新疆保健梨——可克阿木特

新疆是闻名遐迩的瓜果之乡,出产许多具有很高营养和保健价值的水果,可克阿木特（维吾尔名称直译）,就是其中之一。以前,一些书刊上把它定名为沙梨（Ｐｙｒｕｓｐｙｒｉｆｏｌｉａ）,我们经过进一步查证,认为它应该是西洋梨（Ｐ．ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓ）的一个地方品种。...     

白梨和砂梨S基因型确定及S34新基因的分离

梨是配子体型自交不亲和植物, 确定不同品种的S基因型是科学杂交授粉及提高梨产量和品质的基础。本文根据砂梨S1-9等位基因一级结构特征, 设计特异引物PF和PR, 以白梨(Pyrus bretschneideri)品种鹅梨(Pyrus bretschneideri ‘El i’) 和砂梨(Pyrus pyrifolia)品种博多青(Pyrus pyri folia ‘Hakataao’) 的叶片基因组DNA为模板, 通过 PCR-RFLP系统检测、克隆测 序以及生物信息学分析, 分离鉴定了它们的片段大小相似的2条S等位基因, 从中获得1条新的S基因, 命名为S34-RNase基因, 并确定了这2个梨品种的S基因型, 分别为鹅梨S13S34和博多青S22S34。     

白梨和砂梨S基因型确定及S34新基因的分离

梨是配子体型自交不亲和植物,确定不同品种的S基因型是科学杂交授粉及提高梨产量和品质的基础。本文根据砂梨S1-9等位基因一级结构特征,设计特异引物PF和PR,以白梨（Pyrus bretschneideri）种鹅梨（Pyrus bretschneideri‘Eli’）和砂梨（Pyrus pyrifolia）品种博多青（Pyrus pyrifolia‘Hakataao’）的叶片基因组DNA为模板,通过PCR·RFLP系统检测、克隆测序以及生物信息学分析,分离鉴定了它们的片段大小相似的2条S等位基因,从中获得1条新的S基因,命名为S34-RNase基因,并确定了这2个梨品种的S基因型,分别为鹅梨S13S34和博多青S22S34。     

药用山楂——黄红子

山东省平邑县是全国山楂生产基地之一,栽培历史悠久,品种资源丰富。在资源普查时,该县张里乡营子沟村有一株黄色果实的山楂树,其果实总黄酮含量比一般品种高3倍,其它营养成分也十分丰富,省内外专家鉴定,定名黄红子,认为它具有极高的医疗保健价值。黄红子果实阔卵圆形,纵径0.86厘米,横径1.41厘米。果皮金黄色,果面布少量短茸毛。果点小     

基于cDNA芯片的梨品种S基因型鉴定及新S-RNase基因进化分析

梨品种S基因型鉴定对梨栽培中授粉品种选择和遗传育种都具有重要意义。本研究利用梨S-RNase基因荧光标记的特异引物PCR扩增获得梨品种荧光标记的cDNA特异产物;进一步完善梨S-RNase基因cDNA芯片,以被检测梨品种cDNA特异序列与梨S-RNase基因cDNA芯片杂交检测不同梨品种S基因型,并发现新的S-RNase基因。结果表明:利用梨S-RNase基因cDNA芯片鉴定了泸定王皮梨、兴山24号、弥渡百合等35个未知S基因型梨品种,确定了各品种的S基因型。结合PCRRFLP及DNA克隆和测序等技术,发现了7个新的S-RNase基因资源,获得了新S-RNase基因序列。序列分析表明各新S-RNase基因均具有S-RNase基因特异区域序列的典型特征;进化分析显示7个新S-RNase基因主要属于蔷薇科苹果亚科S-RNase类群,且存在种间和属间比种内和属内进化关系更近的现象。7个新的S基因分别命名为:PpS_(53)(Pyrus pyrifolia S53)、PpS_(54)、PpS_(55)、PpS_(56)、PpS_(57)、PpS_(58)和PpS_(59),GenBank登录号分别为:KX581753、KX581754、KX581755、KX581756、KX581757、KX581751和KX581752。     

