Pten对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞活力及乳蛋白合成的影响

Pten作为抑癌基因,参与调控细胞生长、粘附、凋亡以及其它细胞活动.目前,国内外关于Pten在奶牛乳腺发育过程中表达及调节的研究鲜有报道.为了揭示Pten的表达与奶牛乳腺发育与泌乳之间的关系,本研究应用qRT-PCR技术检测Pten在不同泌乳时期和不同乳品质的奶牛乳腺组织中的表达差异,进而应用脂质体转染方法,通过siRNA介导的RNA干扰技术改变Pten基因在奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中的表达量,CASY法检测细胞活力,用ELISA试剂盒检测细胞分泌β-酪蛋白的含量,采用qRT-PCR、Western 印迹等技术检测Pten对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中乳蛋白相关信号通路基因表达的影响.结果显示,泌乳期高乳品质奶牛乳腺组织中Pten表达水平显著低于泌乳期低乳品质及干乳期奶牛;Pten基因沉寂后,细胞活力提高,β-酪蛋白质量浓度增加,CSN2、AKT、MTOR、STAT5表达量增加.研究表明,Pten可通过抑制细胞活力和乳蛋白分泌而影响泌乳.     

泌乳期奶牛乳腺基因表达谱研究

从青春期到泌乳期以至干乳期,奶牛乳腺经历复杂的生物学功能和代谢水平的变化.通过基因芯片分析奶牛乳腺的基因表达谱,通过泌乳旺盛的泌乳期与不泌乳的青春期和干乳期相比较,共筛选出122个差异表达的基因,其中包括79个泌乳期上调基因和43个泌乳期下调基因.GO分析表明,在泌乳期奶牛乳腺中上调的基因主要与物质转运、生物合成、信号转导、催化活性、免疫防御、细胞凋亡以及促进发育相关.这些数据提示了奶牛乳腺泌乳期所发生的分子事件.     

牦牛SND1基因特征序列分析及其蛋白在乳腺的表达

Staphylococcal nuclease and tudor domain containing 1（ SND1,Tudor-SN）是一种参与基因调控的转录共激活因子蛋白,本研究意在克隆牦牛泌乳相关基因SND1,分析其生物特性,研究其蛋白在乳腺的表达。采集牦牛泌乳期乳腺组织,胰蛋白酶消化法得到原代乳腺上皮细胞,纯化到3代, 采用RT-PCR扩增克隆SND1基因,测序并拼接,并用相关生物信息软件分析牦牛SND1基因特性;用免疫组织化学和免疫荧光技术对牦牛SND1基因编码蛋白进行定位分析。获得如下结果：牦牛SND1基因全序列为3294 bp,含有2733 bp的ORF,共包含20种氨基酸。SND1基因编码蛋白为非分泌蛋白,非跨膜蛋白;同源性分析显示,牦牛SND1基因与野牛、家牛、藏羚羊、山羊、猪、野骆驼、马、黑猩猩、人、褐家鼠的同源性分别为99%、98%、96%、94%、91%、90%、90%、89%、89%、85%;系统进化树表明与野牛和家牛的进化水平较近,与人和鼠的进化水平较远。免疫组织化学染色结果显示,SND1蛋白在分泌上皮细胞（乳腺上皮细胞）和导管上皮细胞呈阳性高表达,在肌上皮细胞呈弱表达。免疫荧光显示,SND1蛋白在乳腺上皮细胞胞核高表达,胞质弱表达。上述研究结果为进一步探究SND1对牦牛泌乳机能的调节提供了相关依据,也为高寒哺乳动物的研究提供了参考资料。     

