The age and geographical distribution of fossil cercopithecids in China

Cercopithecids did not arrive in China until the latest Tertiary, relatively late in their evolutionary history. Cercopithecines are represented in the Chinese fossil record by two genera,Procynocephalus andMacaca, both of which made their appearance in the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene, but only one of which,Macaca, was widely distributed throughout the Quaternary and remains in the country today. The much less well known genusProcynocephalus disappeared from China in the late Early Pleistocene, but is of considerable interest because it appears to have been part of a radiation of large terrestrial cercopithecines that extended throughout portions of southern and eastern Asia. Colobines are poorly represented in the fossil record of China. Aside from a few scattered occurrences ofRhinopithecus in the Middle and Late Pleistocene records of southern China, the subfamily is represented by only one other intriguing specimen. This is the large and nearly complete mandible now classified as «Megamacaca lantianensis» from the Gongwangling locality of Lantian, Shaanxi Province. The specimen was retrieved from sediments of late Early Pleistocene age and was associated with elements of a typical southern,Ailuropoda — Stegodon fauna. The distribution of cercopithecids, especiallyMacaca, in China followed the southern and eastern retreat of subtropical habitats during the course of the Pleistocene.     

Dating the Northern African cercopithecid fossil record

The primitive cercopithecidProhylobates is known only from the (middle?) Orleanian sites of Moghara (Egypt) and Zelten (Libya). No cercopithecid is known from north Africa during the Astaracian and Vallesian periods.Macaca (or a closely allied form) appears in the (late?) Turolian of Sahabi (Libya) and Menacer (Algeria) where it is associated with colobines.Macaca persists into the Pliocene (Wadi Natrun, Egypt; Garaet Ichkeul; Ain Brimba) but apparently disappears before the end of this period, and is absent from north Africa until the middle Pleistocene (Ain Mefta).Theropithecus is known from a single tooth from the upper Pliocene of Ain Jourdel, and from several jaws from the middle Pleistocene of Ternifine (c. 0.7 m.y.) and Thomas Quarry III (c. 0.4 m.y.) in Algeria.     

Crystal structure of tRNA m1A58 methyltransferase TrmI from Aquifex aeolicus in complex with S-adenosyl-l-methionine

The N ¹-methyladenosine residue at position 58 of tRNA is found in the three domains of life, and contributes to the stability of the three-dimensional L-shaped tRNA structure. In thermophilic bacteria, this modification is important for thermal adaptation, and is catalyzed by the tRNA m¹A58 methyltransferase TrmI, using S-adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet) as the methyl donor. We present the 2.2 Å crystal structure of TrmI from the extremely thermophilic bacterium Aquifex aeolicus, in complex with AdoMet. There are four molecules per asymmetric unit, and they form a tetramer. Based on a comparison of the AdoMet binding mode of A. aeolicus TrmI to those of the Thermus thermophilus and Pyrococcus abyssi TrmIs, we discuss their similarities and differences. Although the binding modes to the N6 amino group of the adenine moiety of AdoMet are similar, using the side chains of acidic residues as well as hydrogen bonds, the positions of the amino acid residues involved in binding are diverse among the TrmIs from A. aeolicus, T. thermophilus, and P. abyssi.     

Possible Effects of Glyphosate on Mucorales Abundance in the Rumen of Dairy Cows in Germany

Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine) is registered as a herbicide for many food and non-food crops, as well as non-crop areas where total vegetation control is desired. Glyphosate influences the soil mycobiota; however, the possible effect of glyphosate residues in animal feed (soybean, corn, etc.) on animal mycobiota is almost unknown. Accordingly, the present study was initiated to investigate the mycological characteristics of dairy cows in relationship to glyphosate concentrations in urine. A total of 258 dairy cows on 14 dairy farms in Germany were examined. Glyphosate was detected in urine using ELISA. The fungal profile was analyzed in rumen fluid samples using conventional microbiological culture techniques and differentiated by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. LPS-binding protein (LBP) and antibodies (IgG1, IgG2, IgA, and IgM) against fungi were determined in blood using ELISA. Different populations of Lichtheimia corymbifera, Lichtheimia ramosa, Mucor, and Rhizopus were detected. L. corymbifera and L. ramosa were significantly more abundant in animals containing high glyphosate (>40 ng/ml) concentrations in urine. There were no significant changes in IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies toward isolated fungi that were related to glyphosate concentration in urine; however, IgA antibodies against L. corymbifera and L. ramosa were significantly lower in the higher glyphosate groups. Moreover, a negative correlation between IgM antibodies against L. corymbifera, L. ramosa, and Rhizopus relative to glyphosate concentration in urine was observed. LBP also was significantly decreased in animals with higher concentrations of glyphosate in their urine. In conclusion, glyphosate appears to modulate the fungal community. The reduction of IgM antibodies and LBP indicates an influence on the innate immune system of animals.     