确定梨自交不亲和基因型研究的技术进展

综述了运用杂交授粉试验和分子生物学方法等技术确定梨品种自交不亲和基因型研究的技术进展,分析了这些技术在确定梨品种自交不亲和基因型方面的优点和不足之处,并初步探讨了研究前景。因为HV区氨基酸的不同,不同S基因型也有所差异。因此,除了在分子生物学的水平上进行研究外,其他方法如mRNA、蛋白质和杂交授粉等水平上的研究在确定S基因型上也同样重要。     

入贮时间及降温速度对不同时期收获的长巴梨红心病的影响

长把梨是我国生产的优良梨品种之一,也是后期市场供应的主要水果品种。在生产中大量贮藏长把梨时,由于红心病的发生,往往导致商品变质,经济上造成很大损失。因此,如何防止这一病害的发生是当前生产中急待解决的一个问题。除栽培期间的因素,     

梨品种资源果实轮纹病抗性的评价

采用田间人工接种的方法,2009-2010年连续两年对保存于国家梨种质资源更新圃的182个品种进行果实轮纹病抗性评价。结果表明：砂梨、白梨、秋子梨、种间杂交梨、西洋梨和新疆梨的两年平均发病率分别为6.15%、7.20%、7.43%、12.66%、17.00%、18.93%,梨品种间对轮纹病抗性存在差异,不同条件下多数品种轮纹病发病率有差异。依据两年平均发病率进行抗性评价分级,72个品种为高抗、63个品种为抗、25个品种为中抗、14个品种为低抗、8个品种为不抗。     

梨黑星菌粗毒素对抗病和感病梨离体叶片生理特性的影响

以不同抗病性梨品种为材料,研究了梨黑星菌粗毒素对梨离体叶片的过氧化物酶(POD)活性、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、细胞膜相对透性以及叶绿素含量变化的影响.研究表明,毒素接种后抗病和感病品种叶片的POD和PAL活性、MDA含量和相对电导率均呈上升趋势,其间会有1个或2个峰值出现,且抗病品种叶片的POD和PAL活性高于感病品种,而细胞内MDA含量和相对电导率增加比率低于感病品种;同时,毒素使梨离体叶片的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量下降,且感病品种的下降幅度大于抗病品种.总之,梨离体叶片POD和PAL的活性变化与梨品种抗病性呈正相关,叶片MDA含量和相对电导率变化与梨品种抗病性呈负相关,抗病品种离体叶片对毒素的毒害有更强的抵抗力.     

生物技术简讯

使用基因分析技术鉴定梨农林水产省果树试验场利用人基因分析技术开发了简单地鉴定梨品种的技术。这次使用了鉴定人亲子关系等市售的探针。目前就国内的19个品种正在调查DNA序列,分析了各个品种固有的形状。从前鉴定品种性质(80项以上)需要观察几年。但是据说用这种方法仅一个叶片两天时间就能准确地鉴定出品种的性质。这种品种鉴定技术作为品种登录方法一旦被采用,就将为解决种苗销售纠纷发挥大的威力。     

龙葵的营养成分及其开发利用

本文介绍了中国龙葵的资源概况及开发前景.它具有分布广、蕴藏量大、抗逆性强、易栽培、营养丰富等特点.龙葵有很高的营养价值和药用价值,它含有人体所需的多种营养元素:17种氨基酸、维生素、糖分和蛋白质等.龙葵除有抑菌作用外,对癌细胞有一定的抑制作用,有望成为抗癌新药.幼苗可食用,浆果是制作果酒和饮料的好原料.开发龙葵资源前景广阔.     

Blue Light Overrides Repression of Asexual Sporulation by Mating Type Genes in the Basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus

Monokaryotic mycelia of the homobasidiomycete Coprinus cinereus form asexual spores (oidia) constitutively in abundant numbers. Mycelia with mutations in both mating type loci (Amut Bmut homokaryons) also produce copious oidia but only when exposed to blue light. We used such an Amut Bmut homokaryon to define environmental and inherent factors that influence the light-induced oidiation process. We show that the Amut function causes repression of oidiation in the dark and that light overrides this effect. Similarly, compatible genes from different haplotypes of the A mating type locus repress sporulation in the dark and not in the light. Compatible products of the B mating type locus reduce the outcome of light on A-mediated repression but the mutated B function present in the Amut Bmut homokaryons is not effective. In dikaryons, the coordinated regulation of asexual sporulation by compatible A and B mating type genes results in moderate oidia production in light. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.     

