三峡库区小江库湾鱼类食物网的稳定C、N同位素分析

应用稳定碳(δ₁₃C)、氮(δ₁₅N)同位素探讨了三峡库区一级支流小江库湾枯水期(2010.7)和丰水期间(2010.12)鱼类食物网结构。研究结果显示：初级生产者颗粒有机物(POM)和固着藻类δ₁₃C、δ₁₅N值范围分别为-23.33‰～-21.05‰、-25.13‰～-24.54‰,3.99‰～6.25‰、4.64‰～4.79‰。POM和固着藻类构成了小江库湾食物网能量的主要来源,其中丰水期间陆生营养物质输入是其食物网能量来源的一种重要补充途径。小江库湾常见鱼类食性可分为杂食偏植物食性、杂食偏动物食性及动物食性3种营养类群。在不同时期(枯水期和丰水期)小江库湾鱼类食物网营养级长度均有三级并且存在4种主要营养路径,表明了在三峡工程运行初期小江库湾已经形成了相对稳定的食物网结构。研究为小江库湾鱼类资源管理及生态系统恢复提供了一定的指导意义。     

人工食物对高原鼠兔稳定性碳和氮同位素组成的影响

以玉米面、小米面和绿豆粉 (质量比为 5∶3∶2 )的混合食物饲喂青藏高原地区特有种高原鼠兔 ,4 0d后断头杀死 ,取其后腿肌肉测定稳定性碳和氮同位素组成。结果表明 ,用混合食物饲喂后 ,高原鼠兔的稳定性碳同位素比值显著升高 ,由对照的 (- 2 4 6 6± 0 2 5 )‰上升为 (- 19 0 5± 0 0 9)‰ ;稳定性氮同位素的组成变化较小 ,仅由对照的 (3 2 8± 0 13)‰增加为饲喂后的 (3 6 1± 0 32 )‰。经人工食物饲喂后 ,高原鼠兔与其食物间稳定性碳同位素的分馏效应为 4 73‰ ,稳定性氮同位素的分馏效应为 2 79‰。C4组分食物的加入影响高原鼠兔的稳定性同位素 (特别是氮同位素 )代谢模式 ,其稳定性同位素代谢周转率可能高于原来预测的 4 0d。     

川东南小型水库营养结构特征的稳定C、N同位素分析

为了解我国水库生态系统营养结构特征, 研究应用稳定同位素技术分析了四川省东南部的典型小型水库松林水库中不同水生生物碳、氮稳定性同位素比值。基于Bayesian混合模型(SIAR)分析了不同消费者基础碳来源, 并计算了δ13C–δ15N同位素生态位中6个营养结构量化指标。结果表明: 调查期间松林水库处于富营养化状态; 初级生产者POM(主要成分为浮游藻类)、固着藻类、喜旱莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides和水蓼Polygonum hydropiper的δ13C值范围为–29.20‰—18.81‰, δ15N值范围为4.01‰—12.73‰; 其中POM和固着藻类是多数消费者的主要碳源; 松林水库食物网营养级长度为3级, 以杂食性鱼类为优势类群并存在营养冗余现象, 暗示了该生态系统鱼类群落结构的相对稳定性; 入侵物种福寿螺Pomacea lineata、罗非鱼Oreochromis spp.与土著物种铜锈环棱螺Bellamya aeruginosa、鲫Carassius auratus等之间存在明显的同位素生态位重叠现象。建议加强水生生物资源管理, 减少外来物种入侵对当地土著物种的保护具有重要意义。     

