谷氨酰胺对溃疡性结肠炎小鼠结肠损伤的影响

目的：探讨谷氨酰胺（Gln）对溃疡性结肠炎小鼠结肠黏膜损伤的影响。方法：将64只35日龄中国昆明鼠随机分为4组（n=16）：即Ⅰ组（空白对照组）、Ⅱ组（模型组）、Ⅲ组（Gln低剂量组）、Ⅳ组（Gin高剂量组）,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组采用乙酸灌肠法人工复制小鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型,模型复制成功后Ⅰ、Ⅱ组均给予一定量的生理盐水灌服,Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别灌服与生理盐水量相等的低（2mmol·kg^-1 bw）、高（4mmol·kg^-1 bw）两种浓度的Gln溶液,连续灌服7d后将小鼠处死。观察结肠病理组织学变化,检测血清内毒素含量,结肠组织的抗氧化水平、髓过氧化物酶（Ⅶ的）活性。结果：Gln减轻了由结肠炎造成的结肠黏膜的病理损伤,一定程度上缓解了结肠炎时血清内毒素急剧升高、结肠抗氧化水平降低及髓过氧化物酶活性升高等现象。结论：Gln对溃疡性结肠炎所致小鼠结肠损伤具有一定的修复作用。     

“条件必需氨基酸——Gln”生理功能的研究进展及应用现状

Gln是一种“条件必需氨基酸” ,本文详细论述了Gln的研究背景 ,Gln的生理功能包括在免疫活性细胞、骨骼肌、胃肠道、肾脏、肝脏和大脑中的作用 ,并且讨论了Gln的输送机制和Gln在营养液中的应用现状     

黄芪总黄酮对DNA损伤防护作用的研究

用DNA解旋荧光检测法(FADU)研究了黄芪总黄酮(TFA)对γ射线和H₂O₂所致V79细胞DNA链断裂的防护作用. 结果表明TFA对这两种损伤因子所致的DNA损伤均有不同程度的防护作用, 当TFA浓度达到0.4g/L和0.6g/L时, 分别对H₂O₂和γ射线所致的损伤有保护作用(P<0.05), 而浓度增至0.8g/L和1.2g/L时, 分别对两种因素所致的DNA链断裂损伤有非常显著的防护效果(P<0.01), 对H₂O₂的防护效果优于对γ射线.     

空气负离子对自发和环磷酰胺诱发的小鼠骨髓嗜多染性成红细胞微核率的影响

我们以前的研究表明负离子对~(60)Co-γ线诱发的急性和慢性损伤有明显的防护作用。本文以小鼠骨髓嗜多染性成红细胞(PCE)微核率为指标,探讨负离子对正常小鼠有无细胞毒性和对环磷酰胺(CP)诱发的遗传损伤有无防护作用。用负离子处理昆明小鼠60天后不注射CP直接取样;用负离子分别处理小鼠15天、30天和60天后注射CP,6小时后取样。镜检骨髓PCE微核并做统计处理。结果表明,负离子促进小鼠的生长发育且不导致潜在损伤;负离子对CP诱发的遗传损伤有明显的防护作用。     

谷氨酰胺活性肽营养液对大鼠小肠营养作用的研究

用氨甲蝶呤诱发小肠炎后 ,SD大鼠分别饲喂Gln含量不等的氨基酸营养液 ,结果表明 ,72h内 ,第一组 (零剂量组 )大鼠的死亡率为 6 6 .7% ,第二组 (含Gln质量分数 2 % )为 16 .7% ,第三组 (活性肽组 ,含Gln质量分数 2 0 % )和第四组 (结晶氨基酸液 ,含Gln质量分数 2 0 % )为 0 ,并且第三组和第四组的体重、蔗糖酶活、氨肽酶活、DNA和RNA的含量增加 ,说明Gln活性肽营养液对小肠具有明显的营养作用。     

