黄河小浪底栓皮栎、刺槐叶片电子传递速率-光响应的模拟

为了比较直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型与叶子飘模型的优缺点, 研究阴生叶和阳生叶电子传递速率的差异, 探讨环境/生物因素对电子传递速率等参数的影响, 该文采用LI-6400XT荧光测定系统对黄河小浪底栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)叶片电子传递速率-光响应(J-I)曲线进行了测定, 利用直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型和叶子飘模型对J-I曲线进行了拟合。结果表明, 3种模型对叶片J-I曲线拟合的决定系数(R ²)在0.96以上, 叶子飘模型的R ²最高(> 0.99)。直角双曲线模型和非直角双曲线模型无法模拟植物叶片光系统II动力学下调现象, 且不能得出饱和光强(I_sat); 直角双曲线模型对最大电子传递速率(J_max)的模拟明显大于实测值; 叶子飘模型能很好地模拟光系统II动力学下调现象, 得出的J_max和I_sat均最接近实测值。对阴生叶和阳生叶J-I曲线研究发现, 栓皮栎、刺槐阴生叶的J_max分别低于阳生叶25.0%和18.0%, 阳生叶的I_sat分别高于阴生叶26.0%和10.1%。栓皮栎和刺槐J_max与气温显著正相关; 刺槐I_sat与气温、土壤水分含量和净光合速率具有显著的正相关关系; 栓皮栎和刺槐J-I曲线初始斜率α均与净光合速率呈显著负相关关系。     

太行山南麓栓皮栎和刺槐光合作用-CO2响应模拟

采用便携式光合仪(Li-6400XT)对太行山南麓栓皮栎、刺槐2个树种叶片光合作用-CO₂响应曲线进行测定,利用直角双曲线模型(RH)、非直角双曲线模型(NRH)以及直角双曲线的修正模型—叶子飘模型(YZP)进行曲线拟合,并对3种光合模型的拟合参数(最大净光合能力A_max、初始羧化速率η、光呼吸速率R_p、CO₂补偿点CCP和CO₂饱和点CSP)进行比较.结果表明: 与NRH和YZP模型相比,RH模型所得的A_max、η、R_p和CCP较高,分别高出实测值59.8%、128.6%、133.4%和19.8%.与RH模型和YZP模型相比,NRH模型拟合得出的A_max较大,高于实测值11.1%,η、R_p和CCP接近于实测值.YZP模型能较好地模拟光合作用对CO₂的饱和现象,在A_max和CSP的拟合效果上较好.栓皮栎阴叶的A_max、R_p和CCP比阳叶分别低31.3%、5.2%和14.3%.刺槐阴叶的A_max、R_p和CCP分别高出阳叶23.5%、11.0%和5.4%.栓皮栎、刺槐阴叶的η分别比阳叶高6.9%和7.0%.刺槐叶片的R_p和CCP与温度、光强均具有显著线性关系,η与气孔导度(g_s)具有显著线性关系.栓皮栎叶片的η与光强和气孔导度具有显著线性关系,CCP主要受温度和湿度影响.栓皮栎叶片的A_max与相对湿度和g_s具有显著的正线性相关关系.     

太行山南麓栓皮栎和刺槐光合作用-CO2响应模拟

采用便携式光合仪(Li-6400XT)对太行山南麓栓皮栎、刺槐2个树种叶片光合作用-CO₂响应曲线进行测定,利用直角双曲线模型(RH)、非直角双曲线模型(NRH)以及直角双曲线的修正模型—叶子飘模型(YZP)进行曲线拟合,并对3种光合模型的拟合参数(最大净光合能力A_max、初始羧化速率η、光呼吸速率R_p、CO₂补偿点CCP和CO₂饱和点CSP)进行比较.结果表明: 与NRH和YZP模型相比,RH模型所得的A_max、η、R_p和CCP较高,分别高出实测值59.8%、128.6%、133.4%和19.8%.与RH模型和YZP模型相比,NRH模型拟合得出的A_max较大,高于实测值11.1%,η、R_p和CCP接近于实测值.YZP模型能较好地模拟光合作用对CO₂的饱和现象,在A_max和CSP的拟合效果上较好.栓皮栎阴叶的A_max、R_p和CCP比阳叶分别低31.3%、5.2%和14.3%.刺槐阴叶的A_max、R_p和CCP分别高出阳叶23.5%、11.0%和5.4%.栓皮栎、刺槐阴叶的η分别比阳叶高6.9%和7.0%.刺槐叶片的R_p和CCP与温度、光强均具有显著线性关系,η与气孔导度(g_s)具有显著线性关系.栓皮栎叶片的η与光强和气孔导度具有显著线性关系,CCP主要受温度和湿度影响.栓皮栎叶片的A_max与相对湿度和g_s具有显著的正线性相关关系.     

