球孢白僵菌（Beauveria bassiana）培养特征多样性与寄主及处理来源的相关性分析

球孢白僵菌不同菌株微观萌发特征及宏观培养特性表现出高度的多样性。2个性状集团经主成分分析后,得到微观萌发特征的主因子为单芽管萌发孢子比例、芽管总平均长度及芽管整齐度;宏观培养性状的主因子分别为察氏培养基上的菌落颜色、菌落基质颜色、菌落生长速率及液体培养液的pH值,由主因子指标进行典型相关分析,两性状集团总体相关不显著（p=0.1378）,但菌落生长速率与单芽管萌发孢子比例及芽管总平均长度表现出显著的相关性,由主因子指标进行的聚类及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数统计表明,相同地理来源菌株间的相似性程度高于相同分离寄主间的菌株相似性。     

被内生真菌侵染的禾草提取液对真菌的抑制作用

以带有与不带有Neotyphodium属内生真菌的醉马草Achnatherum inebrians、披碱草Elymus dahuricus和野大麦Hordeum brevisubulatum的草粉浸提液对细交链孢Alternaria alternata、根腐离蠕孢Bipolaris sorokiniana、燕麦镰孢Fusarium avenaceum和绿色木霉Trichoderma viride进行了抑菌活性研究。结果表明:披碱草、醉马草和野大麦草粉浸提液对细交链孢、根腐离蠕孢、燕麦镰孢和绿色木霉的菌落生长、孢子萌发率和芽管长度均有一定的抑制作用。而披碱草中的Neotyphodium可显著增强披碱草草粉浸提液对细交链孢、燕麦镰孢、绿色木霉菌落生长及对细交链孢和根腐离蠕孢孢子萌发及燕麦镰孢芽管长度的抑制作用;醉马草中的Neotyphodium显著增强了醉马草草粉浸提液对燕麦镰孢、绿色木霉菌落生长和芽管长度,以及细交链孢、根腐离蠕孢和燕麦镰孢孢子萌发的抑制作用;野大麦中的Neotyphodium显著增强了野大麦草粉浸提液对绿色木霉菌落生长、孢子萌发和芽管长度的抑制作用。     

几种植物油对莱氏野村菌分生孢子萌发的影响

【目的】研究从银纹夜蛾(鳞翅目:夜蛾科)[Argyrogramma agnata Staudinger(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)]幼虫上分离得到的莱氏野村菌菌株Nr0815分生孢子,于不同温度下在8种植物油中萌发率和萌发速率的差异。【方法】采用紫外分光光度计测定了Nr0815分生孢子在8种植物油中的吸光度,并用载玻片萌发法测定了72 h内不同温度下分生孢子在不同植物油中的萌发率以及不同观察时间段的萌发速率。【结果】莱氏野村菌分生孢子在供试植物油中分散良好。在10–30°C内,莱氏野村菌分生孢子在各植物油中均能正常萌发,其中在大豆油中累积萌发率均最高。从孢子萌发速率来看,23°C时除大豆油和菜籽油外,其他植物油中孢子的萌发速率在72 h内均随着时间的延长而上升,在48–72 h时的萌发速率最大。10°C时的萌发速率最小,48 h后才开始萌发。从孢子萌发后芽管生长来看,23°C下孢子萌发后72 h时大豆油中的芽管长度最大,为(24.89±1.04)μm,葵花籽油中芽管最短,仅为(9.10±1.00)μm。【结论】明确了温度和植物油对莱氏野村菌孢子萌发的影响,也为该菌油剂开发利用提供理论基础。     

球孢白僵菌数量性状的典型相关分析*

来源不同的球孢白僵菌菌株的生物学性状（培养特征、产孢量、菌落生长速率及孢子萌发中时）、生态学性状（毒力、水分活性、紫外照射活率、水浴活率）及生物化学性状（草酸水平、蛋白酶产量、几丁质酶产量、葡萄糖苷酶产量、酯酶及脂肪酶产量）经观察测定,共得到１５个指标。对不同性状集团及其组合进行典型相关分析,结果表明生物学性状与生态学性状的相关主要为产孢量与菌株毒力及孢子水浴活率之间的相关。生物学与生物化学性状间的相关主要为产孢量与蛋白酶及草酸水平的相关;生态学与生物化学性状间的相关主要为水浴活率与草酸水平及蛋白酶产量间的相关;含培养特征的生物生态与生物化学性状的相关主要由菌落颜色、产孢量、毒力、水浴活率与蛋白酶、葡萄糖苷酶相关引起的;而不含培养特征的生物生态与生物化学性状相关主要由产孢量、毒力、水浴活率与草酸水平、蛋白酶、几丁质酶相关引起的。     

球孢白僵菌数量性状的典型相关分析

来源不同的球孢白僵菌菌株的生物学性状（培养特征、产孢量、菌落生长速率及孢子萌发中时）、生态学性状（毒力、水分活性、紫外照射活率、水浴活率）及生物化学性状（草酸水平、蛋白酶产量、几丁质酶产量、葡萄糖苷酶产量、酯酶及脂肪酶产量）经观察测定,共得到１５个指标。对不同性状集团及其组合进行典型相关分析,结果表明生物学性状与生态学性状的相关主要为产孢量与菌株毒力及孢子水浴活率之间的相关。生物学与生物化学性状间的相关主要为产孢量与蛋白酶及草酸水平的相关;生态学与生物化学性状间的相关主要为水浴活率与草酸水平及蛋白酶产量间的相关;含培养特征的生物生态与生物化学性状的相关主要由菌落颜色、产孢量、毒力、水浴活率与蛋白酶、葡萄糖苷酶相关引起的;而不含培养特征的生物生态与生物化学性状相关主要由产孢量、毒力、水浴活率与草酸水平、蛋白酶、几丁质酶相关引起的。     