小鼠乳腺中瘦素及其受体的表达与作用

瘦素(Leptin)是影响乳腺发育和泌乳的自分泌和旁分泌因子. 为探讨瘦素在乳腺发育、泌乳和退化过程中的调控及作用机理, 本研究应用激光共聚焦显微技术对小鼠乳腺发育、泌乳以及退化过程中瘦素及其长型受体(OB-Rb)蛋白水平的表达定位进行检测, 并采用乳腺组织体外培养和Western blot方法研究了妊娠期、泌乳期和退化期瘦素对乳腺的作用以及乳腺发育各个时期瘦素的信号转导通路. 结果显示, 小鼠乳腺整个发育过程中瘦素和OB-Rb的表达呈显著正相关, 在青春期最高, 妊娠期下降, 泌乳期维持在低水平, 幼仔离乳后乳腺退化, 瘦素和OB-Rb的表达显著上调, 并在乳腺退化13天恢复到青春期水平; 瘦素及其受体的表达部位的变化显示瘦素专一性地诱导OB-Rb的表达, 表明瘦素通过与OB-Rb共同作用调控乳腺发育和泌乳的生理机能; 妊娠期, 瘦素与OB-Rb结合, 通过激活JAK-MAPK信号通路促进乳腺导管上皮细胞的增殖和分化; 泌乳期, 瘦素激活JAK-STAT5信号通路诱导乳腺中b-酪蛋白基因表达; 退化期, 瘦素激活JAK-STAT3信号通路启动乳腺细胞凋亡并参与乳腺组织重建过程.     

miR-221对小鼠乳腺上皮细胞增殖和泌乳功能的影响

MicroRNA（miRNA）是一类大约22个核苷酸的非编码RNA.miR-221能通过调控受体表达,引发肿瘤形成、细胞增殖和组织器官发育.本文应用脂质体转染技术,改变miR-221在小鼠乳腺上皮细胞和组织中的表达量.采用HPLC、Western 印迹、电镜技术等观察miR-221对小鼠乳腺上皮细胞和乳腺组织的影响.结果表明,miR-221沉寂后,细胞增殖能力增强（P<0.01）,β酪蛋白表达增加（P>0.05）,生长激素受体(GHR)表达增强（P<0.01）,泌乳期乳腺组织中上皮细胞数量增加（P<0.05）,小鼠泌乳量增加（P<0.05）.结果提示,miR-221可能通过抑制靶蛋白GHR表达,进而抑制乳腺上皮细胞增殖和泌乳.     

Heregulin-α及其受体在小鼠乳腺中的表达与作用

为阐明Heregulin-α（HRG-α）及其受体对乳腺发育、泌乳及退化的调控作用及其机制,本实验采用激光扫描共聚焦显微技术,组织培养,毛细管电泳,Western Blot,ELISA等方法对小鼠乳腺发育、泌乳及退化阶段HRG-α及其受体ErbB2和ErbB3的表达、定位及其对乳腺形态发育、β-酪蛋白表达和分泌、Rab3A蛋白表达、HRG-α信号转导途径信号分子的磷酸化状态的影响进行了系统研究．结果表明,HRG-α及其受体ErbB2,ErbB3在妊娠期15d乳腺中表达到达高峰,退化期9d时又出现另一小高峰;HRG-α及其受体ErbB2,ErbB3主要在乳腺脂肪细胞、导管上皮细胞以及围绕导管的基膜中检测到,在青春期、妊娠期和退化期呈特异性表达;ErbB2和ErbB3的表达变化趋势与HRG-α的表达变化趋势相似,呈显著线性正相关．妊娠期,HRG-α能够促进STAT5,p42／p44,p38和PKC的磷酸化以及Rab3A蛋白表达,刺激乳腺上皮细胞的增殖和分化,增加并维持β-酪蛋白的表达和分泌;泌乳期,HRG-α能够促进STAT5,p38的磷酸化并抑制PKC磷酸化和Rab3A蛋白表达,维持泌乳期乳腺形态,促进乳蛋白的分泌而使乳腺上皮细胞内β-酪蛋白的表达量相对减少;退化期,HRG-α能够促进STAT3磷酸化和Rab3A蛋白表达并抑制PKC的磷酸化,启动乳腺上皮细胞退化,抑制β-酪蛋白的分泌导致乳腺上皮细胞内β-酪蛋白表达量相对增加。     

北川山羊PPARD基因克隆及组织表达分析

本试验从北川山羊的乳腺组织得到PPARD基因序列,并对其特有的生物学特点进行分析,同时将其在不同组织中所表达的情况进行阐述。利用RT-PCR的技术克隆获得北川山羊PPARD基因的序列,采用实时荧光定量PCR检测PPARD基因在北川山羊不同组织和泌乳期的表达丰度。结果表明,所得的北川山羊PPARD基因序列的CDs区有1 326 bp(登录号:XM018039044),由441个氨基酸编码,是不稳定的亲水性蛋白,不存在信号肽序列和跨膜结构。PPARD基因在北川山羊的表达水平最高的是脂肪组织,极显著高于其他组织(p<0.01),在乳腺组织和胃中也有较高的表达。其在泌乳早期的表达水平极显著高于空怀期和干奶期,这为进一步研究PPARD基因在北川山羊乳腺脂代谢过程所起的作用提供了理论基础。     