Simulation on the light-response curves of electron transport rate of Quercus variabilis and Robinia pseudoacacia leaves in the Xiaolangdi area,China北大核心CSCD

Aims The objectives are to compare the merits and demerits of rectangular hyperbola, nonrectangular hyperbola and the electron transport rate light-response Ye model, to investigate the difference of electron transport rate between the shaded and sunlit leaves, and to discuss the influence of bioenvironmental factors on the characteristic parameters of electron transport rate. Methods The light-response (J-I) curves of electron transport rate were measured by the LI-6400XT fluorescence measurement system in Quercus variabilis and Robinia pseudoacacia plantations in north China. The rectangular hyperbola, nonrectangular hyperbola and the Ye model were used to simulate electron transport rate of the light-response curves. Important findings The results showed that the determination coefficient of the J-I curves fitted by three models were more than 0.96. Compared with the rectangular hyperbola and nonrectangular hyperbola, the determination coefficient of the Ye model was the highest (>0.99). The dynamic downregulation of photosystem II and the saturated light intensity (I sat ) cannot be simulated and obtained by the rectangular hyperbola model and the nonrectangular hyperbola model. The maximum electron transport rate (J max ) obtained by the rectangular hyperbola model was obviously higher than the measured one. The dynamic downregulation of photosystem II was well simulated by the Ye model. The J max and I sat values obtained by the Ye model were close to the measured ones. © 2018 Editorial Office of Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology. All Rights Reserved.     

Sap flow characteristics and its responses to precipitation in Robinia pseudoacacia and Platycladus orientalis plantations

Aim In the loess hilly region, drought stress frequently occurs during the late spring and early summer as a result of insufficient water supply and asynchronous changes between temperature and precipitation. Our objective was to quantify the characteristics of water-consumption through transpirations and their responses to precipitation in the dominant plantations in this region. Methods Thermal dissipation probe (TDP) was used to measure the sap flow density (F_d) of Robinia pseudoacacia and Platycladus orientalis from April through October in 2009 in Ansai National Ecological Experimental Station. Environmental variables, including meteorological factors and soil water content, were simultaneously measured. Important findings The diurnal variation of F_d exhibited a single-peak curve during the growing season of R. pseudoacacia and P. orientalis. The maximum F_d was three times greater in R. pseudoacacia (0.12068 m³·m^-2·h^-1) than that in P. orientalis (0.03737 m³·m^-2·h^-1). Except in the rapid-growth season (July to August), the F_d of these two species during the post-precipitation period were significantly higher than that during the pre-precipitation period. The F_d of P. orientalis and R. pseudoacacia was well fitted with transpiration (VT), an integrated index calculated from both vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and solar radiation (R_s), using an exponential saturation function. Generally, F_d increased in response to rising VT, while these values tended to be stable when VT reached about 50 kPa (W·m^-2)^1/2. Furthermore, R. pseudoacacia showed more sensitive to precipitation (p < 0.001) than P. orientalis, according to different hydraulic conductance model coefficients (fitting parameter b) between pre- and post-precipitation periods. Therefore, R. pseudoacacia could be considered as a precipitation-sensitive species, while P. orientalisasa precipitation-insensitive species. Through analyzing the different responses of plantation species to precipitation in the loess hilly region, this study provides a scientific basis for the local plantation management from the aspect of tree water use during ecological restoration.     

