中国特有属藤山柳属 (猕猴桃科) 的花粉形态及其分类学意义

摘要：藤山柳属Clematoclethra为中国特有属,属内物种划分争议颇大。利用扫描电镜观察了该属14个居群的花粉形态,结果表明藤山柳属的花粉为小粒花粉,多为圆球形,具三拟孔沟,根据外壁纹饰可分为皱波状花粉、颗粒状花粉和细疣状花粉3种类型。花粉类型与植株毛被特征有一定相关性,对澄清藤山柳属的分类问题具有一定意义。     

变豆菜属11种植物的叶表皮微形态特征研究

为探讨叶表皮微形态特征在变豆菜属植物中的系统及分类学意义,我们利用扫描电镜对变豆菜属11个种(13个居群)的叶表皮微形态特征进行了研究。结果表明,11种变豆菜属植物叶表皮微形态特征较稳定,上表皮细胞轮廓大多不清晰,初级蜡质纹饰均存在条状纹饰,表皮上均粘附着颗粒物;下表皮均存在气孔,气孔周围存在均匀分布的纹饰,气孔外拱盖表面大多有颗粒状纹饰,并且其二级纹饰类型、气孔周围纹饰、气孔外拱盖内缘纹饰等叶表皮微形态特征上存在一定差异。上述研究结果可为探讨变豆菜属类群界定及种间关系提供重要依据。     

亚洲粗叶木属及相关属植物叶表皮微形态特征

利用光学显微镜和电子扫描显微镜研究了亚洲茜草科粗叶木属植物26种（包括1个亚种和2个变种）和相关4属即巴戟天属、九节属、染木属和尖叶木属6种植物的叶表皮微形态特征。粗叶木属植物上表皮细胞形状一般呈不规则波状、近椭圆形或者不规则多边形,下表皮细胞一般呈不规则皱波状或者多裂深波状,细胞壁曲折无章,细胞间界限不明显,上、下表皮细胞壁均有加厚现象。叶表皮角质层明显,在电镜下有以下几种类型：颗粒状,网状,鳞片状,乳突状。气孔器几乎全部生在下表皮,有些种气孔下陷,气孔器一般是一对保卫细胞和一对副卫细胞平列。一些粗叶木属植物种叶上着生表皮毛。表皮毛分为单细胞毛和单列多细胞毛两种结构类型以及扭曲毛,线形毛和直壁毛3种形态类型。相关属的叶表皮微形态特征与粗叶木属植物较为相似。粗叶木属植物叶表皮微形态特征具有一定的分类学价值,其性状虽有遗传稳定性,但随生态环境不同而有一定变异。粗叶木属植物叶气孔长轴径/径轴变化幅度比较大以及叶表皮上的毛被多样化均能反映其对生态环境的适应变化。     

中国五种仙茅科植物叶形态及其分类学意义

为澄清仙茅科属间界限不清的分类学问题,该文以中国仙茅科3属5种植物为研究对象,利用显微镜、扫描电镜和石蜡切片技术,观察了其叶形态、叶表皮显微特征和叶解剖特征。结果表明:(1)叶形态有小型平整叶、中型波状叶、大型折扇状叶三种。(2)叶表皮毛状体结构为单细胞单列,可分为长柔毛、糙伏毛和星状柔毛三类。(3)叶表皮细胞有六边形和五边形,气孔为平列型和椭圆形,气孔大小和气扎密度呈反比。(4)叶表皮蜡质纹饰有光滑、颗粒、屑状和壳状四类。(5)叶中脉横切面分为平整型和龙骨型,维管束有圆形和椭圆形,叶表皮厚度与表皮细胞具有正相关性。对5种植物的叶形态和叶解剖特征比较分析认为,一些特征组合有助于理解仙茅科属间的亲缘关系和物种鉴定,支持大叶仙茅属独立于仙茅属。     

国产省藤属植物的叶表皮形态学

对国产省藤属（Calamus L．）植物17种2变种的叶表皮进行光学显微镜观察,除单叶省藤（C.simplicifolius）、短叶省藤（C.egregiw）和白藤（C.tetradactylus）外,其它种均为首次报道。省藤属植物的叶表皮形态较为一致,气孔器为轮列4细胞型（tetracytic,或称四轮列型）,即有4个副卫细胞,其中2个为侧副卫细胞,2个为端副卫细胞;表皮细胞为长方形,纵向排列。表皮毛有3种类型：多细胞排成单列的单毛（人喙省藤C．macrorrhynchus）、多细胞排成2-3列的单毛（毛鳞省藤ethysanolepis等）、多细胞分枝毛（白藤等）。表皮细胞的长度和宽度特征、细胞壁的厚薄及波纹的深浅和形状、端副卫细胞的长短等细微特征在种问存在差异,可以区分种类。叶表皮结构还反映了种问的亲缘关系。因此,叶表皮特征对于省藤属种类的划分和亲缘关系的确定有较大的分类学意义。     

12种茶藨子属植物叶表皮微形态特征及其分类学意义

利用扫描电镜技术观察了茶藨子属7个亚属12种植物的叶表皮微形态。结果显示：叶表皮细胞分为多边形和不规则形两种类型;垂周壁式样为平直—弓形、浅波形、深波形;叶表皮角质层多为光滑或较光滑,少有脊状纹饰或乳突状凸起;表皮毛分为单毛和腺毛;黑果茶藨子、水葡萄、臭茶藨子的叶表面均分布不同密度的盾状腺毛,支持将臭茶藨子系划分为臭茶藨子亚属;气孔器均为无规则型,形状为圆形或椭圆形,多数种类的气孔仅分布在下表皮。茶藨子属植物叶表皮微形态特征可为属内亚属划分及种间分类提供一定的依据。     

伞形科山芹属叶表皮微形态特征研究

利用扫描电镜技术对伞形科山芹属(Ostericum Hoffm.)9种2变种(21居群)植物叶表皮微形态特征进行了观察分析。结果显示:山芹属植物叶片上表皮表面均较平滑,细胞轮廓清晰或不清晰,若细胞轮廓可见则为多边形与不规则形;初级蜡质纹饰为较密集的粗(细)条状,部分种类具有单层或双层脊状二级纹饰或有颗粒状或分枝状附属结构;下表皮亦有类似蜡质条状纹饰,均匀分布或集中在气孔周围或凹凸部位,气孔器形状多为椭圆形(偶见梭形),内外拱盖表面粗糙或光滑。上述研究表明,山芹属叶片微形态特征具有良好的种内稳定性和种间多样性,尤其是初级纹饰的宽度及排列密度、二级纹饰以及气孔器形状等特征,可为山芹属植物种间和种下的近缘类群亲缘关系与分类修订提供形态学依据。     

中国黄耆属糙叶组叶表皮毛状体微形态学特征

采用体视显微镜和扫描电子显微镜,对中国产黄耆属糙叶组34种植物的叶表皮毛状体的形态特征及其分布进行了观察,以探讨中国黄耆属糙叶组物种表皮毛微观形态的变异式样及其分类学意义,为糙叶组物种的分类鉴定提供依据。结果表明：除乳白花黄耆（A. galactites）仅在叶下表面被毛外,其余种类上下表皮均有毛,且毛的分布、形态、长度和臂比在不同种类间存在差异。叶表皮毛为伏贴或开展的中空管状毛,伏贴毛着生部位基部膨大,整体形态从中部向两端由粗逐渐变细,开展的毛大部分为细长的丝状或线状,光滑或具条纹状纹饰,上面分布有乳突。研究认为,叶表皮表面伏贴、短而平直、其上光滑具密集乳突、臂比值小、整体宽扁的毛是祖先特征;而叶表皮表面向上开展、长而密集、外形呈丝状或线形、其上具条纹状纹饰、乳突稀疏、臂比值大的毛是进化特征。     

新疆12种黄芩属植物叶表皮微形态结构的研究

应用光学显微镜和扫描电镜技术对新疆12种黄芩属植物叶片上的微形态特征进行观察。结果表明:该属植物叶的上表皮细胞形状及垂周壁式样有多种形式;而下表皮细胞形状均为不规则形,垂周壁式样均为深波形,不具分类学意义,但叶片两面分布的气孔器,在不同种间气孔大小、气孔密度、气孔指数、气孔外拱盖内缘等方面都存在着显著差异;其表皮角质层纹饰和表皮毛的微形态也各有不同;大多数植物叶片表面具腺点,其大小、分布及疏密程度也有不同。植物叶表皮上的这些微形态特征,可为探讨本属种间的分类学及亲缘关系提供一定的佐证。     

中国伞形科柴胡属果实表面微形态特征及其分类学意义

采用扫描电镜方法对中国20种柴胡属植物(含17种3变种,其中汶川柴胡和北柴胡各有2个居群)的果实表面微形态进行了研究,结果表明:柴胡属植物外果皮表面纹饰特征在所研究的居群间比较稳定;20种柴胡属植物果实微形态在表皮细胞形状是否可见、表面纹饰以及分泌物类型上表现出较高的多态性,可作为柴胡属种间鉴定的重要参考性状.根据果实表面细胞形状是否可见将所研究的柴胡属植物分成了两类:细胞形状可见型和细胞形状不可见型.根据果实表面微形态、外部形态特征和其他参考性状,支持黄花鸭跖柴胡(Bupleurum commelynoideum var.flaviflorum)独立成种.     

Trichome micromorphology in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Teucrium</Emphasis> (Lamiaceae) species growing in Croatia

Micromorphological investigation of the types, dimensions and distribution of characteristic trichomes in leaves and stems in Teucrium L. species (T. arduini L., T. chamaedrys L., T. flavum L., T. montanum L., T. polium L., and T. scordium L. subsp. scordioides Schreb.) distributed in Croatia was carried out as part of the taxonomical study of the genus Teucrium. Secretory types of hairs, peltate and capitate hairs were observed on the epidermis of stems and leaves of all investigated species. Non-secretory, acicular hairs were almost completely lacking on stems of T. scordium subsp. scordioides. Flagelliform hairs were not found in T. flavum and T. polium. Cladose hairs were present only in T. polium. The largest micromorphological variability was established between wild and cultivated samples of T. arduini and T. scordium subsp. scordioides, while cultivated and wild specimens of T. polium were almost identical. Differences were primarily observed in trichome dimensions and much less in micromorphological features.     

新疆委陵菜属不同花柱组植物叶表皮微形态结构的研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜,观察了新疆委陵菜属5组不同花柱组10种4变种植物叶表皮的微形态特征,测量统计叶表皮毛的类型、表皮细胞的形状及大小、气孔器的分布及类型、气孔的形状、大小、密度及指数、气孔外拱盖形态及其纹饰等指标。结果显示:新疆委陵菜属10种4变种植物叶的下表皮均有气孔器的分布,形状为长椭圆形、椭圆形、宽椭圆形和近圆形;气孔器的类型多为无规则四细胞型、无规则型、围绕型和辐射型;表皮毛的类型为针状毛、带状柔毛和腺毛;表皮细胞的形状分为不规则形和多边形2种类型。研究表明,新疆委陵菜属植物表皮毛特征、叶片表皮细胞的形状、垂周壁式样、气孔器的形状类型、气孔密度指数及外围蜡质纹饰等存在差异,对属以下等级的划分有重要价值,可作为物种分类及鉴别的依据,同时也为本属一些分类群间的系统关系的探讨提供佐证。     

Tests of associational defence provided by hairy plants for glabrous plants of Arabidopsis halleri subsp. gemmifera against insect herbivores

1. Trichome‐producing (hairy) and trichomeless (glabrous) plants of Arabidopsis halleri subsp. gemmifera were investigated to test whether plant resistance to herbivory depends on the plants' phenotypes and/or the phenotypes of neighbouring plants (associational effects). 2. A common garden experiment was conducted in which the relative frequency of hairy and glabrous plants was manipulated. Two species of leaf‐chewing insects (larvae of a white butterfly and a cabbage sawfly) were found less often on hairy plants than on glabrous plants. By contrast, the numbers of aphids and flea beetles did not differ significantly between hairy and glabrous plants. For none of these insects did abundance depend on the frequency of the two plant morphs. 3. A field survey was conducted in two natural populations of A. halleri. In the first population, a species of white butterfly was the dominant herbivore, and hairy plants incurred less leaf damage than glabrous plants across 2 years. By contrast, in the other population, where flea beetles were dominant, there were no consistent differences in leaf damage between the two types of plants. In neither of the two populations was any evidence found of associational effects. 4. This study did not provide any conclusive evidence of associational effects of anti‐herbivore resistance, but it was discovered that trichomes can confer resistance to certain herbivores. Given the results of previous work by the authors on associational effects against a flightless leaf beetle, such associational effects of the trichome dimorphism of A. halleri were herbivore‐specific.     

Trichome production and spatiotemporal variation in herbivory in the perennial herb Arabidopsis lyrata

Allocation theory suggests that the optimal level of resistance against herbivores should vary with the risk of herbivory if allocation to resistance is costly. The perennial herb Arabidopsis lyrata has a genetically based polymorphism for trichome production and occurs in a glabrous and a trichome-producing form. Leaf trichomes (hairs) can protect plants against insect herbivores, and may increase tolerance to drought and UV-radiation. To examine the functional significance of trichome production, we documented the frequency of glabrous plants and damage by insect herbivores in 30 A. lyrata populations in Sweden and Norway. The proportion of glabrous plants ranged from 0.10 to 0.71 (median=0.44) in polymorphic populations; 7 of 12 populations in Norway and 14 of 18 populations in Sweden were monomorphic glabrous, i.e. with fewer than 5% trichome-producing plants. The mean proportion of the leaf area removed by herbivores varied substantially among populations and years. With few exceptions, glabrous plants were more damaged than trichome-producing plants in polymorphic populations. The intensity of herbivory quantified as the mean damage to glabrous plants tended to be higher in polymorphic populations than in populations monomorphic for the glabrous morph and was higher in Sweden than in Norway. In Norway, both the magnitude of herbivore damage and the frequency of trichome-producing plants tended to decrease with increasing altitude. The results indicate that leaf trichomes contribute to resistance against herbivorous insects in A. lyrata , and suggest that herbivore-mediated selection contributes to the maintenance of the polymorphism in trichome production.     

Trichome morphology provides phylogenetically informative characters for Tremandra, Platytheca and Tetratheca (former Tremandraceae)

Summary Trichomes of Tremandra R.Br. ex DC., Platytheca Steetz and Tetratheca Sm. (Elaeocarpaceae, former Tremandraceae), together with two outgroup species of Elaeocarpus L., are illustrated using scanning electron microscopy, and their distribution on various plant organs is documented. Various trichomes types were identified that relate taxa: simple hairs, stellate hairs, short glandular trichomes, long glandular trichomes, and three forms of tubercules. Both outgroup and ingroup taxa have simple hairs. Stellate hairs are confirmed as unique to Tremandra. Prominent and sculptured multicelled tubercules, some bearing a stout hair, are characteristic of Platytheca. Smaller multicelled tubercules occur in both Platytheca and Tetratheca, except for the Western Australian taxon Te. filiformis Benth. (possibly plesiomorphic). Unicellular tubercules (papilla) characterise two species of Tetratheca. Short glandular trichomes, usually found on the ovary, also occur in both of these genera but not in all species (possibly secondary losses), while long glandular trichomes, usually on stems and leaves, occur only in some groups of Tetratheca. Within Tetratheca, Western Australian taxa that have five-merous flowers fall into three ‘groups’: seven species (together with one from South Australia) that have short glandular trichomes but no long glandular trichomes; six species that have long glandular trichomes but no short glandular trichomes; and four species that have both trichome types. All other species of Tetratheca have four-merous flowers and form two ‘groups’: 12 eastern species (including one from South Australia) that have both short glandular trichomes and long glandular trichomes; 4 western species and six eastern species that lack short glandular trichomes. On the basis of these characters, a phylogenetic hypothesis for the three genera is presented.     

黑龙江悬钩子属植物叶表皮形态结构的研究

利用扫描电子显微镜对黑龙江悬钩子属植物的叶表皮形态结构进行比较研究。结果显示:(1)悬钩子属植物叶的上表皮细胞呈多边形,垂周壁平直,或无规则形,垂周壁浅波纹;下表皮细胞无规则形,垂周壁浅波纹或深波纹。(2)表皮毛类型有单细胞直立不分支、卷曲不分支,头状腺毛和盾状腺毛四种类型。(3)气孔器均分布于下表皮,且气孔器类型为无规则形;气孔外拱盖单层、内缘平滑或不规则波状。研究表明,黑龙江悬钩子属植物的叶表皮微形态学特征表现出一定差异性,对种间的划分和鉴定具有一定的分类学意义。     

乌鲁木齐乌头, 新疆毛茛科一新种

该文描述了发现自中国新疆天山北部的毛茛科乌头属一新种,即乌鲁木齐乌头(Aconitm urumqiense),此新种与新疆乌头(A. sinchiangense)近缘。两者的区别在于此新种(乌鲁木齐乌头)的茎无毛,不存在基生叶,总状花序轴和花梗被黄色腺毛,萼片背面疏被柔毛、边缘被缘毛,上萼片较宽,花瓣唇在顶端啮蚀状,子房幼时疏被柔毛。     

Morphological and ITS sequence divergence between taxa of Cuminia (Lamiaceae), an endemic genus of the Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile

Morphological and ITS sequence divergence were assessed between the two presently recognized taxa of the endemic genusCuminia (Lamiaceae), on Masatierra of the Juan Fernandez Islands. Morphological studies were based on leaf morphology of 51 individuals. Individuals ofC. fernandezia have narrow and lanceolate leaves with cuneate to acute bases and apices, whereas individuals ofC. eriantha have broadly ovate leaves with rounded bases and acute to obtuse apices. The two taxa can also be distinguished by the presence of pubescence.Cuminia eriantha has hairs on the leaves, young stems, floral peduncles, calyx, and corolla. Alternatively,C. fernandezia is glabrous except for tuft hairs on the nodes, and hairs on calyx teeth and corolla tubes. The ITS 1 and 2 regions of the five plants ofCuminia sequenced are a total of 451 bp long. All plants have identical ITS-1 but pubescent and glabrous plants are consistently different in ITS-2 sequence, revealing 1.3% total sequence divergence between the species. Both morphological and molecular data support the taxonomic recognition of two taxa, and the small but consistent differences appear to justify species status for the two entities. The pubescent populations representC. eriantha and the glabrous ones areC. fernandezia. It is hypothesized that the species diverged from a common ancestral immigrant to the islands, when Masatierra was much larger and more ecologically diverse than it now is. The two taxa seem to maintain their identities with no evidence of hybridization, even though they often grow in close proximity to one other on the island. Each population consists only of glabrous or pubescent plants, with no mixed population detected.     

Nanooravia gen. nov., subtribe Dimeriinae (Poaceae–Panicoideae–Andropogoneae) from India

The new genus Nanooravia Kiran Raj & Sivad. (Poaceae–Andropogoneae–Dimeriinae) from the southwestern Ghats in India is described and illustrated, and the new combination N. santapaui (M. R. Almeida) Kiran Raj & Sivad. is made. The genus is characterized by its usually unequal and intertwined racemes, triquetrous rachis, extremely oblique and glabrous pedicel tip, distantly arranged spikelets, long trigonous callus with oblique tip and densely covered with golden–yellow or yellowish–brown hairs along one angle, keel‐less glumes with a dorsally echinate apex and apically auricled margins, and an upper lemma with a stout awn having a long column. The new genus is distinct from Dimeria R. Br. in which the species was originally described, but is similar to the monotypic Indian genus Pogonachne Bor currently placed in the subtribe Ischaeminae. It occurs in Peninsular India, a region considered as the centre of diversity of the subtribe with more than 50% of the known Dimeria species, including numerous endemics.     

Variable responses of tuber moth to the leaf trichomes of wild potatoes

This study examines the response of tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), during the initial stages of attack, to variability in trichome density and composition on foliage of Solanum berthaultii (Hawkes) and Solanum tarijense (Hawkes) (Solanaceae). Solanum berthaultii bears two types of glandular trichome (type A and type B) that together reduced oviposition by the moth. Females were often completely deterred from ovipositing on foliage with >300 trichomes per cm². In contrast, neonate establishment on S. berthaultii was generally positively related to trichome densities, indicating that trichomes may be a poor defense against P. operculella when the moth oviposits in soil and neonate larvae select the host plant. Solanum tarijense has only one type of glandular trichome (type A) and eglandular hairs. Most eggs were deposited on the adaxial leaf surfaces that had lower trichome densities. Although the density of type A trichomes was negatively related to oviposition, high densities of hairs on the abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces appeared to stimulate oviposition, leading to stronger positive relations between hair densities and oviposition. Larvae generally established on the abaxial surface where hair densities were greatest. Relationships between the abaxial densities of leaf hairs and neonate establishment on S. tarijense were positive. The results indicate that the responses by P. operculella to the types and density of trichomes are complex. Whereas type A and type B trichomes may act synergistically to reduce oviposition by the moth, leaf hairs do not defend against oviposition and neither leaf hairs nor type A and B trichomes reduce neonate establishment by this herbivore species.