三亚蜈支洲岛海洋牧场区域夏季食物网研究

三亚蜈支洲岛海洋牧场在针对珊瑚礁修复工作、热带海洋牧场建设等方面取得了不错的效果,但海洋牧场区域的营养结构仍需要长期的监测评估。于2020年7月海洋生物调查共采集52种主要消费者,以碳(δ¹³C)、氮(δ¹⁵N)稳定同位素技术为基础,首次构建三亚蜈支洲岛海洋牧场区域食物网并进行研究。结果表明：(1)主要消费者的δ¹³C值范围在-19.10‰—-12.74‰之间,平均值为(-16.99±1.52)‰;δ¹⁵N值范围为6.43‰—14.03‰,平均值(11.24±1.70)‰。单因素方差分析结果显示,不同类群之间碳氮稳定同位素均有显著性差异(P<0.01)。(2)大型海藻和底栖微藻对主要消费者的贡献率最大为41.50%,沉积有机物(SOM)和浮游植物也是消费者的重要碳源(贡献率分别为20.05%、19.97%),悬浮颗粒有机物(POM)对消费者的碳源贡献率最低,为18.48%。(3)三亚蜈支洲岛牧场区域主要消费者的营养级范围为1.53—3.76,主要消费者营养层次分布两端少,中间多。通过系统聚类分...     

应用碳、氮稳定同位素研究鄱阳湖枯水末期水生食物网结构

稳定碳、氮同位素比值分析技术是研究生态系统中物质循环与能量流动的有效技术.δ13C值常用来分析消费者食物来源,δ15N值常用来确定生物在食物网中的营养位置.应用稳定同位素技术分析了鄱阳湖北部湖口县、都昌县、星子县、吴城镇4个采样点95条鱼和其他食物网成分样品的碳、氮稳定同位素比值,构建了鄱阳湖枯水期末期水生食物网.结果表明,不同水域颗粒有机物(POM)的δ13C值不同,范围为-27.5‰～-24.6‰可以区分赣江、修水、鄱阳湖、长江和鄱阳湖湖交汇处水体的颗粒有机物特征.江西鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区受人类活动干扰少,核心区生物δ15N相对较低,而周边人类活动频繁的星子、都昌两县附近水域生物体内的δ15N偏高,反映了人类活动引起的营养输入对系统的影响.在湖区不同位置捕获的相同品种水生生物δ13C值不同,反映了其不同的食物来源,用δ15N值计算发现其所占据的相对营养位置较为一致.     

大鵟的食性改变:来自稳定性碳同位素的证据

通过对大规模灭鼠后的海北高寒草甸生态系统大鵟、小型哺乳类以及雀形目鸟类肌肉稳定性碳同位素比值的测定发现,大篱的肌肉稳定性碳同位素比值介于-22．60‰和-23．10‰之间;小型哺乳类和主要雀形目鸟类肌肉稳定性碳同位素比值分别介于-25．57‰和-25．78‰以及-24．81‰和-22．51‰之间,且它们之间差异性显著。基于碳同位素的分馏模式(即动物和它食物之间稳定性碳同位素分馏在1‰～2‰之间),我们推断经大规模灭鼠后,大篱的食性发生了较大变化,其食物主要来源于高寒草甸的雀形目鸟类,而非原来的小型哺乳类。通过稳定性同位素营养级模型的运算发现,大蔫处在4．23左右的营养级;雀形目鸟类处在2．4到3．39左右的营养级,而小型哺乳类则处在1．45到1．82左右的营养级。进而采用稳定性同位素质量平衡模型计算得出,大篱的食物由35．04％的小型哺乳类和64．96％的雀形目鸟类所组成,进一步说明小型哺乳类在大量灭鼠后仅占大篱食物的很小一部分。由此可见,采取大规模的化学灭鼠,不仅降低了小型啮齿类天敌——大鵟的数量,而日使得其食谱发毕了巨大改变而转向草甸主要雀形目鸟类[动物学报49(6)：764～768,2003]。     