Determination of maximum electron transport rate and its impact on allocation of electron flow

非直角双曲线模型(简称模型I)是Farquhar、von Caemmerer和Berry提出的生物化学光合模型(简称FvCB生化模型)的主要子模型。在植物光合作用对光响应曲线的拟合中, 模型I得到广泛的应用和验证。同时, 模型I也可用于估算植物叶片的最大电子传递速率(J_max)。然而, 由模型I估算植物叶片的J_max是否与实测值相符, 尚未得到严格的验证。该文应用LI-6400-40光合测定仪测定了遮阴和全日照条件下大豆(Glycine max)叶片的光合速率和电子传递速率对光的响应曲线, 然后分别用模型I和电子传递速率对光响应机理模型(简称模型II)进行了拟合。结果表明, 由模型I估算遮阴和全日照条件下大豆叶片的J_max与观测值之间存在显著差异; 由模型II计算得到的J_max与实测值之间不存在显著差异。此外, 用模型I估算的J_max将高估光合电子流分配到光呼吸的量, 从而高估光呼吸对植物的光保护作用。因此, 在估算植物叶片J_max和准确评估光呼吸对植物光保护作用方面, 模型II更合理。     

Effects of nitrogen addition on photosynthetic characteristics of Leymus chinensis in the temperate grassland of Nei Mongol,China

Aims The increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition due to human activity and climate change greatly causes grassland ecosystems shifting from being naturally N-limited to N-eutrophic or N-saturated, and further affecting the growth of grass species. The aims of this study are: 1) to evaluate the effects of different N addition levels on morphology and photosynthetic characteristics of Leymus chinensis; 2) to determine the critical N level to facilitate L. chinensis growth.
Methods We conducted a different N addition levels experiment in dominant species in the temperate steppe of Nei Mongol. The aboveground biomass, morphological and leaf physiological traits, pigment contents, chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters and biochemical parameters of L. chinensis were investigated.
Important findings Our results showed that aboveground biomass first increased and then decreased with the increased N, having the highest values at the 10 g N·m^-2·a^?1 treatment, but the 25 g N·m^-2·a^?1 still significantly increased the aboveground biomass relative to 0 g N·m^-2·a^?1. Leymus chinensis accommodate low N situation through allocating less N to carboxylation system and decreasing leaf mass per area (LMA) in order to get more light energy. Moderate N addition captured more light energy through increasing total chlorophyll (Chl) contents and decreasing the ratio of Chl a/b. Moderate N addition increased LMA, carboxylation efficiency, maximum carboxylation rate (V_cmax), maximum electron transport rate (J_max) and decreased J_max/V_cmax, thus allocating more N to carboxylation system to enhance carboxylation capability. Moreover, the photochemical activity of PSII was increased through higher effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, electron transport rate and photochemical quenching coefficient. Excessive N addition had negative effects on physiological variables of L. chinensis due to lower carboxylation capability and photochemical activity of PSII, further leading to decreased net photosynthetic rate, whereas increased non-photochemical quenching coefficient and carotenoids played the role in the dissipation of excess excitation energy. Overall, moderate N addition facilitated the photosynthetic characteristics of dominant species, but excessive N addition inhibited photosynthetic characteristics. The most appropriate N addition for the growth of L. chinensis was 5-10 g N·m^-2·a^?1 in the temperate steppe of Nei Mongol, China.     

光系统II实际光化学量子效率对光的响应模型的比较

为了比较光系统II实际光化学量子效率(Φ_PSII)对光的响应机理模型(简称机理模型)、负指数模型和指数模型的优缺点, 用LI-6400-40B光合作用测定仪控制CO₂浓度和温度, 测量了剑叶金鸡菊(Coreopsis lanceolata)、黄荆(Vitex negundo)和大狼杷草(Bidens frondosa)的电子传递速率(ETR)对光的响应曲线(ETR-I)和Φ_PSII对光的响应曲线(Φ_PSII-I), 然后用这3个模型分别拟合了这些数据。拟合结果表明: 3个模型都可以较好地拟合这3种植物的ETR-I的响应数据和Φ_PSII-I的响应数据, 但由指数模型拟合ETR-I和Φ_PSII-I的响应数据得到相应的饱和光强(PAR_sat)和光系统II最大光能利用效率(F_v/F_m)之间存在显著差异, 且估算的饱和光强远低于实测值。由机理模型可知, Φ_PSII不仅与光强的函数有关, 还与植物的内禀特性有关, 即与天线色素分子的本征光能吸收截面、激子的传递效率、能级的简并度、光化学反应常数、热耗散常数和处于最低激发态的平均寿命等参数有关。此外, 由机理模型还可知, Φ_PSII随光强的增加而下降的原因是捕光色素分子的有效光能吸收截面随光强增加而降低。     