Predicted effects of increasing salinity on the crustacean zooplankton community of Pyramid Lake,Nevada

Since 1933 the salinity of Pyramid Lake, Nevada, U.S.A., has increased 32% to nearly 5.5‰. We tested the hypothesis that further increases of 1.5 to 2 times (1.5× to 2×) its present salinity would significantly reduce species richness and alter population structures of the existing crustacean zooplankton community. Three strategies were applied: in addition to monitoring zooplankton in semicontrolled indoor microcosms at 1×, 1.5× and 2× and conducting range-finding, acute, and chronic salinity bioassays, the present zooplankton community of Walker Lake (2×) was compared with that existing in Pyramid Lake (1×). Ceriodaphnia quadrangula and Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum, both collected from Pyramid Lake, were lacking in Walker Lake. Populations of Cyclops vernalis were significantly lower and those of Diaptomus sicilis and Moina hutchinsoni were significantly higher in Walker Lake than in Pyramid Lake. Densities of Ceriodaphnia and Cyclops were low in microcosms at salinities > 1×. Diaphanosoma could not be maintained in microcosms, regardless of salinity. Numbers of Diaptomus and Moina in microcosms were proportional to salinity level. Short-term LC50 salinities (‰) were as follows: Diaphanosoma, 6.5; Ceriodaphnia, 7.1; Diaptomus, 13.3; Cyclops, 14.8; and Moina, 17.8. Multiple-generation, chronic bioassays were run only on Cyclops and Diaptomus. Three generations of Cyclops were produced at salinities of 4.0 to 8.5‰, but not at 9.8‰ or higher. Diaptomus was unable to complete three generations at salinities ?9.6‰. We speculate that high salinity in Walker Lake may indirectly benefit Diaptomus by negatively affecting predatory Cyclops, and benefit Moina by causing extinction of competing salinity-intolerant Diaphanosoma and Ceriodaphnia. Except for the response of Diaptomus, results from bioassays were in general agreement with results from microcosms and with field data. Untested predator-prey interactions could be responsible for the apparent discrepancy.     

Abnormalities of blood selenium and glutathione peroxidase activity in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and aids-related complex

Severe protein-calorie malnutrition is common in patients with AIDS and could contribute to the progressive deterioration characteristic of that disease. Selenium deficiency could also have a negative impact on immune function and other organ functions vital for recovery from infectious diseases. Therefore, to assess any role for selenium in AIDS, we determined plasma and erythrocyte selenium levels and glutathione peroxidase activity in 13 patients with AIDS compared to 8 patients with AIDS-related complex (ARC) and 14 healthy controls. Plasma selenium levels were significantly reduced in AIDS patients compared to controls (p<.0001) and to ARC (p<.02). Erythrocyte selenium levels in both AIDS and ARC were also reduced compared to controls (p<.02), but not to each other. Glutathione peroxidase activity in AIDS was 28.9±1.4 U/g Hb vs 38.4±6.9 in ARC (p=NS) and 52.3±1.7 in controls (p<.0001 vs AIDS;p<.02 vs ARC). When all groups were combined, there were significant correlations between total lymphocyte count and both plasma selenium (r=.53;p<.002) and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity (r=.65;p<.0001). In addition, strong correlations were noted between plasma selenium and serum albumin (r=.68;p<.0001), plasma selenium and glutathione peroxidase (r=.77;p<.0001), and glutathione peroxidase and hematocrit (r=.66;p<.0001). In AIDS or ARC, no correlations between selenium with disease duration or weight loss were present. We conclude that, in comparison to normals, patients manifesting infection with human immunodeficiency virus have evidence of selenium deficiency as determined by diminished plasma and erythrocyte levels and glutathione peroxidase activity. These abnormalities are most marked in patients with AIDS, but are also present in patients with AIDS-related complex. Selenium deficiency has important implications for the progression and pathogenesis of clinical disease in AIDS.     

Keckiella: New name for Keckia straw (Scrophulariaceae)

Keckia Straw, having been found to be a later homonym, is renamedKeckiella. The appropriate combinations are made for the seven species.     