绵羊EGFR基因的克隆、表达及序列分析

表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)是酪氨酸激酶受体家族成员之一,不仅参与细胞增殖、生长和凋亡等多种生命活动,也可调节哺乳动物的乳腺发育及泌乳维持,但对绵羊EGFR基因的序列特征及组织表达情况鲜有报道.本试验以高泌乳量的小尾寒羊(泌乳高峰期和空怀期)及低泌乳量的甘肃高山细毛羊(泌乳高峰期)母羊为研究对象,利用RT-PCR、克隆及测序技术获得绵羊EGFR基因完整的CDS区,分析了 EGFR蛋白的结构特征及理化性质,利用RT-qPCR技术研究了基因的组织表达情况.结果表明,绵羊EGFR基因CDS区全长为3 627 bp,编码1 208个氨基酸.绵羊EGFR的氨基酸序列在各物种间较保守,与黄牛EGFR的氨基酸序列同源性最高.EGFR为跨膜蛋白,包含111个磷酸化位点,二级结构以α螺旋和无规则卷曲为主.网络互作分析表明EGFR蛋白与肝素结合表皮生长因子(HB-EGF)、表皮调节素(EREG)、双调蛋白(AREG)及生长因子受体结合蛋白2(GRB2)结合发挥作用.EGFR主要参与MAPK,PI3K/AKT,JAK/STAT及Wnt信号通路,从而参与了动物的乳腺发育及泌乳功能的调节.RT-qPCR结果表明,绵羊EGFR基因的表达具有组织特异性、时空特异性和品种特异性.该基因在所研究的8个组织中均表达,但在肾脏、卵巢、肝脏、乳腺和肺脏组织中的表达量较高;在小尾寒羊的乳腺组织中,该基因在空怀期的表达量显著高于泌乳高峰期的(P＜0.05);在泌乳高峰期的乳腺组织中,该基因在小尾寒羊中的表达量高于甘肃高山细毛羊的.本试验为深入研究绵羊EGFR基因的泌乳生物学功能提供了基础数据.     

牦牛FAF1基因的分子特征及其在不同阶段卵巢、输卵管、子宫中的表达

FAF1(Fas-associated factor-1)在多种细胞中可与Fas蛋白结合,介导细胞凋亡的启动,其基因突变可导致分裂期胚胎死亡。旨在探索牦牛FAF1基因的分子特征及其在不同阶段的生物学作用。试验选取雌性牦牛3个不同时期(卵泡期、黄体期和妊娠期第3个月,以下将妊娠期第3个月简称为妊娠期)的卵巢、输卵管和子宫,克隆牦牛FAF1基因,采用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)、免疫组织化学和Western blot(WB)方法对其基因和蛋白的表达水平进行检测和定位。成功克隆出牦牛FAF1基因的编码区(CDS),长度为1 953 bp(GenBank登录号:MK416195),编码650个氨基酸,基因特征分析显示该基因具有高度保守性,其编码的蛋白为含5个蛋白结合位点的非跨膜、可溶性蛋白,主要分布于细胞核(52.2%)、线粒体(26.1%)、细胞质(13.0%)、高尔基体(4.3%)、细胞骨架(4.3%)。qRT-PCR结果显示:卵巢中FAF1基因在卵泡期表达最高,妊娠期次之,黄体期最低;输卵管中黄体期最高,子宫中卵泡期最高,妊娠期次之,黄体期最低;蛋白水平显示:妊娠期输卵管和子宫FAF1蛋白相对表达量显著高于卵泡期和黄体期,卵巢在黄体期的表达量最高,卵泡期次之,妊娠期最低。免疫组织化学(Immunohistochemistry,IHC)结果显示不同阶段FAF1蛋白在同一组织中表达部位并无明显的差异,在卵巢中主要表达部位为卵巢生殖上皮、颗粒细胞、卵泡膜细胞和黄体细胞(黄体期);在输卵管中主要表达部位为黏膜上皮细胞;在子宫中主要表达部位为子宫内膜细胞、子宫腺。FAF1基因和蛋白的表达存在显著差异,揭示其对牦牛的生殖生理调控具有重要意义。     

