚珠贮粉室的早期发育过程以及珠心细胞死亡的细胞学机制进行了研究.DNA电泳出现DNA ladder和TUNEL标记说明参与形成贮粉室的珠心细胞死亡是程序性死亡(PCD)过程,并且显示出在贮粉室形成中,PCD的发生有一定的空间分布式样.结合扫描电镜观察,贮粉室的早期发育可分为4个阶段:起始事件是位于珠孔端的3至4层珠心细胞纵向伸长;接着,位于珠心组织最上部(珠孔端)的珠心细胞启始死亡;然后,这些已经纵向伸长的珠心细胞向基地和侧向地逐渐死亡,形成一个空腔;最后,珠孔端珠心表皮细胞以开裂的方式与其余表皮细胞脱离而形成贮粉室的开口.大孢子母细胞时期,贮粉室尚未发生;四分体阶段,贮粉室已经开始形成;到雌配子体发育时期,贮粉室已经完全产生.反映大孢子发育和贮粉室发生的同步性.     

无距虾脊兰胚珠发育及种子形成研究

采用石蜡切片、半薄切片、扫描电镜技术对无距虾脊兰不同时期的子房(蒴果)进行研究.结果表明:(1)无距虾脊兰授粉后19d,胎座上分化出上万个胚珠原基,这些胚珠原基由1列细胞外包1层表皮细胞构成,其中胚珠原基内部顶端的细胞分化为孢原细胞,授粉后45 d,孢原细胞发育分化为大孢子母细胞.(2)无距虾脊兰成熟胚珠为倒生胚珠,双珠被,薄珠心,胚囊发育为蓼型,且胚珠的发育即便在同一个果实内也是不同步的.(3)受精后合子经过一次不均衡横裂形成基细胞和顶细胞;基细胞不参与胚体构成,分化为单细胞的胚柄,最后退化消失;顶细胞经多次分裂形成原球胚,胚胎发育类型为石竹型.(4)成熟种子呈纺锤形,由球形胚和内外双层种皮构成,双层种皮分别由内外珠被发育而来.     

胚珠的类型

胚珠(ouvle)是种子植物的大孢子囊,种子的前身。裸予植物的胚珠裸露,被子植物的胚殊被包在子房内,子房内胚珠的数目随植物种类而不同。被子植物的胚珠由珠被(一般分内珠被和外珠被两层)和珠心两部分组成,珠心的中央是胚囊,珠被包在珠心的外面。珠被在珠心顶端的小孔叫珠孔,珠心的基部与珠被相连的部位叫合点。胚珠通过珠柄着生在胎坐上。由于胚珠各部分生长速度不同,可把胚珠区分为四大类。如果胚珠各部分的生长速度均匀一致,所生成的胚珠,珠孔、合点和珠柄三者在一条直线上,珠孔在珠柄的相对一端,这类     

小叶兜兰的果实生长和雌配子体发育

为了解濒危兰科植物小叶兜兰(Paphiopedilum barbigerum Tang et Wang)胚珠和雌配子体的发育过程,采用常规石蜡切片技术对其果实的生长动态进行了研究。结果表明,授粉后60~75 d的蒴果内种子数量迅速增加,到授粉后120 d时种子充满整个蒴果。授粉后40 d的胎座上分化形成多数由1层表皮细胞包被1列细胞的胚珠原基;授粉后60 d时位于胎座指状结构末端处紧靠表皮细胞下方的孢原细胞分化为大孢子母细胞。之后,大孢子母细胞经过减数分裂和有丝分裂最终形成成熟胚囊;授粉后135 d胚囊发育成熟,附着在胎座上的种子个体分化明显。小叶兜兰胚囊的发育类型为双孢子葱型,胚珠为倒生胚珠,薄珠心,单珠被,成熟胚囊为8核。这为小叶兜兰的生殖生物学及繁殖体系的建立提供理论依据。     

濒危物种灰叶胡杨的大孢子发生和雌配子体发育

用石蜡切片法对濒危物种灰叶胡杨的大孢子发生和雌配子体发育过程进行观察研究.结果显示,灰叶胡杨雌蕊由三心皮构成,侧膜胎座,胚珠为倒生型,有18～21列;发育早期的胚珠为双珠被,厚珠心;当外珠被发育至与内珠被处于同一水平时,内珠被便开始退化,故成熟胚珠为单珠被;孢原细胞1个,并且自表皮下2层处分化;大孢子母细胞由孢原细胞分裂后形成的造孢细胞直接发育而来;大孢子四分体直线形排列,合点端的大孢子为功能大孢子,蓼型胚囊;在胚囊发育过程中珠孔端的珠心组织退化.根据开花物候不同阶段花的形态特征,可以初步判断灰叶胡杨大孢子发生和雌配子体的发育进程.     

非洲狼尾草胚珠(着重胚珠附器)发育的特点

用光学显微镜对非洲狼尾草胚珠发育做了进一步观察。结果表明有如下几个特点：（１）珠孔区域的珠心细胞发生特化,膨大１伸长并进入珠孔,形成胚珠附器。（２）珠心表皮平周分裂产生周缘珠心组织。（３）珠孔由内珠被和腹侧外珠被构成。     

穗花杉的胚珠结构与雌、雄配子体的发育

穗花杉胚珠结构最显著的特点之一是,珠心顶部有一比较发达的贮粉室。珠孔道的闭塞主要是由珠被中层区细胞形成的;珠被维管束8—14个。假种皮中具14—17个粘液分泌道。小孢子囊远轴着生,起源于皮下细胞。在小孢子母细胞分裂前后,绒毡层出现局部异常膨大现象。成熟花粉由两个细胞组成。雌配子体游离核经8次分裂产生256个核后形成胞壁。颈卵器单个,顶生。从胚珠结构和雌雄配子体发育来看,穗花杉属在红豆杉科中可能居于最原始的位置;而且它与三尖杉属有许多共同之处。     

低温对蝴蝶兰胚珠发育的影响

低温(12-18℃)处理的蝴蝶兰,授粉50 d开始分化胚珠原基、60 d胚囊处于大孢子母细胞时期,比常温(20-25℃)下的推迟10-15 d;授粉70 d,常温下的蝴蝶兰植株已完成雌配子体发育和双受精,而低温处理的蝴蝶兰仍未完成大孢子的发生过程.低温处理的蝴蝶兰,胚囊发育过程中珠心细胞提前退化,在大孢子母细胞外围形成较厚的胚囊壁.胚囊只发育到单核胚囊阶段,没有形成成熟胚囊.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.