利用碳氮稳定同位素技术分析东海银鲳食性

利用稳定同位素技术分析了东海银鲳(Pampus argenteus)及其可能摄食饵料的碳、氮稳定同位素比值,以期探讨东海银鲳可能的食物来源.结果表明:东海区银鲳平均碳(813C)和氮(δ15N)稳定同位素比值分别为-18.22‰、8.16‰,其可能摄食饵料的δ13C值变化范围为-17.33‰～-21.58‰,差值为4.25‰,δ15N值变化范围为3.89‰～7.96‰,差值为4.07‰;东海银鲳可能的食物来源主要为箭虫、虾类、水母类、头足类、仔稚鱼和浮游动物等,其中箭虫为主要可能的食物来源,其贡献率为24%～78%,平均贡献率为57%;银鲳可能摄食的其他饵料中,贡献率从大到小依次为虾类、水母类、头足类、仔稚鱼、＞1000 μm浮游动物、500～1000 μm浮游动物和100～500 μm浮游动物,其平均贡献率分别为11.8%、8.4%、7.1%、5.0%、4.9%、3.2%和2.6%.由以上结果可知,银鲳是一种广食性鱼类,其饵料种类较多,碳和氮的来源均较为复杂.     

干旱、半干旱区土壤蚯蚓稳定性碳同位素组成与轮作模式的关系

对10个不同耕地生境中蚯蚓(Lumbricus terrestris)的稳定性碳同位素进行了分析,研究了豫西洛阳干旱、半干旱地区土地轮作模式和耕作历史。结果表明,耕地表层土壤(0～30cm)中蚯蚓的δ13C介于-18.3‰和-25.6‰之间,变化幅度较大。经稳定性同位素质量平衡模式计算,10个生境中蚯蚓取食C3作物的比例在40.1%和99.4%之间波动,蚯蚓的取食生态受到土地上C3/C4作物轮作模式的影响。C4作物轮作频率与蚯蚓稳定性碳同位素比值之间呈正相关。土壤动物的稳定性碳同位素比值可较客观地反映出耕作制度和轮作模式。     

中国北方干湿气候区C_3草本植物δ~（13）C值及其与湿润指数的关系

通过对中国北方C3草本植物稳定性碳同位素的测定以及有关该区植被碳同位素资料的收集,共获取了47个样点的地理位置、气候因子和325个植物样品的碳同位素数据;计算了中国北方不同气候分区的湿润指数,分析了C3草本植物δ13C值的空间特征以及与湿润指数等环境因子之间的关系。在所调查的范围内,中国北方地区C3草本植物δ13C值的分布区间为-29.9‰--25.4‰,平均值为-27.3‰。C3草本植物δ13C的平均值从半湿润地区到半干旱地区再到干旱地区显著变重;3个气候分区植物δ13C值的变化范围分别是-29.9‰--26.7‰（半湿润区）、-28.4‰--25.6‰（半干旱区）和-28.0‰--25.4‰（干旱区）。一元回归分析表明,各气候分区C3草本植物δ13C值与湿润指数的关系存在差异,在半干旱区、半湿润区和整个北方地区,C3草本植物δ13C值与湿润指数均呈显著线性负相关（P〈0.05）,随着湿润指数的增加,C3植物δ13C平均值均变轻,但下降幅度不同。而在北方干旱气候区内,C3草本植物δ13C与湿润指数呈显著正相关（P〈0.05）,湿润指数每升高0.1,植物δ13C平均值增加1.3‰。年均温度可能是决定该区内各样点湿润指数和C3植物对13C分馏能力差别的主要原因。     

海南新村湾海草床主要鱼类及大型无脊椎动物的食源

利用稳定碳同位素技术,分析了海南岛新村湾海草床中主要鱼类及大型无脊椎动物的食物来源。结果显示,有机碳源δ¹³C值的变化范围为-16.9‰--6.8‰,以海草叶片及其碎屑最高(-7.8‰ ±0.2‰),悬浮颗粒有机质(POM)最低(-16.9±0.2)‰,而附生藻类(-12.0±0.9)‰和沉积物有机质(SOM)(-13.2±0.2)‰居中。消费者δ¹³C值的变化范围为-15.4‰--6.4‰,表明其食物来源较广。IsoSource 混合模型计算结果表明,本海草床棘皮动物、多毛类、甲壳类和大部分的鱼类以海草为主要有机碳源,双壳类主要同化附生藻类和SOM的混合有机碳源,少数鱼类以POM为主要碳源。以上结果表明,海草是海草床中主要鱼类及大型无脊椎动物的重要食物来源。     

