差巴嘎蒿灌丛土壤和根系含水量对降雨的响应

以科尔沁沙地半固定沙丘灌木差巴嘎蒿(Artemisia halodendron)为对象,用土钻取样法和壕沟法研究了2006年生长季降雨后差巴嘎蒿周围土壤和根系含水量的时空分布特征及其相互关系,并计算了该灌丛的水量平衡.结果表明:该灌丛在降雨后对水分有暂时存储作用;降雨结束后,灌丛主干的茎流作用使得灌丛中心位置的土壤含水量高于灌丛丛幅垂直投影1/4和3/4处的土壤含水量;雨后6 h灌丛根系含水量与灌丛中心位置的土壤含水量呈极显著的负相关(r=-0.89,P＜0.01);灌丛根系含水量在雨后126 h内出现胁迫脉冲间歇反应.水量平衡计算表明,灌丛边缘外1 m处土壤蒸散量高于灌丛覆盖区的蒸散量,灌丛覆盖可降低土壤水分蒸散速率.     

科尔沁沙地不同地形小叶锦鸡儿灌丛土壤水分动态

根据科尔沁沙地广泛分布的小叶锦鸡儿灌丛的植被调查和土壤水分监测数据,分析了沙地人工固沙灌丛的土壤水分时空动态和土壤储水量变化,并应用水量平衡法测定了灌丛蒸散发.结果表明:丘间地的土壤水分条件最好,丘中次之,丘上最低;灌丛区的土壤水分含量随深度增加而增加,在生长季内不会发生水分胁迫.灌丛区土壤水分与降雨过程高度相关,深层(50～180 cm)土壤水分同降雨的相关性高于表层(0～50 cm)土壤,并且深层土壤水分的变异也大于表层.整个生长期内,小叶锦鸡儿灌丛土壤储水量增加,土壤水分处于积累中,估算蒸散量占同期降雨量的64%以上.     

科尔沁沙地人工小叶锦鸡儿植被水分入渗动态研究

通过对科尔沁沙地不同年龄人工小叶锦鸡儿固沙植被降雨入渗的研究 ,阐明植被对沙地水分入渗的影响。结果表明 ,在降雨量 4 3 4mm ,降雨强度 3 9mm·h-1时 ,降雨后 12 0h内流动沙丘和 5年生人工小叶锦鸡儿植被的水分入渗深度分别为 180cm和 15 0cm ,15年生人工小叶锦鸡儿植被降雨入渗深度为 10 0cm。流动沙丘降雨后土壤水分变化剧烈 ;有植被沙地降雨后土壤水分变化平缓 ,水分下渗浅 .随着植被年龄的增加 ,浅层土壤截留降雨能力不断加强 ,最终形成不透水土层。降雨后短期内流动沙丘浅层土壤中含水量高 ,后期有植被沙丘深层土壤含水量高     

科尔沁沙地灌丛的“虫岛”效应及其形成机理

为了了解沙地灌丛对于土壤动物是否存在聚集作用,于2008-2009年在科尔沁沙地调查了流动沙地小叶锦鸡儿和黄柳灌丛内外大型土壤动物的群落特征.结果表明:流动沙地灌丛内大型土壤动物类群数量、密度和Shannon多样性指数较灌丛外流沙地分别高125.0％ ～ 175.0％、52.8％ ～263.9％和34.6％ ～57.1％,显现出明显的“虫岛”效应,其中小叶锦鸡儿灌丛的“虫岛”效应大于黄柳灌丛;灌丛内外土壤优势动物类群虽然相同,并有少量共有类群,但灌丛下聚集了多个流沙裸地没有的大型土壤动物类群,群落功能群结构也发生明显改变;流动沙地灌丛的“虫岛”效应主要源于灌丛的小气候效应和肥岛效应,其降风滞尘、遮蔽暴晒、改善土壤质地和养分条件的作用是导致流动沙地灌丛“虫岛”效应形成的主要机理.     