明日叶查尔酮对2型糖尿病防护作用的研究进展

综述了明日叶查尔酮抗氧化、抑制血管内皮损伤、降血糖、保护胰岛素受体等生理活性及其对2型糖尿病防护作用的研究进展。     

补充谷氨酰胺对急性应激大鼠脑组织GSH、SOD和MDA含量的影响

目的：探讨谷氨酰胺对急性应激大鼠脑组织的抗氧化保护作用。方法：灌服Gln大鼠力竭性游泳后2h,检测其脑组织中谷胱甘肽(GSH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化。结果：补充Gln大鼠力竭游泳后脑组织MDA含量显著下降。结论：补充Gln有助于减轻脑组织中的脂质过氧化反应。     

大鼠酒精性肝损伤模型及蛋白表达指纹图谱的建立

目的:建立大鼠酒精性肝损伤模型,以蛋白质芯片技术为实验手段对损伤过程中的大鼠血清及肝脏蛋白质变化进行观察,以期获得损伤过程中的蛋白标志物,建立损伤过程蛋白表达指纹图谱;观察有机硒对大鼠肝脏损伤的防护作用。方法:用食用酒精辅以橄榄油对大鼠进行肝损伤,动态检测大鼠肝重比、血清生化指标,并进行肝组织病理切片观察;应用表面加强激光电离解吸飞行时间质谱技术对大鼠肝损伤过程进行跟踪检测,获得蛋白标志物,同时证实有机硒对肝损伤具有一定的防护作用。结果:肝重比、生化指标及病理切片均表明损伤模型已基本建立,同时验证了有机硒的肝损伤保护作用。在12周的损伤过程中,发现大鼠血清中有4个具有统计学意义的蛋白标志物,其相对分子质量(Mr)分别为7010、8307、11624和14041;在肝组织中发现了2个有统计意义的蛋白标志物,其Mr分别为5931.2和7104.6。结论:建立了大鼠酒精性肝损伤模型,获得了血清及肝脏蛋白标志物,为后期进行临床实验提供了可行的研究方法;同时为有机硒应用于临床进行肝损伤防护奠定了良好的实验基础。     

日本蝮蛇蛇毒磷脂酶A2(Gln49-PLA2)的细胞毒性

从日本蝮蛇(Agkistrodonblomhoffiiussurens)蛇毒中分离得到PLA2同源物Gln49PLA2,该蛋白具有抗凝血活性、肌肉毒性,缺乏磷脂酶A2活性。分析了该蛋白质对不同培养细胞生长的影响,探讨其细胞毒性。结果表明:贴壁细胞的Gln49PLA2半致死量(LD50)明显低于悬浮细胞,肝素可以明显抑制Gln49PLA2的细胞毒性。将其作用于K562细胞,随着Gln49PLA2用量的增加乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放量增加,细胞凋亡率增大,线粒体膜电位下降,但Bcl2蛋白的表达量无明显变化。     

酰胺态氮瞬间调节荚膜红假单孢菌光合固氮活性的GS传感机制

天门冬酰胺(Asn)和谷氨酰胺(Gln)对荚膜红假单孢菌固氮酶活性抑制,在表观上类似于氨关闭效应,这种抑制效应由GS参与,相似于氨抑的传感机制。中断Gln代谢的6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine(DON)存在时,氨抑的持续时间延长,与此相类似,Gln抑制加剧,这可能归之于Gln的积累。但是,Gln抑制被methionine sulfoximine(MSX,GS的抑制剂)消除,消除时MSX对Gln的浓度比值约为0.2,与氨抑消除所需的MSX对氨的浓度比值相当。此外,MSX消除氨抑不为DON拮抗,表明Gln抑制固氮酶活性由GS传感。然而,不能抑制GS转谷酰基活性的methionine suffone(MSF,谷氨酸的类似物)却与MSX相同,能消除Gln和氨对固氮活性的抑制。上述观察结果也可延伸至Asn的关闭固氮酶活性效应。     

Atorvastatin prevents cell damage via modulation of oxidative stress,glutamate uptake and glutamine synthetase activity in hippocampal slices subjected to oxygen/glucose deprivation

Oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) in brain cells increases extracellular glutamate concentration leading to excitotoxicity. Glutamate uptake from the synaptic cleft is carried out by glutamate transporters, which are likely to be modulated by oxidative stress. Therefore, oxidative stress is associated with reduced activity of glutamate transporters and glutamine synthetase, thus increasing extracellular glutamate levels that may aggravate damage to brain cells. Atorvastatin, a cholesterol-lowering agent, has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects. The aim of this study was to investigate if in vivo atorvastatin treatment would have protective effects against hippocampal slices subjected to OGD, ex vivo. Atorvastatin pretreatment promoted increased cell viability after OGD and reoxygenation of hippocampal slices. Atorvastatin-induced neuroprotection may be related to diminished oxidative stress, since it prevented OGD-induced decrement of non-proteic thiols (NPSH) levels and increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Atorvastatin pretreatment also prevented the OGD-induced decrease in glutamate uptake and glutamine synthetase activity, although it had no effect on OGD-induced excitatory aminoacids release. Addition of cholesterol before OGD and reoxygenation, abolished the protective effect of atorvastatin on cellular viability as well as on glutamate uptake and glutamine synthetase activity. Therefore, atorvastatin is capable of preventing OGD-induced cell death, an effect achieved due to modulation of glutamate uptake and glutamine synthetase activity, and associated with diminished oxidative stress. Additionally, atorvastatin effects were dependent on its action on cholesterol synthesis inhibition. Thus, atorvastatin might be a useful strategy in the prevention of glutamate exitotoxicity involved in brain injuries such as vascular disorders.     

The effect of glutamine on radiation-induced organ damage

Radiation enteritis is a significant clinical problem in patients receiving ionizing radiation directed to the abdomen or pelvis. Although radiation is aimed to be directed against the malignant tissue, adjacent healthy tissues are also affected. The small intestine is the most sensitive organ to radiation. The present study was undertaken to investigate the possible protective effect of glutamine against radiation-induced intestinal, hepatic and pancreatic toxicity. Rats received 1 g/kg/day glutamine for seven days before irradiation and continued for three days after irradiation until sacrifice. Then intestinal, pancreatic and hepatic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and caspase-3 activities of the sacrificed rats were measured. Irradiation significantly increased the intestinal and pancreatic MPO and caspase-3 activities and MDA levels in comparison to sham group. Glutamine treatment significantly decreased this elevation. Histopathological examination revealed that the intestinal mucosal structure was preserved and pancreatic inflammation decreased in the glutamine treated group. In irradiation group, NF-kappaB over expression was detected. There was no significant difference in histopathological and biochemical examinations of the liver between the groups. In conclusion, glutamine has beneficial effects on intestinal and pancreatic damage in abdominal irradiation through the inflammatory process and apoptosis.     

谷氨酰胺对体外培养人小肠上皮细胞缺氧复氧损伤的保护作用

应用原代培养人胎小肠上皮细胞（ＩＥＣ）,观察了谷氨酰胺（ＧＬＮ）对缺氧复氧（Ａ／Ｒ）损伤人ＩＥＣ的影响。结果：缺氧６０ｍｉｎ复氧３０ｍｉｎ后,细胞内乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）漏出量显著上升,细胞存活率显著下降。预先应用１～５ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＧＬＮ可使Ａ／Ｒ损伤ＩＥＣ细胞存活率升高和细胞内ＬＤＨ漏出量减少,ＧＬＮ作用的最佳剂量为２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ。提示ＧＬＮ对人ＩＥＣ具有直接的保护作用,这可能是其整体保护作用机制之一。     

Glutamine induces heat shock protein and protects against endotoxin shock in the rat.