Integrin alphavbeta3 mediates platelet-derived growth factor-BB-stimulated collagen gel contraction in cells expressing signaling deficient integrin alpha2beta1

The interplay between the collagen-binding integrin, alpha2beta1, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors in the context of functional interactions with collagen was studied. We expressed either wild-type alpha2beta1 (alpha2beta1A) or alpha2beta1 with a Y783/795F mutation in the cytoplasmic tail of the beta1 subunit (alpha2beta1Amut) in the beta1-null fibroblastic cell line, GD25. GD25 cells lack endogenous expression of the alpha1 and alpha2 integrin subunits and do not adhere to collagen even after transfection with beta1A. Cells expressing alpha2beta1Amut contracted three-dimensional collagen lattices less efficiently than those expressing alpha2beta1A. PDGF-BB significantly stimulated lattice contraction by GD25-alpha2beta1Amut cells. Both cell types responded chemotactically to PDGF-BB. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and p130(Cas) were phosphorylated when GD25-alpha2beta1A cells, but not GD25-alpha2beta1Amut cells were seeded on collagen-coated dishes. Subsequent treatment with PDGF-BB further increased phosphorylation of FAK and p130(Cas) only in GD25-alpha2beta1A cells. However, when cultured within collagen lattices, FAK and p130(Cas) phosphorylation were stimulated in both alpha2beta1A- and alpha2beta1Amut-expressing cells but further phosphorylation, in response to subsequent treatment with PDGF-BB, was seen only in GD25-alpha2beta1A cells. We show that the stimulatory effects of PDGF-BB on collagen gel contraction and chemotaxis by GD25-alpha2beta1Amut cells were mediated by the alphavbeta3 integrin. Phosphorylation of p130(Cas), but not FAK, in GD25-alpha2beta1Amut cells seeded in collagen lattices also depended on alphavbeta3. Our results show that PDGF-BB stimulation of fibroblast-collagen interactions is mediated by the alphavbeta3 integrin when beta1 integrin function is impaired.     

山东长岛梨属植物资源分布及演化分析

为了探索我国梨属植物资源种类、分布及传播途径,本研究选择与陆地隔离的山东省长岛县为调查地域,对该地域梨属植物资源进行了实地调查和遗传分析。结果表明,长岛县梨属植物资源较为丰富,主要有杜梨、豆梨、沙梨等种类,变异类型较多,并发现一种特异类型;野生资源主要分布在山脊和半山腰,较为集中,且在小范围内能够发现多种资源类型。遗传分析结果显示,长岛梨属植物资源与邻近陆地资源关系较近。通过田间果实调查证实,鸟类吃食梨属植物,推定鸟类在梨属植物资源传播中可能充当一定的角色,这为进一步了解我国梨属植物的资源分布及演化提供了新的研究思路。     

国内救治毒蛇咬伤17年回顾

本文汇集１９７４－１９９０年９月国内部分医学期刊,６９篇论文报告的１２５８２例毒蛇咬伤,资料显示了中草药,蛇药片治疗蛇伤的前景。认为毒蛇咬伤致多脏器衰竭（ＭＳＯＦ）是致死的高危因素,治疗中早期发现脏器受损期,注意肾、肺、脑、血液系统、循环功能的监护,营养支持,将有助于降低病死率的发生。     

Genetic Diversity of Some Pear Cultivars and Genotypes Using Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Markers