科尔沁沙地不同密度小叶锦鸡儿灌丛水量平衡研究

根据沙地水分平衡理论推算了不同栽植密度下小叶锦鸡儿灌丛的蒸散量.结果表明,小叶锦鸡儿灌丛生长期土壤水分含量随着植被密度增加而降低,0.5 m×1 m、1 m×2 m密度植被区平均土壤含水量低于凋萎湿度(1.55%),2 m×2 m密度植被和天然小叶锦鸡儿植被平均土壤含水量保持在1.60%以上,能够满足植被生存和生长的水分需求.蒸散量随着植被密度增加而增大,以0.5 m×1 m密度灌丛区最高,为297.81 mm,占同期降水量的97.90%;2 m×2 m密度灌丛区最低,为279.71 mm,生长期末期土壤水分节余为24.49 mm.依据生长期土壤水分状况和水分平衡要求,科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿灌丛适宜密度应为2 m×2 m.     

人工小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)灌丛土壤水分动态研究

采用由植被空间序列断时间系列的方法。分析了1984,1987,1995和1999年建立的人工小叶锦鸡儿固沙植被土壤水分的时空变化特征,结果表明,受沙地土壤机械组成的影响,沙地土壤组成以物理性沙粒为主,＞0.01mm沙粒占97％以上,凋萎湿度为1．55％,田间持水量5．5%,大有效水为3．95％,随着固沙植被优势度的增加,小叶锦鸡儿灌丛下土壤含水量持续下降,1984年建立的植被区土壤含水量明显低于1999年建立的植被区;在年内土壤水分季节变化中,4个阶段植被区土壤水分状况在4－6月不断降低,到6月达到最低值,7－10月逐渐回升;对于建立较早的植被区（1984和1987年）,土壤水分垂直变化表现出随着土层深度的增加,土壤含水量逐递减的趋势,特别是70cm下土层中,土壤含水下降明显,含水量低于凋萎湿度,由于对根际区域土壤水分的利用,加剧了固沙植被区深层土壤（70cm下）水分的亏缺,进而影响植被物种的组成,随着小叶锦鸡儿灌丛年龄的增加,浅根性植物所占比重增加。     

内蒙古典型草原小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化对水分再分配和利用的影响

灌丛化是全球草原地区存在的主要环境问题。通过对内蒙古典型草原区小叶锦鸡儿灌丛和草地斑块冠层降雨再分配、地表径流、土壤含水量的对比观测,研究了小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化对该区水分再分配和利用的影响。结果表明,灌丛和草地斑块的冠层截留量分别占降雨量的20.86%和7.88%,灌丛和草地斑块的平均地表径流系数分别为5.95%和17.19%。土壤含水量观测结果显示,0—60 cm土层中,降雨事件过程中,灌丛斑块较草地斑块能捕获更多水分,灌丛斑块植被冠层下方土壤含水量高于草地斑块;而在雨后无有效降水补充土壤水分的前提下,0—60 cm土层中,灌丛斑块土壤水分蒸散发量高于草地斑块,其中0—10cm土层中灌丛斑块土壤水分蒸散发速率低于草地斑块,10—60 cm土层中灌丛斑块土壤水分蒸散发速率高于草地斑块。研究认为,在水分为关键性限制因子的干旱半干旱区,小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化过程增加草原生态系统中水分分布的空间异质性,灌丛斑块能捕获、利用更多水分以维持更多的生物量。     

科尔沁沙地优势固沙灌木叶片氮磷化学计量内稳性

为科学认识科尔沁沙地优势固沙灌木的生态适应性和固沙植被演变规律,该研究对科尔沁沙地流动沙丘、半固定沙丘、固定沙丘和丘间低地的优势固沙灌木小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)和盐蒿(Artemisia halodendron)进行野外调查,研究了这两种固沙灌木的叶片氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征、灌丛土壤养分状况以及内稳性特征。结果表明:1)与盐蒿相比,灌木小叶锦鸡儿具有较高的叶片N含量及N:P,而P含量仅为盐蒿的1/2; 2)两种优势固沙灌木灌丛下土壤的全N、全P含量及速效N、速效P含量高于该地区土壤的平均水平,小叶锦鸡儿灌丛下土壤养分含量显著高于盐蒿灌丛下土壤; 3)盐蒿叶片N、P化学计量内稳性指数(H)表现为HP HN:P HN,说明盐蒿更易受土壤N的限制;小叶锦鸡儿叶片N、P化学计量内稳性指数表现为HN:PHNHP,意味着小叶锦鸡儿更易受土壤P的限制。在N含量较低的沙化草地,HN较高的固沙灌木小叶锦鸡儿比盐蒿更具生长优势,对于该地区生态恢复及保护具有不可替代的作用。然而,小叶锦鸡儿额外吸收的N,使其生长过程可能易受P的限制,因此在沙地恢复过程中应注意土壤P的供应。     

