适应性实验室进化在工业生产菌株选育中应用的进展

适应性实验室进化是一种在实验室里将微生物置于一定选择压力下,通过长期驯化,筛选获得具有特定表型突变菌株的方法.近年来,该方法通过改进特定进化条件和筛选策略,已广泛应用于筛选具有优良特性的工业生产菌株,如特定表型筛选、底物高效利用、目标产物合成及生长特性优化等工业微生物菌株选育.本文综述了适应性实验室进化技术在工业生产菌...     

超突变细胞在进化工程中的开发与应用

通过进化工程技术改造微生物细胞的生理表型是生物技术和生物炼制领域的重要研究方向,但是现阶段的各种进化工程技术面临效率低或连续性差的问题。超突变细胞能够进行自发、连续的胞内诱变,将其应用于进化工程技术能够实现连续、高效的菌种改造。本文详细介绍了自然界中超突变细胞产生的遗传机制和相应的人工超突变细胞的构建策略,以及应用此类超突变系统在微生物细胞生理性能改造和蛋白质突变体文库高效构建上取得的进展。随着相关领域认识和技术的加强,未来人工超突变细胞的构建将继续向着不同维度上可控性、靶向性不断提高的方向发展,从而为细胞和蛋白的改造提供更强更优的进化动力。     

适应性实验室进化技术在微生物育种中的应用进展

适应性实验室进化(Adaptive laboratory evolution,ALE)技术已成为微生物学基础研究和工业微生物育种的强大工具,被广泛用来研究影响菌株表型、性能和稳定性的进化潜力以及快速获取含有有益突变的工业生产菌株。近年来,随着基因组测序技术的进步,关于微生物新陈代谢机理和动力学方面的研究变得更加广泛和深入,这也极大促进了适应性实验室进化技术的快速发展。文中主要介绍了长期、短期适应性实验室进化技术在微生物育种方面的应用实例,并总结归纳了该技术在快速高效构建优良菌株过程中的方式与作用。最后分析了目前ALE技术面临的瓶颈问题及其可能的解决方法,以期能够为该技术的未来发展提供有价值的参考依据。     

体内连续定向进化研究进展

定向进化为合成生物学的发展提供了一种简单高效的工具,尤其在化学品合成和医药开发方面发挥着重要的作用。但是传统的定向进化技术存在操作繁琐、耗时和效率低的问题,不能满足大量突变文库的构建和筛选。近几年,一项将突变、翻译(进化非基因)、筛选和复制过程进行无缝连接的体内连续定向进化技术开始出现,该技术在噬菌体、细菌和真核细胞中均取得了突破性进展,极大地促进了定向进化技术的革新和应用。随着体内连续定向进化技术的不断发展,筛选方法和设备也不断改善。对体内连续定向进化技术、筛选方法和设备最新研究进展作一综述,并讨论当前面临的挑战和机遇。     

微生物菌种选育中的基因组改组技术及其应用进展

该文论述了基因组改组技术的产生和原理、方法和特点,以及该技术的应用、意义及其发展前景.基因组改组技术是首先对微生物菌株进行诱变,筛选出正向突变的菌株,然后通过原生质体"递推式融合"使这些正向突变的若干个菌株进行基因组重组,从中筛选出符合育种要求的重组子,从而在短时间内获得性状得到大幅度提高的菌株.     

微生物实验室进化的研究进展

当前,微生物细胞工厂的构建逐渐成为工业上生产大宗和精细化学品的重要手段。然而,微生物遗传背景的复杂性及表型间相互影响的不可预测性限制了人们对微生物的理性改造。因此,在缺乏遗传背景基础上仍能获得目标表型的微生物实验室进化手段逐渐成为当今生物化工领域的研究热点。近年来,随着微生物连续培养技术及体内连续进化策略的深入研究,微生物实验室进化取得了较大进展。本文中,笔者将对近年来微生物实验室进化策略进行综述,为其后续研究及应用提供借鉴。     

基因组编辑技术在精准医学中的应用

基因组编辑技术的飞速发展,尤其是近年来CRISPR/Cas9基因组编辑体系的出现,使得研究人员能高效地在细胞系和动物模型中对基因组进行精确编辑。基于基因组编辑技术的各种实验研究平台被相继开发,包括通过在细胞系中引入疾病相关突变位点建立疾病模型,通过高通量筛选寻找导致肿瘤耐药性的突变基因,通过体内原位靶向致病基因并修改突变进行基因治疗等。这些基因组编辑技术研究平台极大推动了精准医学研究领域的发展。本文对基因组编辑技术在精准医学领域的基础研究、转化应用、目前存在的问题以及未来发展的方向进行了讨论。     