Enhanced expression of heat shock protein (HSP) has been shown to be protective against laboratory models of septic shock. Induction of HSPs to improve outcome in human disease has not been exploited because laboratory induction agents are themselves toxic and not clinically relevant. In this study, we demonstrate that a single dose of intravenous glutamine causes a rapid and significant increase in HSP25 and HSP72 expression in multiple organs of the unstressed Sprague-Dawley rat. With the utilization of a fluid-resuscitated rat model of endotoxemia, mortality was dramatically reduced by glutamine administration concomitant with the endotoxin injury. Endotoxin-treated animals given glutamine exhibited dramatic increases in tissue HSP expression and marked reduction of end-organ damage. These data suggest glutamine may protect against mortality and attenuate end-organ injury in endotoxemic shock via enhanced HSP expression. Furthermore, glutamine confers protection when administered at the initiation of sepsis, rather than as pretreatment. Thus glutamine appears to be a clinically viable enhancer of HSP expression and may prove beneficial in the therapy of sepsis and sepsis-induced organ injury.     

Involvement of histidine and tryptophan residues of glutamine binding protein in the interaction with membrane-bound components of the glutamine transport system of Escherichia coli

We treated the glutamine binding protein with diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) and N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) to modify respectively the sole histidine and tryptophan residues and examined the effect of these modifications on the ability of the binding protein to bind glutamine as well as the ability to restore glutamine transport in membrane vesicles of Escherichia coli. Under the conditions used, both DEPC and NBS markedly inhibited the ability to restore glutamine transport in vesicles without any significant effect on glutamine binding. Moreover, saturating quantities of glutamine had no protective effect on the inactivation of the binding protein by DEPC or NBS. Fluorometric measurement and amino acid analysis indicate that the inactivation of the binding protein in restoring vesicle transport by NBS can be attributed to the oxidation of a single tryptophan residue. Similar analysis and the inability of hydroxylamine to reverse the effect of DEPC indicate that the effects of DEPC can probably be attributed to alterations of the sole histidine and/or one or more lysine residues of the binding protein. We conclude that the glutamine binding protein possesses at least two largely nonoverlapping functional domains, one responsible for glutamine binding and the other for the interaction with the other components of the glutamine transport system.     

The effect of glutamine supplementation on the function of neutrophils from exercised rats

In a recent publication, we showed the protective effect of glutamine on neutrophil apoptosis induced by acute exercise. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of a single bout of intensive exercise on rat neutrophil function and the possible effect of glutamine supplementation. An aqueous solution of glutamine was given by gavage (1 g per kg b.w.), 1 h before the exercise session. The exercise was carried out on a treadmill for 1 h at 85% VO2máx.. Neutrophils were obtained by intraperitoneal lavage with PBS. The following parameters were evaluated: phagocytosis capacity, production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen metabolites, expression of iNOS, and expression of NADPH-oxidase components (p22phox, p47phox and gp91phox). One hour of exercise at 85% VO2max. induced no change in the phagocytosis capacity and reactive oxygen species production but decreased nitric oxide production. When rats received oral glutamine supplementation, the phagocytosis capacity was significantly increased, the decrease in nitric oxide production induced by exercise was abolished and production of reactive oxygen species was raised. Glutamine supplementation presents a significant effect on neutrophil function including changes induced by exercise.     

Effect of glutamine and sugars after bull spermatozoa cryopreservation

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the addition of different sugars (raffinose, sucrose, and trehalose) on bull spermatozoa cryopreserved in a commercial extender (Optidyl) supplemented with glutamine on semen parameters, fertilizing ability and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Nine ejaculates for each bull were used in the study. Semen was frozen in five different extenders: raffinose 25 mM plus glutamine 3 mM (RGO), sucrose 25 mM plus glutamine 3 mM (SGO), trehalose 25 mM plus glutamine 3 mM (TGO), glutamine 3 mM (GO) and control (O). Insemination doses were processed so that each 0.25 mL straw contained 15 x 10⁶sperm. Groups of GO and RGO resulted in the higher rates of subjective (54.0 ± 1.7% and 64.0 ± 1.1%; P < 0.01) and CASA motilities (53.0 ± 2.7% and 61.0 ± 4.4%; P < 0.001), respectively compared to the other groups. The supplementation of additives did not provide an effect on the level of post-thaw sperm CASA progressive motilities, the sperm motion characteristics and pregnancy rates. GO and RGO provided the better protective effect for sperm acrosome (4.0 ± 0.5% and 12.0 ± 0.6%) and total abnormalities (5.0 ± 0.3% and 13.0 ± 0.7%; P < 0.001), respectively. At the HOST values, the additives did not give to result the protective effect in comparison to Optydil extender without additives (P > 0.05). For pregnancy rates, there were no significant differences among the groups. The supplementation of additives did not provide any significant difference on the level of SOD activity (P > 0.05). It can be also thought that these sugars might have worked with glutamine in a synergy. Thereby, sugars such as raffinose and sucrose with glutamine in freezing extender may be recommended to facilitate bull semen freezability.     