Correlation analysis between vein density and stomatal traits of Robinia pseudoacacia in different aspects of Beishan Mountain in Lanzhou

AimsThe relationship between leaf venation and stomatal traits reflects leaf water potential of plants, and is fundamental to probe the relationship between physiological functions and water use. Our objective was to study the changes in the relationship between venation density and stomatal traits (stomatal density and stomatal length) in Robinia pseudoacacia with the changes in slope aspects.MethodsIn Beishan Mountain of Lanzhou in Gansu Province, China, 20 transects were laid out horizontally along the contour at intervals of 50 m from an elevation of 1550-1750 m in four different slope aspects, and 12 plots were set up along each transect at intervals of 5 m. A handed GPS (global positioning system) was used to measure latitude, longitude and altitude at each plot. Community characteristics, including crown density, tree height and soil moisture, were investigated. Robinia pseudoacacia within all plots were sampled and used for measurements of individual leaf area, venation density, stomatal density and stomatal length in laboratory in each plot. The 240 plots were categorized into groups of southern, eastern, western and northern aspects, and the standardized major axis (SMA) estimation method was then used to examine the relationship between the stomatal density, stomatal length and vein density.Important findings The results showed that with a change of the aspect from south to east, west, and north, the crown density, average tree height and soil moisture of the plant community increased, while leaf net photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), vein density and stomatal density decreased. In addition, stomatal length and individual leaf area increased. Venation density of each aspect of R. pseudoacacia was positively correlated with stomatal density (p < 0.05) and negatively with stomatal length (p < 0.05). These correlations were strongest in south slope (p < 0.01).     

Effects of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on photosynthetic physiology in females and males of Populus deltoides exposed to cadmium pollution

Aims Populus deltoides is an important plantation tree species in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and in Huai River Plain. The extensively cultivated varieties are consisted of both females and males of P. deltoides. The objective of this paper was to characterize the difference in cadmium (Cd) tolerance between the sexes and the effects of symbiosis with Rhizophagus intraradices on their Cd tolerance.
Methods The experiment was carried out under semi-controlled conditions in a natural light greenhouse, protected from rain. Rhizophagus intraradices was inoculated on roots of both females and males when transplanting to a sand culture substrate. After one month, half of cuttings were exposed to Cd pollution (10 mg·kg^-1). All cuttings were irrigated with sterile water to avoid infection by other microorganism. About three months later, the gas exchange rate, net photosynthesis rate (P_n)-intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) curve, chlorophyll fluorescence, osmotic adjustment and phytohormone content of both females and males of P. deltoides were measured.
Important findings Our main results are as follows: (1) when compared to the controls, decreases in P_n, stomatal conductance, C_i, transpiration rate, maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII), effective quantum yield of PSII, photo-chemical quenching coefficient, maximum rate of carboxylation of Rubisco, photosynthetically active radiation-saturated rate of electron transport and rate of triose phosphate utilization to a different degree in both sexes of P. deltoides under Cd pollution were found, and females exhibited a greater decrease in such parameters than males. Rhizophagus intraradices inoculation mitigated the toxic effect of Cd on such parameters to a different degree in females, not in males. (2) Under Cd pollution, there was an increase in proline content in both sexes when compared to the controls. A further increase in proline content occurred in females, not in males, when inoculated with R. intraradices. (3) When compared to the controls, there was a decrease in indoleacetic acid, but an increase in abscisic acid in leaves of both sexes when exposed to Cd pollution. The amplitude changed in both phytohormones in females was greater than that in males. Rhizophagus intraradices inoculation was helpful for recovery of phytohormone balance in females, which was not observed in males. Therefore, our results indicated that (1) there were a greater negative effect exerted by Cd pollution on gas exchange rate, carbon fixation capacity and phytohormone balance and a more impairment of photosynthetic apparatus in females when compared to males, showing a less tolerance to stress conditions in females; (2) Rhizophagus intraradices inoculation could enhance the osmotic adjustment capacity in females, thus mitigate the negative effect of Cd stress on ability of carbon fixation and phytohormone balance in females. However, such positive effects derived from R. intraradices symbiosis were not observed in males.     