体内连续进化——从噬菌体到真核基因组的进化故事（英文）

进化是生物多样性产生和保留的自然进程。通过对编码蛋白质的基因进行有目的地设计和改造,获得性能更优异的蛋白质用于生产生活,是蛋白质工程的目的所在。为了在实验室中通过定向进化的蛋白质工程模拟自然进化的实现过程,研究人员通过在快速增殖的原核生物和简单的真核生物中引入靶向诱变元件,建立了各种体内连续进化系统。本综述介绍了体内连续进化平台的现状,重点关注噬菌体和酵母中人工进化技术的研究进展,并对其在生物技术领域中的成功应用进行了总结,最后简要展望了体内连续进化这一新兴领域的发展方向。     

宏基因组学的研究方法进展及应用概述

宏基因组学是以某一特定环境样品中的微生物群体基因组为研究对象,通过提取DNA、构建文库、文库筛选等基本流程来研究微生物多样性、进化关系以及寻找新基因等为研究目的的新的微生物学研究方法,其总体流程包括环境样品总DNA提取、宏基因组文库构建、宏基因组文库筛选三个阶段。宏基因组学做为一个崭新的技术在微生物生态学、生物酶制剂开发以及医学等方面都取得了可喜的成绩。本文将就宏基因组学的概念、技术流程和应用三个方面作简单介绍。     

高通量分析技术在资源微生物及功能基因发掘中的应用

随着新的微生物资源不断被发现以及微生物基因组测序数据的积累和完善,目前研究重点和难点是如何从大量数据中快速发现和鉴定与微生物重要表型相关的功能基因,这就需要高通量的分析研究手段,主要涉及建库和筛选两个主要技术单元。其中,建库是指构建能够覆盖微生物全基因组的突变或干扰文库,所涉及的技术包括宏基因组、转座子插入突变、RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)、反转录子文库重组工程(retron library recombineering,RLR)、CRISPR抑制(CRISPRi)和CRISPR激活(CRISPRa)等。筛选则是通过某种胁迫压力来促使文库菌群的差异化生长,并结合高通量测序全面发掘与特定表型相关的功能基因,从而为后续研究提供有效信息。本文对功能基因组学研究中现有的高通量分析技术进行了梳理、总结和展望,以期为这类技术方法的拓展、优化以及应用提供参考。     

mRNA display for the selection and evolution of enzymes from in vitro-translated protein libraries

The mRNA display technology enables the in vitro selection and directed evolution of functional proteins from libraries of more than 10(12) different mutants in a single test tube. The size of these libraries is well beyond the limit of screening technologies and of most in vivo and in vitro selection methods. The mRNA display technology has been used to select peptides and proteins that bind to a specific ligand, as well as novel enzymes. This protocol details the procedure to produce mRNA-displayed proteins (3 d) and to subject them to a selection and evolution of enzymes for bond-forming reactions (4-10 weeks). This method is demonstrated by the generation of new RNA ligase enzymes.     

Advances in directed protein evolution by recursive genetic recombination: applications to therapeutic proteins

Recent developments in directed evolution technologies combined with innovations in robotics and screening methods have revolutionized protein engineering. These methods are being applied broadly to many fields of biotechnology, including chemical engineering, agriculture and human therapeutics. More specifically, DNA shuffling and other methods of genetic recombination and mutation have resulted in the improvement of proteins of therapeutic interest. Optimizing genetic diversity and fitness through iterative directed evolution will accelerate improvements in engineered protein therapeutics.     

Laboratory-Directed Protein Evolution

Systematic approaches to directed evolution of proteins have been documented since the 1970s. The ability to recruit new protein functions arises from the considerable substrate ambiguity of many proteins. The substrate ambiguity of a protein can be interpreted as the evolutionary potential that allows a protein to acquire new specificities through mutation or to regain function via mutations that differ from the original protein sequence. All organisms have evolutionarily exploited this substrate ambiguity. When exploited in a laboratory under controlled mutagenesis and selection, it enables a protein to “evolve” in desired directions. One of the most effective strategies in directed protein evolution is to gradually accumulate mutations, either sequentially or by recombination, while applying selective pressure. This is typically achieved by the generation of libraries of mutants followed by efficient screening of these libraries for targeted functions and subsequent repetition of the process using improved mutants from the previous screening. Here we review some of the successful strategies in creating protein diversity and the more recent progress in directed protein evolution in a wide range of scientific disciplines and its impacts in chemical, pharmaceutical, and agricultural sciences.     