浑善达克沙地小叶锦鸡儿灌丛的空间异质性

豆科锦鸡儿属(C arag ana)植物因其可以生物固氮而在草原生态系统中具有特殊的地位。定量分析小叶锦鸡儿(C arag anam icrophy lla)灌丛在浑善达克沙地不同生境条件下的分布格局,有助于理解植被与土壤养分循环之间的关系和合理制定退化沙地的恢复对策。采用地统计学中的半方差分析和分形分析两种方法研究了浑善达克沙地小叶锦鸡儿灌丛的空间分布格局,分析了不同生境中小叶锦鸡儿灌丛的植被、土壤水分和养分间的相关性。结果表明:(1)小叶锦鸡儿灌丛在3种生境条件下(滩地、固定沙丘和半固定沙丘)的盖度、土壤有机质和全氮的空间分布符合球状模型,空间自相关显著;(2)土壤pH值在滩地和固定沙丘的空间分布符合球状模型且空间自相关显著,但在半固定沙丘空间自相关不显著;(3)土壤水分在3种生境中的空间分布都符合线性模型,空间自相关显著。(4)植被的变异尺度(变程)小于各个土壤要素的变异尺度。植被(小叶锦鸡儿灌丛)的分布和形成过程决定了土壤养分的分布和形成过程。当地的小叶锦鸡儿灌丛在养分“沃岛”现象的形成中起了重要作用,合理的利用和布局当地的小叶锦鸡儿灌丛的分布,可以更加有效地补充草地生态系统的养分,从而有利于加快生态系统的恢复进程。     

科尔沁沙地优势固沙灌木叶片氮磷化学计量内稳性

为科学认识科尔沁沙地优势固沙灌木的生态适应性和固沙植被演变规律, 该研究对科尔沁沙地流动沙丘、半固定沙丘、固定沙丘和丘间低地的优势固沙灌木小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)和盐蒿(Artemisia halodendron)进行野外调查, 研究了这两种固沙灌木的叶片氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征、灌丛土壤养分状况以及内稳性特征。结果表明: 1)与盐蒿相比, 灌木小叶锦鸡儿具有较高的叶片N含量及N:P, 而P含量仅为盐蒿的1/2; 2)两种优势固沙灌木灌丛下土壤的全N、全P含量及速效N、速效P含量高于该地区土壤的平均水平, 小叶锦鸡儿灌丛下土壤养分含量显著高于盐蒿灌丛下土壤; 3)盐蒿叶片N、P化学计量内稳性指数(H)表现为H_P > H_N:P > H_N, 说明盐蒿更易受土壤N的限制; 小叶锦鸡儿叶片N、P化学计量内稳性指数表现为H_N:P > H_N > H_P, 意味着小叶锦鸡儿更易受土壤P的限制。在N含量较低的沙化草地, H_N较高的固沙灌木小叶锦鸡儿比盐蒿更具生长优势, 对于该地区生态恢复及保护具有不可替代的作用。然而, 小叶锦鸡儿额外吸收的N, 使其生长过程可能易受P的限制, 因此在沙地恢复过程中应注意土壤P的供应。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Synthesis and antimicrobial studies of hydrazone derivatives of 4-[3-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid and 4-[3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid

Microbial resistance to antibiotics is an unresolved global concern, which needs urgent and coordinated action. One of the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC) to combat antibiotic resistance is the development of new antibiotics to treat drug-resistant bacteria. In our effort to find new antibiotics, we report the synthesis and antimicrobial studies of 30 new pyrazole derivatives. These novel molecules have been synthesized by using readily available starting materials and benign reaction conditions. Some of these molecules have shown activity with MIC values as low as 0.78?µg/mL against four bacterial strains; Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Furthermore, active molecules are non-toxic to mammalian cell line.

     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Novel compounds with potent CDK9 inhibitory activity for the treatment of myeloma

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and Polo-like kinases (PLKs) play key role in the regulation of the cell cycle. The aim of our study was originally the further development of our recently discovered polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) inhibitors. A series of new 2,4-disubstituted pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized around the original hit, but their PLK1 inhibitory activity was very poor. However the novel compounds showed nanomolar CDK9 inhibitory activity and very good antiproliferative effect on multiple myeloma cell lines (RPMI-8226).