Effects of leaf nutrient concentration and resorption on leaf falling time of dominant broadleaved species in a montane region of eastern Liaoning Province,China

凋落物是森林生态系统养分的重要来源, 叶片脱落时间是影响其分解的关键因素。东北温带森林中蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)落叶时间较其他树种晚, 在山脊等贫瘠立地叶片甚至第二年春天才脱落。我们假设: 相对于其他树种, 蒙古栎叶片养分元素含量过高、再吸收时间长, 导致叶片延迟脱落。为验证假设, 除蒙古栎外, 选择了落叶时间居中的色木槭(Acer mono)和落叶较早的胡桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)为对象, 持续监测叶片从成熟至凋落过程中叶片养分元素含量, 包括大量元素: 氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)和镁(Mg), 微量元素: 铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)、锰(Mn)和锌(Zn); 并分析养分再吸收率。结果表明: 蒙古栎成熟叶养分元素含量介于对照树种之间; 凋落叶N、P和K含量低于对照树种, Fe和Mn含量高于对照树种, 其余元素含量介于对照树种之间。该结果不支持“蒙古栎叶片养分含量过高”假设。蒙古栎叶片N、P和K再吸收率高于对照树种, 再吸收率高低与其落叶时间完全一致; 叶片Cu和Zn再吸收率与对照树种无显著差异; 叶片其余元素未发生再吸收, 其累积率与对照树种无显著差异; 说明养分再吸收与养分含量无关, 可能与树种的种专一性相关, 可能会影响叶片脱落时间。由于蒙古栎多生长在贫瘠土壤, 其成熟叶无法积累更多养分; 为避免叶片脱落后养分进入土壤被其他物种利用, 将养分尽量回收储存于自身, 即蒙古栎叶片养分再吸收过程较长, 叶片脱落较晚。生长在极端贫瘠立地的蒙古栎叶片次年春天才落叶, 可能是由于再吸收一直在进行, 来不及脱落而保留至新生长季开始。落叶晚的树种养分再吸收率高、有利于自身养分保存, 更能适应贫瘠土壤, 反之亦然。     

玉米花生间作和磷肥对间作花生光合特性及产量的影响

揭示玉米(Zea mays)和花生(Arachis hypogaea)间作提高花生对弱光利用能力的光合特点及磷(P)肥效应, 对阐明间作花生适应弱光的光合机理和提高间作花生的产量具有重要意义。该试验于2011-2012年在河南科技大学试验农场分析了间作花生功能叶的叶绿素含量与构成、光响应曲线和CO₂响应曲线特点和荧光参数。结果表明: 与单作花生相比, 施P与不施P条件下玉米和花生间作显著(p < 0.01)提高了花生功能叶的叶绿素b含量, 降低了叶绿素a/b, 显著提高了光系统II最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学效率(Φ_PSII)、光化学猝灭系数(q_P)、表观量子效率(AQY)和弱光时的光合速率, 显著降低了气孔导度、二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶羧化速率(V_cmax)、电子传递速率(J_max)和磷酸丙糖利用速率(TPU); 与不施P相比, 施P有利于提高间作花生功能叶的叶绿素含量, 显著提高了Φ_PSII、q_P、V_cmax、J_max和TPU, 说明间作花生通过提高功能叶的叶绿素b含量, 改变叶绿素构成, 提高了光系统II的F_v/F_m、Φ_PSII和q_P, 增强了对光能的捕获和转化能力, 提高了对弱光的利用能力, 而并非提高了对CO₂的羧化固定能力; 施P有利于提高间作花生对弱光的利用能力和产量, 土地当量比提高了6.2%-9.3%。     

秦岭东段栓皮栎枝条非结构性碳水化合物含量的季节动态

枝条是碳供应器官和碳需求器官的连接者, 研究其非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)含量的季节变化对理解树木体内的碳分配至关重要。该研究以秦岭东段栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)优势群落为研究对象, 于2016年5月至2017年5月, 在其分布的海拔上下限(650 m和970 m), 通过在展叶期采用旬尺度和在非展叶期采用月尺度相结合的周期性取样方法(共计12次), 测定栓皮栎枝条NSC组分及含量, 并观测同期叶片物候变化。结果表明: (1)栓皮栎枝条NSC含量随季节波动较小, 变化差异不显著。但枝条可溶性糖含量(高海拔)或淀粉含量(低海拔)在一定生境条件下, 均存在明显的季节波动, 说明栓皮栎枝条可溶性糖和淀粉之间存在动态转化过程。(2)栓皮栎枝条NSC组成以可溶性糖为主(61%), 这可能是该树种在暖温带季风气候区所采取的生长策略。(3)土壤含水量(正相关)和饱和水汽压差(负相关)分别是在高海拔和低海拔影响栓皮栎枝条NSC含量的主导环境因子, 说明相比高海拔, 低海拔的栓皮栎可能对高温引起的水分胁迫更敏感。(4)结合叶片物候发现, 栓皮栎枝条NSC含量最大值出现在萌芽前(3月中下旬, 11%左右), 最小值出现在展叶后期(4月末, 5%左右), 叶片萌芽展叶后枝条NSC含量下降。总体而言, 枝条NSC含量在高低海拔不存在显著差异, 但春季萌芽前后存在显著差异, 海拔引起的叶片物候时间差极可能是造成这一现象的主要原因。研究结果说明, 栓皮栎叶片物候会直接影响枝条NSC含量的季节变化, 枝条NSC含量对叶片萌芽生长至关重要, 研究结果有助于加深对栓皮栎树体内碳调配机制的理解。     

兰州市南北两山5种典型人工林凋落物的水文功能

结合野外实地观测和室内浸水试验,对兰州市南北两山5种典型人工林(侧柏林、刺槐林、新疆杨林、侧柏+刺槐混交林、新疆杨+刺槐混交林)凋落物的持水特性进行研究。结果表明: 不同林分类型凋落物的蓄积量在13.50～47.01 t·hm^-2,依次为新疆杨+刺槐混交林＞侧柏+刺槐混交林＞侧柏林＞刺槐林＞新疆杨林。除侧柏林外,其他林分类型的半分解层蓄积量所占比例均高于未分解层。凋落物最大持水率在190.8%～262.7%,新疆杨+刺槐混交林最大,侧柏林最小。凋落物最大持水量在35.29～123.59 t·hm^-2,依次为新疆杨+刺槐混交林＞侧柏+刺槐混交林＞刺槐林＞侧柏林＞新疆杨林。凋落物的吸水速率在浸水0～1 h直线下降,1 h后降幅减缓,未分解层凋落物吸水速率小于半分解层。最大拦截量和有效拦截量(深)均为新疆杨+刺槐混交林＞侧柏+刺槐混交林＞侧柏林＞刺槐林＞新疆杨林,且新疆杨+刺槐混交林有较高的有效拦截率,表明新疆杨+刺槐混交林在兰州市南北两山有较好的保持水土和涵养水源能力。     

栓皮栎人工林灌木层植物多样性的空间分布及其与光环境的关系

采用地统计学方法,对栓皮栎纯林和栓皮栎-侧柏混交林2种林分类型灌木层植物物种多样性空间异质性及其与光环境的关系进行研究。结果表明: 栓皮栎纯林灌木层植物Shannon(H)、Simpson(D_s)、Margalef(M_a)物种多样性指数均显著小于栓皮栎-侧柏混交林。栓皮栎纯林灌木层植物物种多样性指数的变程和空间自相关距离均大于栓皮栎-侧柏混交林,其空间均一性较差,空间依赖性较强。栓皮栎纯林灌木层植物H、D_s、M_a结构比为44.2%～49.7%,具有中等强度的空间自相关性;栓皮栎-侧柏混交林中H、D_s、M_a结构比为1.5%～3.3%,具有强烈的空间自相关性。栓皮栎纯林灌木层植物物种多样性指数的空间分布主要呈明显的条带状梯度变化,而栓皮栎-侧柏混交林则呈明显的斑块状梯度变化,说明栓皮栎混交林灌木层植物较栓皮栎纯林空间连续性差,空间变异更为显著。相关与逐步回归分析表明,对栓皮栎纯林和栓皮栎-侧柏混交林灌木层植物多样性影响最为显著的光环境指标分别是林下总光照和冠层开度,冠层结构所形成的光环境在维持及形成灌木层植物多样性方面起到重要作用。     

黄土丘陵区两典型造林树种生长季树干直径微变化动态及其影响因素

运用DC3型高分辨率树干直径变化记录仪和Granier热扩散探针,对黄土丘陵地区两典型树种辽东栎和刺槐生长季的树干直径微变化和树干液流动态进行连续监测,并同步观测主要环境因子(土壤含水量、太阳辐射、空气温度和相对湿度),分析两树种树干的直径微变化动态特征与蒸腾耗水的关联性及其对环境因子的响应。结果表明: 两树种树干直径和液流通量密度呈现明显的昼夜变化规律,直径日最大收缩量与日均液流通量密度呈显著正相关,树干直径在日尺度上的微变化受当日蒸腾耗水量的影响。对树干直径日最大收缩量和蒸腾驱动因子进行线性拟合,结果显示,树干直径日变化量与主要气象环境因子(日均太阳辐射、日均空气水汽压亏缺、整合变量VT)呈显著正相关。回归曲线斜率表明,辽东栎树干直径日变化量大于刺槐,其直径对气象环境因子的敏感度更大。两树种液流通量密度在较高土壤水分时段高于土壤含水量较低时段,在不同土壤水分条件下辽东栎树干直径日最大收缩量差异显著,刺槐未达到显著水平,这些差异可能与两树种蒸腾调节和树干水分补充等用水策略有关。     

Effects of dew on eco-physiological traits and leaf structures of Leymus chinensis and Agropyron cristatum grown under drought stress

Aims To investigate the effects of dew on plants, we conducted the experiment to determine the physiological characteristics and leaf structures of Leymus chinensis and Agropyron cristatum in response to increasing dew under drought stress.Methods Four treatments (no dew, three times dew and five times dew per week under drought stress, and well-watering) were designed to examine leaf relative water content, water potential, net photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, biomass, and leaf structures of L. chinensis and A. cristatum. Important findings There was a significant increase in the relative water content and water potential by simulated dew increase for two plants species under drought stress (p < 0.05). For A. cristatum, simulated dew increase significantly enhanced the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate of plants under drought stress (p < 0.05). On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate for L. chinensis among treatments. Simulated dew increase improved the aboveground biomass and root biomass of two species. The ratio of yellow leaves to the total leaves was decreased by simulated dew increase for two species. Dew increase also protected leaf structures against the drought stress, suggesting that the dew increase can slow down the death process of leaves resulted from drought stress. Therefore, the study demonstrated that dew increased the available water for the leaves of L. chinensis and A. cristatum grown in the drought stress and thus had positive effects on the photosynthesis, water physiology and plant development.     

黄土丘陵区辽东栎和刺槐树干液流时滞效应与蒸腾特征的关联性

运用Granier热扩散探针法,于2016年7-9月对半干旱黄土丘陵区天然次生林树种辽东栎和人工林树种刺槐的树干液流进行连续测定,并同步监测气象因子和土壤含水量,用错位相关法分析液流通量密度与空气水汽压亏缺日变化的时滞长度,研究2个树种不同径级个体在不同土壤水分条件下液流通量密度与蒸腾驱动因子之间的时滞效应.结果表明:辽东栎和刺槐液流通量密度的日变化节律与气象因子显著相关,空气水汽压亏缺峰值的出现较辽东栎树干液流通量密度滞后118.2 min,较刺槐树干液流通量密度滞后39.5 min;而光合有效辐射的峰值通常滞后于辽东栎12.4 min,提前于刺槐68.5 min.液流通量密度和空气水汽压亏缺的时滞长度与树种和土壤含水量显著相关,辽东栎、刺槐在土壤含水量较高时段的时滞长度分别大于土壤含水量较低时段32.2和68.2 min.时滞长度与径级的相关性整体上未达到显著水平,但在土壤含水量较低时段小径级刺槐的时滞长度大于大径级21.4 min,差异达到了显著水平.两树种液流通量密度与空气水汽压亏缺之间的时滞效应反映了对蒸腾驱动因子的敏感性,较好的土壤水分条件有利于液流通量密度提早达到峰值,较低土壤水分会导致树干液流对气象环境因子响应的敏感性降低;刺槐树干液流受土壤水分的影响更显著.     

不同光脉冲方案对光下最大荧光参数及其计算参数的影响

光下最大荧光(F_m′)是植物生理生态研究中的重要参数,一般采用饱和脉冲(RF)方案来估计.然而,光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)受体库的反馈调节会影响RF方案对F_m′估计的准确性.为消除PSⅡ受体库反馈调节的影响,根据光脉冲强度(Q′)与叶绿素荧光(F′)的线性关系提出多相脉冲(MPF)方案,估算Q′无穷大时的F′(即F_m′).本研究采用MPF和RF方案分别对苦槠、青冈和乌桕3个树种叶片的叶绿素荧光和气体交换数据进行同步测量,并对两种方案估计的F_m′及其计算参数PSⅡ光化学效率(Φ_PSII)、PSⅡ的电子传递速率(J)、最大电子传递速率(J_max)、叶肉导度(g_m)和叶绿体内CO₂浓度(C_c)等光合参数进行比较,分析两种方案对3个树种叶片6个光合参数的影响.结果表明: 当光合有效辐射(PAR)<200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,两种方案对苦槠、青冈和乌桕叶片F_m′、Φ_PSII和J的估计无显著影响;当PAR>200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,采用MPF方案获得的苦槠、青冈和乌桕的F_m′分别比RF方案获得的F_m′高3.5%～5.2%、11.7%～18.0%和3.2%～7.1%;当PAR>200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,采用MPF方案获得的Φ_PSII、J和J_max分别不同程度地大于RF方案获得的参数,g_m和C_c分别不同程度地小于RF方案获得的参数.说明当PAR较低(<200μmol·m^-2·s^-1)时,MPF与RF方案对植物叶片F_m′、Φ_PSII、J的估计没有显著影响;当PAR较高(≥200μmol·m^-2·s^-1)时,MPF与RF方案对植物叶片F_m′、Φ_PSII、J、J_max、g_m和C_c的估计有显著影响,且RF方案对植物叶片的F_m′、Φ_PSII、J和J_max比MPF方案分别有不同程度的低估,对g_m和C_c则有不同程度的高估.     

最大电子传递速率的确定及其对电子流分配的影响

非直角双曲线模型(简称模型I)是Farquhar、von Caemmerer和Berry提出的生物化学光合模型(简称FvCB生化模型)的主要子模型。在植物光合作用对光响应曲线的拟合中, 模型I得到广泛的应用和验证。同时, 模型I也可用于估算植物叶片的最大电子传递速率(J_max)。然而, 由模型I估算植物叶片的J_max是否与实测值相符, 尚未得到严格的验证。该文应用LI-6400-40光合测定仪测定了遮阴和全日照条件下大豆(Glycine max)叶片的光合速率和电子传递速率对光的响应曲线, 然后分别用模型I和电子传递速率对光响应机理模型(简称模型II)进行了拟合。结果表明, 由模型I估算遮阴和全日照条件下大豆叶片的J_max与观测值之间存在显著差异; 由模型II计算得到的J_max与实测值之间不存在显著差异。此外, 用模型I估算的J_max将高估光合电子流分配到光呼吸的量, 从而高估光呼吸对植物的光保护作用。因此, 在估算植物叶片J_max和准确评估光呼吸对植物光保护作用方面, 模型II更合理。