球孢白僵菌数量性状的典型相关分析

来源不同的球孢白例僵菌株的生物学性状（培养特征、产孢量、菌落生长速率及孢子萌发中时）、生态学性状（毒力、水分活性、紫外照射活率、水浴活率）及生物化学性状（草酸水平、蛋白酶产量、几丁质酶产量、葡萄糖苷酶产量、酯酶及脂肪酶产量）经观察测定,共得到１５个指标。对不同性状圾其组合进行典相关分析,结果表明生物学性状与生态学性状的相关主要为产一与菌株毒力及孢子水浴活率之间的相关生物学与生物化学性状间的相关主要     

蛹虫草子囊孢子萌发及其后代群体培养性状观察

从野生和人工栽培的蛹虫草子实体共分离了6个子囊孢子群体,对子囊孢子形态、萌发过程、培养性状及子实体产生等进行了观察。结果表明,蛹虫草子囊孢子为线形、多细胞,169.78~364.57×1.72~2.04μm;每个子囊孢子有56~114个细胞,每个细胞大小为1.77~4.53×1.72~2.04μm。子囊孢子弹射后13h开始萌发,30h后开始形成分生孢子。多数子囊孢子的每个细胞都能萌发,但少数子囊孢子的部分细胞不萌发。子囊孢子群体的培养性状表现多样性,以I型所占比列较大。野生群体的菌落颜色以杏橙色和淡柠檬黄色为主,而人工栽培的群体以橙铬色所占比例最大。不同个体的菌落生长速率有差异。野生群体产生扇形突变的比例高于人工栽培群体。在人工栽培的CM群体中出现了气生菌丝较多、白色、生长缓慢的个体。菌落为I型,橙铬色或杏橙色,生长速率正常,无突变的单子囊孢子菌株产生子实体的可能性较大,子实体产量较高,但大部分单子囊孢子菌株不能产生发育良好的子实体。     

哈茨木霉的培养及其对烟草疫霉生长的抑制研究

哈茨木霉是一类重要的植病生防因子。哈茨木霉TH-1分别在PDA培养基、麦芽糖培养基、查氏培养基和琼脂培养基上培养均能产孢,其中PDA培养基为最适培养基。PDA培养基上,菌丝生长适宜温度27．5℃～35℃,最适温度32．5℃,产孢最适温度27．5℃。菌丝生长适宜pH值为3～7,产孢适宜pH值为5-9,生长与产孢最适pH值为5。光照对菌丝生长影响不大但明显影响菌株的产孢数量,光照时间越长产孢量越大。对峙培养试验表明TH-1明显抑制疫霉菌的生长速率,其无菌滤液明显抑制烟草疫霉菌游动孢子的萌发,并抑制游动孢子芽管的伸长,TH-1对游动孢子萌发的相对抑制率为12．7％,对芽管生长长度的相对抑制率为63．1％。水解酶平板活性测定显示,TH-1产生β-1,3葡聚糖酶与纤维素酶,从而使烟草疫霉菌细胞壁的消解,产生非挥发性抗生素抑制烟草疫霉菌孢子萌发,但对菌丝生长影响不大。     

苎麻疫霉有性生殖导致菌落形态和生长速率在无性后代持续变异的研究*

研究了苎麻疫霉（PhytophthoraboehmeriaeSawada）菌株JS-5自交S1代单卵孢株的菌落形态和生长速率在其单游动孢子无性系后代的遗传与变异。结果表明,亲本菌株JS-5的菌落形态和生长速率在连续4代单游动孢子无性系后代稳定遗传,而该菌株的自交S1代的约2／3单卵孢株的上述性状在其单拘无性后代中发生分离,且上述性状的分离在无性单孢后代中至少可连续保持3～4代。本研究结果提示,苎麻疫霉有性生殖导致上述性状的变异,除有性生殖过程中的基因重组外,有性生殖还诱导产生了一种新的机制参与上述性状遗传与变异的调控。本研究还观察到供试菌株及其后代所产生的游动孢子绝大多数细胞内只含有1个细胞核,表明上述机制与异核现象无关。有性生殖导致生物学性状在随后的无性后代中发生持续变异可能是苎麻疫霉生物学性状遗传多样性的重要机制之一。     

苎麻疫霉生物学性状遗传与变异研究

在实验室条件下研究了不同地区和不同寄主来源的苎麻疫霉（PhytophthoraboehmeriaeSawada）的菌落形态、菌丝线性生长速率（以下简称为生长速率）及同宗配合性状的遗传与变异,结果指出苎麻疫霉菌落形态和生长速率的遗传存在3种类型：（1）在单游动孢子后代和自交后代均可稳定遗传;（2）在单游动孢子后代稳定遗传而在自交后代发生变异;（3）在单游动孢子后代和自交后代均发生变异。结果表明,该菌菌落形态和生长速率的遗传具有多样性,上述两性状可以由细胞核杂合基因控制,也可以由细胞核纯合基因控制,还可能由细胞质因子控制。试验结果还指出,苎麻疫霉的同宗配合性状在单游动孢子和单卵孢后代均可稳定遗传,表明在供试的苎麻疫霉菌株中控制该性状的遗传因子是纯合的。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

颧骨颧弓骨折的分类及诊治

颧骨颧弓骨折是最常见的面中部骨折之一,迄今为止,在其分类及诊治的选择上仍然存在一定争议,本文对目前颧骨颧弓骨折的分类及诊治的现状和进展作一综述,以期对临床工作提供参考。