小鼠不同泌乳期乳腺脂肪合成相关基因的mRNA表达

为了研究小鼠不同泌乳期乳脂肪合成相关基因的表达规律,文章采用荧光定量PCR检测了小鼠乳腺中与脂肪合成和分泌相关20个基因的mRNA相对表达丰度和表达差异。结果表明,在乳腺中脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACACA)、硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶(SCD)、黄嘌呤脱氢酶(XDH)、嗜乳脂蛋白(BTN)、脂肪酸分化蛋白(ADFP)基因都具有高mRNA表达丰度(表达丰度>5%),脂肪酸转运体(CD36)、脂肪酸合成酶(FASN)、1-酰基甘油磷酸酰基转移酶(AGPAT6)和甘油酰基转移酶(DGAT)基因具有中等mRNA表达丰度(5%>表达丰度>1%),与妊娠期乳腺基因的mRNA表达相比,在泌乳期这些基因的mRNA表达均有显著上调(P<0.05),并且ACACA、SCD、FASN、AGPAT6和DGAT等脂肪合成酶基因的表达在泌乳中期(12 d)最高,而在泌乳初期(6 d)和泌乳末期(18 d)较低,呈现低-高-低的表达模式。转录因子固醇调节元件结合蛋白(SREBF)基因在泌乳开始时mRNA表达增加,在泌乳中期(12 d)表达有10倍上调,其变化规律与脂肪合成酶基因的表达模式相同,说明SREBF基因在小鼠乳腺脂肪合成酶基因的表达调控中发挥重要调节作用。     

Molecular characterization and expression analysis of osteopontin cDNA from lactating mammary gland in yak (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bos grunniens</Emphasis>)

Osteopontin (OPN) is a secreted phosphorylated glycoprotein. It has an important role in mammary gland development and lactation, as well as, is thought to be a potential candidate gene for lactation traits. In the present work, we isolated and characterized a full-length open reading frame (ORF) of yak OPN cDNA from lactating mammary tissue, and examined its expression pattern in mammary gland during different stages of lactation, as well as, the recombinant OPN protein of yak was expressed successfully in E. coli. The sequencing results indicated that the isolated cDNA was 1132-bp in length containing a complete ORF of 837-bp. It encoded a precursor protein of yak OPN consisting of 278 amino acid with a signal peptide of 16 amino acids. Yak OPN has a predicted molecular mass of 29285.975 Da and an isoelectric point of 4.245. It had an identity of 65.50–99.16% in cDNA, identity of 52.06–98.56% and similarity of 65.40–98.56% in deduced amino acids with the corresponding sequences of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pig, human, and rabbit. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that yak OPN had the closest evolutionary relationship with that of cattle, and next buffalo. In mammary gland, yak OPN was generally transcribed in a declining pattern from colostrum period to dry period with an apparent increase of OPN expression being present in the late period of lactation compared with peak period of lactation. Western blot analysis indicated that His-tagged yak OPN protein expressed in E. coli could be recognized not only by an anti-His-tag antibody but also by an anti-human OPN antibody. These results from the present work provided a foundation for further insight into the role of OPN gene in yak lactation.     

Diminished milk synthesis in upstream stimulatory factor 2 null mice is associated with decreased circulating oxytocin and decreased mammary gland expression of eukaryotic initiation factors 4E and 4G

Previous studies have suggested that upstream stimulatory factors (USFs) regulate genes involved with cell cycle progression. Because of the relationship of USFs to an important oncogene in breast cancer, c-myc, we chose to determine the importance of USF to normal mammary gland development in the mouse. Expression of USF in the mammary gland throughout development demonstrated only modest changes. Mutation of the Usf2 gene was associated with reduced fertility in females, but had no effect on prepartum mammary gland development. However, lactation performance in Usf2-/- females was only half of that observed in Usf2+/+ females, and both lactose and nitrogen were decreased in milk from Usf2-/- dams. This decrease was associated with diminished mammary tissue wet weight and luminal area by d 9 of lactation and with a decreased protein-DNA ratio. This decrease was associated with reduced abundance of the eukaryotic initiation factors eIF4E and eIF4G. Blood oxytocin concentrations on d 9 postpartum were also lower in Usf2-/- mice than Usf2+/+ mice. In contrast, the mutation had no effect on blood prolactin concentrations, mammary cell proliferation or apoptosis, mammary tissue oxytocin receptors, or milk protein gene expression. The mutation had only modest effects on maternal behavior. These data support the idea that USF is important to physiological processes necessary for the establishment and maintenance of normal lactation and suggest that USF-2 may impact lactation through both systemic and mammary cell-specific mechanisms.     