人工合成多样性突变文库研究进展*

突变文库的构建是定向进化研究过程中一个关键步骤,主要利用天然存在的系统或者人工合成的分子技术来产生多样性核酸分子文库,为制备和筛选具有一定特性的蛋白酶、多肽、人工抗体等提供庞大的遗传基因库,也可用于合成生物学中相关基因元件的研究与筛选,为目标生物制品的高效工业化生产提供动力。随着对突变文库构建技术研究的日益深入,各种文库构建策略相继被开发出来,并在生物能源、生物化工、生物医药、生物试剂和食品工业等方面得到了广泛的应用。然而,定向进化中的文库构建策略多有不同,各种突变文库构建技术的核心方法也在不断创新。主要介绍近年来实验室中人工合成多样性文库的前沿技术,并对文库构建技术在自动化和智能化方向的发展进行了展望。     

TILLING,high-resolution melting (HRM), and next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques in plant mutation breeding

Induced mutations have been used effectively for plant improvement. Physical and chemical mutagens induce a high frequency of genome variation. Recently, developed screening methods have allowed the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the identification of traits that are difficult to identify at the molecular level by conventional breeding. With the assistance of reverse genetic techniques, sequence variation information can be linked to traits to investigate gene function. Targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING) is a high-throughput technique to identify single nucleotide mutations in a specific region of a gene of interest with a powerful detection method resulted from chemical-induced mutagenesis. The main advantage of TILLING as a reverse genetics strategy is that it can be applied to any species, regardless of genome size and ploidy level. However, TILLING requires laborious and time-consuming steps, and a lack of complete genome sequence information for many crop species has slowed the development of suitable TILLING targets. Another method, high-resolution melting (HRM), which has assisted TILLING in mutation detection, is faster, simpler and less expensive with non-enzymatic screening system. Currently, the sequencing of crop genomes has completely changed our vision and interpretation of genome organization and evolution. Impressive progress in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has paved the way for the detection and exploitation of genetic variation in a given DNA or RNA molecule. This review discusses the applications of TILLING in combination with HRM and NGS technologies for screening of induced mutations and discovering SNPs in mutation breeding programs.     

Optimization of protein-based volumetric optical memories and associative processors by using directed evolution

The potential use of proteins in device applications has advanced in large part due to significant advances in the methods and procedures of protein engineering, most notably, directed evolution. Directed evolution has been used to tailor a broad range of enzymatic proteins for pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Thermal stability, chemical stability, and substrate specificity are among the most common phenotypes targeted for optimization. However, in vivo screening systems for photoactive proteins have been slow in development. A high-throughput screening system for the photokinetic optimization of photoactive proteins would promote the development of protein-based field-effect transistors, artificial retinas, spatial light modulators, photovoltaic fuel cells, three-dimensional volumetric memories, and optical holographic processors. This investigation seeks to optimize the photoactive protein bacteriorhodopsin (BR) for volumetric optical and holographic memories. Semi-random mutagenesis and in vitro screening were used to create and analyze nearly 800 mutants spanning the entire length of the bacterio-opsin (bop) gene. To fully realize the potential of BR in optoelectronic environments, future investigations will utilize global mutagenesis and in vivo screening systems. The architecture for a potential in vivo screening system is explored in this study. We demonstrate the ability to measure the formation and decay of the red-shifted O-state within in vivo colonies of Halobacterium salinarum, and discuss the implications of this screening method to directed evolution. These authors contributed equally to this work.     

Advances in ultrahigh-throughput screening technologies for protein evolution

Inspired by natural evolution, directed evolution randomly mutates the gene of interest through artificial evolution conditions with variants being screened for the required properties. Directed evolution is vital to the enhancement of protein properties and comprises the construction of libraries with considerable diversity as well as screening methods with sufficient efficiency as key steps. Owing to the various characteristics of proteins, specific methods are urgently needed for library screening, which is one of the main limiting factors in accelerating evolution. This review initially organizes the principles of ultrahigh-throughput screening from the perspective of protein properties. It then provides a comprehensive introduction to the latest progress and future trends in ultrahigh-throughput screening technologies for directed evolution.     

Application of a very high-throughput digital imaging screen to evolve the enzyme galactose oxidase

Directed evolution has become an important enabling technology for the development of new enzymes in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Some of the most interesting substrates for these enzymes, such as polymers, have poor solubility or form highly viscous solutions and are therefore refractory to traditional high-throughput screens used in directed evolution. We combined digital imaging spectroscopy and a new solid-phase screening method to screen enzyme variants on problematic substrates highly efficiently and show here that the specific activity of the enzyme galactose oxidase can be improved using this technology. One of the variants we isolated, containing the mutation C383S, showed a 16-fold increase in activity, due in part to a 3-fold improvement in K(m). The present methodology should be applicable to the evolution of numerous other enzymes, including polysaccharide-modifying enzymes that could be used for the large-scale synthesis of modified polymers with novel chemical properties.     

蛋白质定向进化的研究进展及其应用前景

定向进化是改造蛋白质分子的有效新策略.它不需要了解蛋白质的空间结构,主要通过在实验室里模拟自然进化过程,采用错误倾向PCR等方法对编码蛋白质的基因进行随机突变,经DNA改组、交错延伸等技术进行体外重组,设计高通量筛选方法来选出需要的突变体.本综述了定向进化技术的发展及应用.