流溪河水库颗粒有机物及浮游动物碳、氮稳定同位素特征

为了解影响流溪河水库颗粒有机物(POM)碳和氮稳定同位素(δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N)变化的主要因素,及其与浮游动物δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N之间的关系,于2008年5月至12月份对POM及浮游动物的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N进行了研究。颗粒有机物碳稳定同位素(δ¹³C_POM)和氮稳定同位素(δ¹⁵N_POM)的季节性变化幅度分别为5.1‰和2.2‰,5月和7月份δ¹³C_POM较高,而在10月和12月份降低,这主要与降雨将大量外源有机物带入水库而引起的外源及内源有机物在POM组成上发生变化有关。δ¹⁵N_POM总体呈上升趋势,可能是由降雨引起的外源负荷、初级生产力、生物固氮等因素共同作用的结果。浮游动物的δ¹³C及δ¹⁵N总的变化趋势与POM的相似,也具有明显的季节性变化,食物来源的季节变化可能是造成其变化的主要原因。在5月份,浮游动物的食物来源为POM中δ¹³C较高的部分,也就是外源有机物,而在10月及12月份,其食物则可能主要为浮游植物。     

应用稳定同位素研究广西东方洞食物网结构和营养级关系

稳定性同位素技术已经成为研究生态系统食物网结构和营养级关系及其动态变化的重要手段。应用稳定同位素技术(δ13C和δ15N)研究了东风洞的食物网结构和营养级关系。研究结果表明,东风洞主要为腐食食物链,由于在洞穴内黑暗带中无光照也无植物生长,所以碳源主要为东风洞中的土壤有机质,作为第一营养级;主要摄食关系为马陆与土壤有机物质,螺类与土壤有机物质等;在该洞生态系统中,将3种马陆直接作为初级消费者,以隅蛛和其它马陆平均值之间的差值(2.04‰)作为东风洞食物网稳定氮同位素的富集因子。根据营养级模型可知,马陆类群、细长钻螺等土壤动物,裸灶螽和涂闪夜蛾形成第二营养级,即初级消费者;第三营养级包括蜘蛛类、盲蛛、地蜈蚣以及黑眶蟾蜍,为次级消费者。     

Elemental (C,N, P) and isotopic (δ13C, δ15N) signature of primary producers and their contribution to the organic matter in coastal lagoon sediment

Estuarine ecosystems are easily deteriorated by organic pollution because of its high primary productivity. To identify chemical proxies for the possible sources of autochthonous organic matter [phytoplankton-derived particulate organic material (POM), macroalgae and seagrass], we measured C:N:P and the ratios of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values) in two estuarine environments, the polyhaline lagoon, Lake Nakaumi, and the oligohaline lagoon, Lake Shinji, in Japan. Due to vigorous photosynthesis, the δ¹³C of phytoplankton-derived POM in Lake Nakaumi was larger than what would normally be expected from estuarine salinity gradients. Concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus did not affect the δ¹³C of phytoplankton-derived POM. The δ¹⁵N of all plants was uniform and was higher than the δ¹⁵N of sediments. The seagrass showed a higher C:N ratio than POM and macroalgae, while the macroalgae showed a higher N:P ratio. Thus, simultaneous evaluation of C:N and N:P ratios would distinguish these three plant groups, and it would be possible to identify the source plants from the elemental ratios of the sediments.     