不同泌乳期奶山羊乳腺OPN基因表达及其对MCF-7细胞生长的影响

为了研究骨桥蛋白基因(OPN)在奶山羊(Capra hircus)乳腺组织不同泌乳期的变化规律及其功能, 采用SYBR Green染料建立该基因的实时荧光定量PCR(QPCR)分析方法, 以b-actin基因为内参, 对该基因在乳腺组织泌乳28 d、60 d、100 d、190 d、270 d和330 d的mRNA表达水平进行检测; 同时将该基因片段克隆到真核表达载体pcDNA3.1, 构建重组质粒pcDNA3.1-OPN, 所获重组质粒经过酶切和测序鉴定后, 转染MCF-7细胞, 采用MTT(四唑盐, 3-(4, 5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-3, 5-di-phenytetrazoliumromid)法检测OPN对MCF-7细胞的增殖差异, 结果表明: OPN基因在泌乳初期(28 d)和泌乳后期(190 d)表达水平较高, 干奶期最低, 其表达水平总体呈现高-低-高-低的变化模式。MTT实验表明转染OPN基因的MCF-7细胞较未转染基因组细胞的生长具有显著差异(P<0.05), 说明OPN的表达具有促进MCF-7细胞生长的作用。     

MiR-486 Regulates Lactation and Targets the PTEN Gene in Cow Mammary Glands

Mammary gland development is controlled by several genes. Although miRNAs have been implicated in mammary gland function, the mechanism by which miR-486 regulates mammary gland development and lactation remains unclear. We investigated miR-486 expression in cow mammary gland using qRT-PCR and ISH and show that miR-486 expression was higher during the high-quality lactation period. We found that miR-486 targets phosphoinositide signaling in the cow mammary gland by directly downregulating PTEN gene expression and by altering the expression of downstream genes that are important for the function of the mammary gland, such as AKT, mTOR. We analyzed the effect of β-casein, lactose and triglyceride secretion in bovine mammary gland epithelial cells (BMECs) transfected by an inhibitor and by mimics of miR-486. Our results identify miR-486 as a downstream regulator of PTEN that is required for the development of the cow mammary gland.     

Differential expression of claudin 1, 3, and 4 during normal mammary gland development in the mouse

The claudins are a family of tight junction proteins that display varied tissue distribution and preferential specificity. We recently identified by microarray analysis, members of this family, particularly claudin 1 (cldn1), as highly upregulated genes in the mouse mammary gland during early involution. Gene expression was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. We then examined gene and protein expression throughout normal mammary gland development. The cldn3 gene showed a steady increase in expression from pregnancy to involution, while cldn1 and cldn4 gene expression increased during pregnancy, but decreased sharply by D10 of lactation, and once again was significantly increased by D1 of involution (P < 0.001 for both genes). The different patterns of gene expression observed between cldn3, and cldn1, and 4 suggest that different family members may be functionally important at different times during mouse mammary gland development. All three genes exhibited a high level of expression at day 1 (D1) of involution, followed by a dramatic decrease in gene expression to day 10 of involution. Immunostaining with the cldn3 antibody showed intense staining of epithelial cells; however, a lesser degree of staining was evident with the cldn1 antibody. In addition to the lateral staining of epithelial cells, basal staining was evident at D1 and D2 of involution and cytoplasmic staining was evident during lactation. Since claudins are known to play a role as tight junction proteins, lateral and basal staining may suggest a role in other functions such as vesicle trafficking or remodeling of tight junctions at different stages of mammary gland development. Cldn1 and 3 antibodies also stained epithelial cells in mouse mammary tumors. In summary, cldn1, 3, and 4 are differentially expressed in the mammary gland during pregnancy, lactation, and involution, suggesting different roles for these proteins at different stages of mammary gland function. In addition, cldn1 and cldn3 are detected in mammary tumors and the wide distribution of cldn3 in particular, suggest specific roles for these proteins in mammary tumorigenesis.