The genetic diversity and relationships among 47 pear cultivars and genotypes (Pyrus spp.), including 4 Japanese pears (Pyrus pyrifolia), 40 European pears (Pyrus communis), 1 Chinese pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) as well as 2 wild relatives (Pyrus salicifolia and Pyrus mazandaranica) were studied using 28 microsatellite primer pairs. A total of 174 alleles were produced at the 28 SSR loci with their sizes ranging from 81 to 290?bp. The number of observed alleles for each locus ranged from 3 (TsuENH014 and TsuENH046) to 12 (NB103a), with an average of 6.21 alleles per locus. In some SSR loci, more than two alleles were amplified in some cultivars and genotypes, suggesting that duplication has occurred in those accessions. This information suggests that at least two genomic regions exist for these loci in the pear genome. The observed heterozygosity (H _o) values of amplified loci ranged from 0.17 (TsuENH006) to 0.97 (NB103a). Shannon's information index (I) value was observed to be highest (2.14) in the NB103a locus, while the TsuENH006 locus had the lowest value with an average of 1.37 among SSR loci. The Dice genetic similarity coefficient ranged from 0.29 (??Nijisseiki?? and P. mazandaranica) to 0.91 (??Chojuro?? and ??Nijisseiki??) among samples. UPGMA cluster analysis showed two major groups corresponding to the Japanese and European pears.     

Genetic analysis of recessive primordiumless mutants in the basidiomyceteCoprinus cinereus

Four recessive primordiumless mutants from anAmut Bmut strain ofCoprinus cinereus were crossed with wild-type strain. Segregation analysis of F1-progeny and complementation test showed that these mutations were controlled by 4 single recessive genes. All these genes were unlinked to both theA andB factors.     

Comparative analysis of chloroplast DNA in Pyrus species: physical map and gene localization

A physical map of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) of pear [Pyrus ussuriensis var. hondoensis (Nakai et Kikuchi) Rehder] was constructed using five restriction enzymes, SalI, XhoI, BamHI, SacI and PstI. This information will make it possible to investigate the phylogenetic relationships between Pyrus species. Pear cpDNA was found to be a circular molecule with a total size of about 156 kb in which two inverted repeats of 24.8 kb divide the molecule into small (17 kb) and large (90 kb) single-copy regions. The endonuclease recognition sites in the physical map were determined by single and double digestion of 13 lambda phage clones which covered the entire sequence of the pear cpDNA. Twenty nine genes were localized on the physical map of the pear cpDNA. The structure of pear cpDNA was almost the same in terms of genome size and gene order as that of tobacco cpDNA. RFLP analysis was carried out on cpDNAs from five Pyrus species (Pyrus pyrifolia, Pyrus ussuriensis, Pyrus calleryana, Pyrus elaeagrifolia and Pyrus communis). Two mutations, a recognition-site mutation and a length mutation (deletion), were found only in the cpDNA of P. pyrifolia cultivars. These mutations were localized on the physical map of pear cpDNA. The number of mutations of cpDNA in Pyrus species are small in comparison with those of other angiosperms, suggesting a high degree of genome conservatism in Pyrus species.     

Development of the Amut Bmut strain of Schizophyllum commune

Summary In search for genetically uniform system for the cytological and biochemical analysis of sexual morphogenesis in Schizophyllum, a dikaryon mimic, the Amut Bmut strain, was studied. The course of nuclear distribution and clamp formation was followed in germlings of the double mutant. It was found that this mutant mimics the interaction between two compatible strains. The developmental sequence leading to dikaryon formation can be precisely timed. Thus, it is suggested that this strain be used for determination of the sequential induction of the enzymatic systems operating in sexual morphogenesis.     

植食性哺乳动物食物选择的生态学意义及行为机制

综述了植食性哺乳动物食物选择行为机制的研究进展。植食性动物的食物选择是觅食生态学研究最为活跃的领域,动物食物选择对策主要有营养选择、植物次生化合物假设、营养平衡假设、最优觅食理论和条件性气味回避假设。动物学习食物选择的行为过程中,觅食个体能通过其认知过程和感知过程来处理食物信息、学习选择食物项目是一种可塑性行为方式,有利于动物获得适应栖息地的行为模式。幼体通过社会学习自母体学习的觅食经验,在幼体一生的食物选择中均具有重要的作用。在环境条件相对稳定条件下,幼体可模仿成体的食物选择模式;在环境剧烈变化的条件下,动物通过试错学习选择的食物项目可能较模仿成体所摄取的食物项目营养含量更丰富。