Feeding ecology of pelagic fish larvae and juveniles in slope waters of the Gulf of Mexico

Stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) were used to investigate feeding patterns of larval and early juvenile pelagic fishes in slope waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Contribution of organic matter supplied to fishes and trophic position within this pelagic food web was estimated in 2007 and 2008 by comparing dietary signatures of the two main producers in this ecosystem: phytoplankton [based on particulate organic matter (POM)] and Sargassum spp. Stable isotope ratios of POM and pelagic Sargassum spp. were significantly different from one another with δ¹³C values of POM depleted by 3–6‰ and δ¹⁵N values enriched by 2 relative to Sargassum spp. Stable isotope ratios were significantly different among the five pelagic fishes examined: blue marlin Makaira nigricans, dolphinfish Coryphaena hippurus, pompano dolphinfish Coryphaena equiselis, sailfish Istiophorus platypterus and swordfish Xiphias gladius. Mean δ¹³C values ranged almost 2 among fishes and were most depleted in I. platypterus. In addition, mean δ¹⁵N values ranged 4–5 with highest mean values found for both C. hippurus and C. equiselis and the lowest mean value for M. nigricans during both years. Increasing δ¹³C or δ¹⁵N with standard length suggested that shifts in trophic position and diet occurred during early life for several species examined. Results of a two‐source mixing model suggest approximately an equal contribution of organic matter by both sources (POM = 55%; pelagic Sargassum spp. = 45%) to the early life stages of pelagic fishes examined. Contribution of organic matter, however, varied among species, and sensitivity analyses indicated that organic source estimates changed from 2 to 13% for a δ¹³C fractionation change of ±0·25‰ or a δ¹⁵N fractionation change of ± 1·0‰ relative to original fractionation values.     

Relationships between growth traits and scale stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N) of adult chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta in Hokkaido,Japan

Stable isotope analysis (SIA) in combination with growth analysis using scales collected from adult chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta migrating back to Hokkaido, Japan, was performed to describe the variation of isotopic composition of carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) in scales and to examine relationships with growth traits [age, fork length (FL), and relative growth ratio in the last growth period [(RGR^last)]. Scale stable isotope (SI) values in 3‐ to 6‐year‐old fish were highly variable, ranging from ?17.6‰ to ?14.3‰ for δ¹³C and 9.5‰ to 13.4‰ for δ¹⁵N. The δ¹⁵N was positively correlated with FL, and this tendency may indicate changes in trophic level with growth. Significant effect was not detected between δ¹⁵N and RGR^last, it can be inferred that factors potentially yielding high δ¹⁵N may not necessarily result in higher growth rates. No trend found between FL and δ¹³C may imply that there is no clear segregation in feeding locations between the 3‐ to 6‐year groups. This study provided basic information for scale SI values of chum salmon adults and indicated that SIA using scales could be a new approach to elucidating the trophic ecology of chum salmon.     

夏季若尔盖高寒湿地水生生物群落食物网结构特征

为了解若尔盖高寒湿地夏季水生生物群落食物网结构及营养关系特征,应用稳定同位素技术分析了若尔盖湿地 3个不同区域(ZS1、ZS2和ZS3)水生生物群落碳、氮稳定同位素比值,并计算了13C-15N同位素生态位中的6个营养结构量化指标。结果显示:外源性营养源陆生植物13C、15N值分别为-28.23- -26.07,-1.20-5.98; 内源性营养源颗粒有机物 (POM:主要成分为藻类)和水生植物13C、15N值分别为-26.39- -21.17、-25.37- -24.15,3.68-6.61、3.50-4.01; 其中POM样品13C、15N组成存在明显的区域性差异(P0.05,P0.001)。食物网营养结构分析显示若尔盖湿地外源性碳源输入(优势陆生植物)对于维持该水域生态系统结构稳定有着十分重要的作用。若尔盖湿地水域食物网营养级介于2-3,暗示了其生态系统结构的相对脆弱性。同位素量化指标标记发现若尔盖湿地水生动物群落生态结构存在明显的空间异质性,可能与若尔盖湿地发达的畜牧产业相关。     

Linking aboveground and belowground food webs through carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analyses

Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) have been used for more than two decades in analyses of food web structure. The utility of isotope ratio measurements is based on the observation that consumer δ¹³C values are similar (<1‰ difference) to those of their diet, while consumer δ¹⁵N values are about 3‰ higher than those of their diet. The technique has been applied most often to aquatic and aboveground terrestrial food webs. However, few isotope studies have examined terrestrial food web structure that includes both above- and belowground (detrital) components. Here, we review factors that may influence isotopic signatures of terrestrial consumers in above- and belowground systems. In particular, we emphasize variations in δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N in belowground systems, e.g., enrichment of ¹³C and ¹⁵N in soil organic matter (likely related to soil microbial metabolism). These enrichments should be associated with the high ¹³C (~3‰) enrichment in belowground consumers relative to litter and soil organic matter and with the large variation in δ¹⁵N (~6‰) of the consumers. Because such enrichment and variation are much greater than the trophic enrichment generally used to estimate consumer trophic positions, and because many general predators are considered dependent on energy and material flows from belowground, the isotopic variation in belowground systems should be taken into account in δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N analyses of terrestrial food webs. Meanwhile, by measuring the δ¹³C of key predators, the linkage between above- and belowground systems could be estimated based on observed differences in δ¹³C of primary producers, detritivores and predators. Furthermore, radiocarbon (¹⁴C) measurements will allow the direct estimation of the dependence of predators on the belowground systems.     

基于稳定同位素研究海州湾短吻红舌鳎的摄食生态

根据2018年春季和秋季在海州湾海域进行底拖网调查采集的样品,基于碳氮稳定同位素分析,对海州湾短吻红舌鳎的摄食生态进行研究。结果表明: 海州湾短吻红舌鳎的δ¹³C值平均值为(-17.79±1.00)‰,其范围在-20.75‰～-15.91‰;δ¹⁵N值平均值为(9.37±1.33)‰,其范围在5.98‰～12.02‰。Pearson相关分析表明,海州湾短吻红舌鳎δ¹³C值与体长呈显著负相关,δ¹⁵N值与体长呈显著正相关。根据δ¹⁵N值计算得出海州湾短吻红舌鳎的平均营养级为(3.43±0.97),且营养级与体长呈显著正相关。海州湾短吻红舌鳎摄食的饵料生物有鱼类、蟹类、虾类、软体动物、多毛类、浮游生物和颗粒有机物等,其中虾类的营养贡献率最高。秋季鱼类、蟹类、虾类对短吻红舌鳎的营养贡献率较春季有所增高。本研究将有助于揭示短吻红舌鳎在海州湾生态系统物质循环和能量流动中的地位和作用,为其资源保护和合理利用提供科学依据。     

Variability in isotope discrimination factors in coral reef fishes: implications for diet and food web reconstruction

Interpretation of stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen (δ(13)C and δ(15)N) is generally based on the assumption that with each trophic level there is a constant enrichment in the heavier isotope, leading to diet-tissue discrimination factors of 3.4‰ for (15)N (ΔN) and ～0.5‰ for (13)C (ΔC). Diet-tissue discrimination factors determined from paired tissue and gut samples taken from 152 individuals from 26 fish species at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia demonstrate a large amount of variability around constant values. While caution is necessary in using gut contents to represent diet due to the potential for high temporal variability, there were significant effects of trophic position and season that may also lead to variability in ΔN under natural conditions. Nitrogen enrichment increased significantly at higher trophic levels (higher tissue δ(15)N), with significantly higher ΔN in carnivorous species. Changes in diet led to significant changes in ΔN, but not tissue δ(15)N, between seasons for several species: Acanthurus triostegus, Chromis viridis, Parupeneus signatus and Pomacentrus moluccensis. These results confirm that the use of meta-analysis averages for ΔN is likely to be inappropriate for accurately determining diets and trophic relationships using tissue stable isotope ratios. Where feasible, discrimination factors should be directly quantified for each species and trophic link in question, acknowledging the potential for significant variation away from meta-analysis averages and, perhaps, controlled laboratory diets and conditions.