Expression status of let-7a and miR-335 among breast tumors in patients with and without germ-line BRCA mutations

The genetic factors of cancer predisposition remain elusive in the majority of familial and/or early-onset cases of breast cancer (BC). This type of BC is promoted by germ-line mutations that inactivate BRCA1 or BRCA2. On the other hand, recent studies have indicated that alterations in the levels of miRNA expression are linked to this disease. Although BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations have been reported to commonly lead to alterations in genes that encode cancer-related proteins, little is known regarding the putative impact of these mutations on noncoding miRNAs. In the present study, we aimed to determine whether miRNA dysregulation is involved in the pathogenesis of BRCA-mutated BC. An expression analysis of 14 human miRNAs previously shown to be related to BC diagnosis, prognosis, and drug resistance was conducted using tissues from 60 familial and/or early-onset patients whose peripheral blood samples had been screened for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations through sequence analysis. Let-7a and miR-335 expression levels were significantly downregulated in the tumors of patients with a BRCA mutation compared with those of patients without a BRCA mutation (P = 0.04 and P = 0.02, respectively). Our results defined the associations between the expression status of let-7a and miR-335 and BRCA mutations. The expression analysis of these miRNAs might be used as biomarkers of the BRCA mutation status of early-onset and/or familial BC.     

Feeding behavior and diet of the eight-banded butterflyfish Chaetodon octofasciatus in the Thousand Islands,Indonesia

Marine fishes reach their highest diversity in coral reef ecosystems, which they utilize as territory, place of refuge and reproduction, and source of food. One type of predation among reef fishes is feeding on coral polyps, and a single, easily identifiable family of fishes, Chaetodontidae, contains the majority of obligate corallivore species. Multiple studies have examined the behaviour and ecology of Chaetodontidae and their relationship with the benthic habitat. However, many questions remain about their feeding ecology and food specifity at the species level. The present study is the first attempt to systematically decipher the feeding behavior of the obligate corallivore, Chaetodon octofasciatus. Field data were collected from four sites in the Thousand Islands, Indonesia, during two sampling campaigns in 2006, covering two seasons and two different depths. A high abundance of C. octofasciatus was positively related to hard coral cover. Out of a total of 57 scleractinian coral genera observed during the study period, 24 were utilized by C. octofasciatus. All fish collected during the study (n?=?36) had >86 % nematocysts in their guts, supporting their classification as obligate corallivores. Based on the Strauss electivity index, C. octofasciatus displayed a preference for the coral genus Acropora at all depths, while preference for Fungia became more marked at greater depth. Both Acropora and Fungia were observed at high density at all sites, with Acropora density decreasing markedly with depth and Fungia density increasing. Bite rates showed an asymptotic relationship to Acropora density, levelling off between 15 and 20 bites/5 min. The existence of a strong relationship with live coral cover and the preference for specific genera such as Acropora designate C. octofasciatus as a potential bioindicator in the Thousand Islands reefs, while making it particular susceptible to the ongoing degradation of reefs in the region.     

Transcription and processing of rRNA in higher plant cells (Daucus carota,Petroselinum crispum,Acer pseudoplatanus)

Actively dividing cells from parsley (Petroselinum crispum) and carrot (Daucus carota) (bothApiaceae) andAcer pseudoplatanus (Aceraceae) were used to detect the primary gene product of the rDNA in plant cells. Parsley and carrot cells were labelled with [³²P] orthophosphate. In both cases only one high molecular weight rRNA precursor was present on polyacrylamide gels under non-denaturing conditions. Its molecular weight did not exceed 2.5 × 10⁶ daltons. The component emerged from the heterogenous material after a labelling period of 5–10 min. In parsley cells 45 min after onset of incubation labelled mature rRNA (25S and 18S) arrived in the cytoplasm. InAcer pseudoplatanus (incubation period 60 min) two rapidly labelled components did emerge from polyacrylamide gels; their molecular weights were 2.3 and 3.2^? 3.4 × 10⁶ daltons. After electrophoresis under denaturing conditions the larger component was no longer present, thus indicating that it was an aggregate of different RNA molecules. The molecular weights of the rRNA precursors ofD. carota andP. crispum determined after electrophoresis in formamide gels were about 2.1 × 10⁶ daltons. From these results we have no evidence for the existence of rRNA precursors exceeding the molecular weight of 2.5 × 10⁶ daltons.     

Dynamic expression of a Hydra FGF at boundaries and termini

Guidance of cells and tissue sheets is an essential function in developing and differentiating animal tissues. In Hydra, where cells and tissue move dynamically due to constant cell proliferation towards the termini or into lateral, vegetative buds, factors essential for guidance are still unknown. Good candidates to take over this function are fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). We present the phylogeny of several Hydra FGFs and analysis of their expression patterns. One of the FGFs is expressed in all terminal regions targeted by tissue movement and at boundaries crossed by moving tissue and cells with an expression pattern slightly differing in two Hydra strains. A model addressing an involvement of this FGF in cell movement and morphogenesis is proposed: Hydra FGFf-expressing cells might serve as sources to attract tissue and cells towards the termini of the body column and across morphological boundaries. Moreover, a function in morphogenesis and/or differentiation of cells and tissue is suggested.