Effect of glutamine limitation on the death of attached Chinese hamster ovary cells.

The effect of glutamine depletion on the death of attached Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was investigated. Experiments were performed using an anchorage dependent CHO cell line expressing gamma-IFN and a second cell line obtained by transfection of that cell line with the human bcl-2 (hbcl-2). Either cell line could grow in media devoid of glutamine with minimal cell death due to endogenous glutamine synthetase activity that allowed cells to synthesize glutamine from glutamic acid in the medium. However, compared to control cultures in glutamine-containing media, the cell growth rate in glutamine-free media was slower with an increased fraction of cells distributed in the G0/G1 phase. The slower rate of cell cycling apparently protected the cells from entering apoptosis when they were stimulated to proliferate in an environment devoid of other protective factors, such as serum or over-expressed hbcl-2. The depletion of both glutamine and glutamic acid did cause cell death, which could be mitigated by hbcl-2 over-expression.     

失血性休克复苏后肠内给予特殊营养物对肠粘膜血流量的影响

为探讨失血性休克复苏后肠内营养与肠粘膜血流改变的关系 ,从SD大鼠开腹制作空肠袋 ,将激光多谱勒探头和肠粘膜张力计放置在空肠袋两端 ,根据动物分组分别向袋内注射葡萄糖、谷氨酰胺、丙氨酸及甘露醇。复制失血性休克模型 (30mmHg ,维持 6 0min) ,然后用林格氏液复苏 ,恢复灌流 6 0min。分别测定肠粘膜血流量和局部PCO2 张力 (PrCO2 )。结果显示 ,失血性休克和复苏过程中 ,谷氨酰胺和葡萄糖组粘膜血流量比甘露醇和丙氨酸组显著增加 ,PrCO2 显著降低 ;而肠内给予丙氨酸进一步降低肠粘膜血流量 ,升高PrCO2 。提示 :失血性休克复苏后 ,肠内给予丙氨酸减少肠粘膜血流量 ;而给予谷氨酰胺和葡萄糖能增加肠粘膜血流量 ,对缺血再灌流损伤的肠道提供保护作用     

Protective effect of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ecklonia cava</Emphasis> on UVB-induced oxidative stress: in vitro and in vivo zebrafish model

Chronic exposure of the skin to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation induces oxidative stress, which plays a crucial role in the induction of skin aging. In this study, potential protective effect of extracts of six species of brown seaweeds on UVB radiation-induced cell damage was assessed via cell viability in HaCaT cells. The Ecklonia cava extract showed a profound protective effect against UVB radiation-induced cell damage, compared to that exhibited by other brown seaweed extracts. Thus, E. cava was selected for use in further experiments and was extracted with different solvents. The protection effect was evaluated via DCFH-DA, MTT, and morphological changes in HaCaT cells. Profound protective effect against UVB radiation-induced cell damage was detected in the 100% methanol extract. Partitioning of the 100% methanol extract with different organic solvents revealed a pronounced protective effect in the ethyl acetate fraction. The isolated active compounds were phlorotannins, especially dieckol, as identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Among the phlorotannins, dieckol showed a higher protective effect on UVB-induced cell damage in HaCaT cells than the other phlorotannins. Therefore, UVB protection of dieckol was evaluated via DCFH-DA, DAF-FM DA, acridine orange, and morphological changes in zebrafish model. Reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and cell death in live zebrafish induced by UVB radiation were reduced by the addition of dieckol. These results indicated that dieckol has potential protective effects on UVB-induced skin damage, which might be useful in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations.