基因工程与食品工业

就基因工程在食品工业中某些方面的应用及其安全性作了简要介绍     

溶菌酶的研究进展

对溶菌酶的稳定性的改善、制备、基因工程表达产物的复性处理作了介绍,并且对溶菌酶在医药、食品工业和生物工程上的应用作了概述。     

30M~3植酸酶发酵罐设计

本文从发酵罐的工艺设计和机械设计两个角度,并结合中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会2004年公布的《食品工业用不锈钢薄壁容器》(QB/T 2681-2004)即发酵罐行业标准及毕赤酵母高密度发酵特点,对福生公司植酸酶发酵罐做了详细的设计,同时基因工程的发酵生产也代表了发酵行业的一重大方向,如何设计出满足基因工程菌生长、生产的发酵罐成为基因工程菌能否高表达的关键。     

食品生物技术相关专利分析

随着生物技术在食品工业应用日益深入,以基因工程为先导,以发酵工程、酶工程技术为核心．包括蛋白质工程和生物分离工程在内的食品生物技术已成为提升我国食品工业技术含量、参与市场竞争的重要核心技术。本文以Derwent Innovation Index（DⅡ）数据库和Aureka数据库为基础,对上游（基因工程）、中游（发酵工程、酶工程与蛋白质工程）、下游（生物分离工程、食品安全检测）食品生物技术相关专利进行研究分析。     

转谷氨酰胺酶的分子生物学与基因工程

来源于微生物特别是轮枝链霉菌的转谷氨酰胺酶是一种重要的酶制剂,在食品工业中有着广泛的应用前景。本综述了近年来对转谷氨酰胺酶的分子生物学研究成果,以及对其进行基因工程改造的最新进展,讨论了其进一步的研究发展方向。笔认为采用基因工程生产重组转谷氨酰胺酶是解决目前酶价高昂和来源困难问题的一个大有希望的办法。     

乳酸乳球菌载体疫苗

乳酸乳球菌是一种在食品工业中广泛应用的安全级微生物,应用基因工程手段能使乳酸乳球菌表达多种病毒、细菌、寄生虫的外源蛋白。乳酸乳球菌可经粘膜途径免疫,能有效递呈抗原,诱导外源蛋白的特异性免疫应答,并能同时诱导粘膜免疫与全身免疫,因此可作为潜在的疫苗载体。本文对乳酸乳球菌载体疫苗的优势、应用以及疫苗设计时需要考虑的问题进行了概述。     

噬菌体在食品工业中的应用与危害防控

近年来,噬菌体由于其特异性侵染细菌的特性,在食品加工及保藏过程中有害微生物的控制和检测方面展现出良好的应用前景。例如在食品表面喷洒噬菌体或将噬菌体与食品包装材料结合,对食源性致病菌及腐败菌加以控制,以及利用基因工程手段构建报告噬菌体对食源性致病菌进行快速检测等。然而,噬菌体也是危害食品发酵的重要因素之一,轻则减产,重则引起整个发酵过程失败,造成巨大的经济损失。目前主要通过噬菌体消毒及灭活、发酵菌种变换等方式防止噬菌体污染。本文综述了食品工业中噬菌体应用及危害的研究现状,以期为拓宽噬菌体在食品工业中的应用途径及开发噬菌体污染防治的新技术提供理论依据。     

昆虫抗菌肽研究现状与展望

昆虫抗菌肽具有分子量小、热稳定性强、无免疫原性、生物活性广泛等特点,在医药、农业、食品工业等领域逐渐显示出广阔的应用前景,特别是在当前大量耐药性菌株的出现,而新抗生素发现又极其困难的情况下．昆虫抗菌肽的潜在药用价值倍受人们关注。本文将对昆虫抗菌肽的结构特征,抗菌机理．基因工程及其应用前景等知识作一简要介绍。     

构建从葡萄糖直接发酵产生维生素C前体2-酮基-L-古龙酸的基因工程菌研究进展

构建从葡萄糖直接发酵产生维生素Ｃ前体２┐酮基┐Ｌ┐古龙酸的基因工程菌研究进展维生素Ｃ作为人体不可缺少的维生素和抗氧化剂在医药和食品工业上有重要用途,２－酮基－Ｌ－古龙酸（２－ＫＬＧ）是合成维生素Ｃ的重要前体,工业上大多采用“莱氏法”或“两步发酵法”生...     

外源基因在酵母中的表达

随着基因工程研究的发展,至今已建立了不少系统可以用来表达外源基因。酵母系统就是其中最常用的系统之一。酵母作为外源基因的表达系统的好处在于:①酵母是一种传统的工业微生物,广泛被用于酿酒和食品工业中。它不会产生毒素,因此用它来表达医药工业和食品工业上有用的蛋白质,极易被人们所接受。②酵母是一种真核生物。尽管这是一种低等的真核生物,但它仍具有一般真核生物的特点。在基因工程中需要表达的外源基因多数来自人类或其他真核生物。要使表达产物具有生物活性常常需要对表达产物进行加工。酵母基本上具备这种能力。因此用酵母表达的产物生物活性要比原核生物表达的好。③酵母的遗传学     

基因工程的应用及其安全性管理

基因工程在农业、食品、医药、环保等方面有广泛的应用,同时对生态环境、人类健康、伦理道德、社会经济有不同程度的影响和潜在危害。加强基因工程的安全管理是基因工程产业健康发展的前提。本文就基因工程的应用及影响、安全性管理等问题进行了探讨。     

基因工程在工业中的应用

基因工程技术的不断进步,为经济的发展注入了新鲜的血液;其应用涉及经济发展的诸多领域。本文仅简要介绍其在医药工业、酶制剂工业、环保工业、食品工业以及化学与能源工业上的应用情况。     

Genetic and metabolic engineering of microorganisms for the development of new flavor compounds from terpenic substrates

Throughout human history, natural products have been the basis for the discovery and development of therapeutics, cosmetic and food compounds used in industry. Many compounds found in natural organisms are rather difficult to chemically synthesize and to extract in large amounts, and in this respect, genetic and metabolic engineering are playing an increasingly important role in the production of these compounds, such as new terpenes and terpenoids, which may potentially be used to create aromas in industry. Terpenes belong to the largest class of natural compounds, are produced by all living organisms and play a fundamental role in human nutrition, cosmetics and medicine. Recent advances in systems biology and synthetic biology are allowing us to perform metabolic engineering at the whole-cell level, thus enabling the optimal design of microorganisms for the efficient production of drugs, cosmetic and food additives. This review describes the recent advances made in the genetic and metabolic engineering of the terpenes pathway with a particular focus on systems biotechnology.     

Cloning vectors based on cryptic plasmids isolated from lactic acid bacteria: their characteristics and potential applications in biotechnology

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are Gram positive bacteria, widely distributed in nature, and industrially important as they are used in a variety of industrial food fermentations. The use of genetic engineering techniques is an effective means of enhancing the industrial applicability of LAB. However, when using genetic engineering technology, safety becomes an essential factor for the application of improved LAB to the food industry. Cloning and expression systems should be derived preferably from LAB cryptic plasmids that generally encode genes for which functions can be proposed, but no phenotypes can be observed. However, some plasmid-encoded functions have been discovered in cryptic plasmids originating from Lactobacillus, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Pediococcus spp. and can be used as selective marker systems in vector construction. This article presents information concerning LAB cryptic plasmids, and their structures, functions, and applications. A total of 134 cryptic plasmids collated are discussed.     

酵母生物多样性开发及工业应用

酵母是一类包括酿酒酵母和非常规酵母在内的多种单细胞真菌的总称,其中酿酒酵母是应用较多的重要工业微生物,广泛应用于生物医药、食品、轻工和生物燃料生产等不同生物制造领域。近年来,研究者从不同生态环境中分离了大量的酵母菌株,鉴定了多个新种,也发现了抗逆性不同以及具有多种活性产物合成能力的菌株,证明天然酵母资源具有丰富的生物多样性和功能多样性。利用基因组挖掘以及转录组、蛋白组等多组学分析研究,可进一步开发利用酵母遗传多样性,获得酶和调节蛋白的基因以及启动子等遗传元件改造酵母菌株。除了利用酵母的天然遗传多样性,还可通过诱变、驯化、代谢工程改造及合成生物学等技术产生具有多种非天然多样性的菌株。此外,对天然遗传元件也可以进行突变和定向进化,所产生的新遗传元件可用于有效提升菌株的性能。开发利用酵母的生物多样性,对构建高效酵母细胞工厂,生产生物酶、疫苗以及多种活性天然产物等产品具有重要意义。文中对酵母生物多样性的研究现状进行综述,并对未来高效开发利用酵母菌株资源和遗传资源的研究进行了展望。文中所总结的研究方法和思路也可为研究其他工业微生物的多样性及进行高效菌株的选育提供参考。     

A review of food-grade vectors in lactic acid bacteria: from the laboratory to their application

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have a long history of use in fermented foods and as probiotics. Genetic manipulation of these microorganisms has great potential for new applications in food safety, as well as in the development of improved food products and in health. While genetic engineering of LAB could have a major positive impact on the food and pharmaceutical industries, progress could be prevented by legal issues related to the controversy surrounding this technology. The safe use of genetically modified LAB requires the development of food-grade cloning systems containing only the DNA from homologous hosts or generally considered as safe organisms, and not dependent antibiotic markers. The rationale for the development of cloning vectors derived from cryptic LAB plasmids is the need for new genetic engineering tools, therefore a vision from cryptic plasmids to applications in food-grade vectors for LAB plasmids is shown in this review. Replicative and integrative vectors for the construction of food-grade vectors, and the relationship between resistance mechanism and expression systems, will be treated in depth in this paper. Finally, we will discuss the limited use of these vectors, and the problems arising from their use.     

Engineering Tools for the Development of Recombinant Lactic Acid Bacteria

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is mainly used in food fermentation. In addition, LAB fermentation technology has been studied in the development of industrial food additives, nutrients, or enzymes used in food processing. In the field of red biotechnology, LAB is approved and is generally recognized as a safe organism and is considered safe for biotherapeutic treatments. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated the medicinal value of therapeutic recombinant LAB and the suitability of innate mechanisms of secretion and anchoring for therapeutic applications such as antibody or vaccine production. However, the gram‐positive phenotypic trait of LAB creates challenges for genetic modifications when compared to other conventional workhorse bacteria, resulting in exclusive developments of genetic tools for engineering LAB. In this review, several distinct approaches in gene expression for engineering LAB are discussed.