哈尔滨城市森林遮荫和降温增湿效应差异及其影响因素

在哈尔滨市内选取4种不同林型(单位附属林、道路林、风景游憩林和生态公益林)共183块样地,通过实地测量样地内主要树种的测树因子和样地内外环境因子,定量研究了不同林型在遮荫、降温、增湿效应的差异及其与外界环境、树木生长特征之间的关系。结果表明:城市森林遮荫、增湿效应程度分别为77%~90%、3%~6%;水平降温约3℃、土壤降温1~2℃;而垂直降温多表现为冠层温度低于林内温度1℃以内;4种不同林型遮荫、降温、增湿效应差异显著,总效益综合得分显示风景游憩林比其他3种林分平均高19%;城市森林遮荫、降温、增湿等生态服务功能在高温、晴朗和低湿环境下更强;树高、枝下高、冠幅和胸径对树木遮荫、降温增湿效果有显著影响,且多表现为高大树木具有更明显的生态服务功能;不同城市森林类型具有明显的微气候调节相关生态服务功能差异,对于风景游憩林应继续维持其高生态服务功能,对于环境调节能力较低的森林类型应加强管理。     

长白山落叶阔叶混交林的物种多样性、种群空间分布格局及种间关联性研究

根据在吉林省蛟河实验管理局1 hm²落叶阔叶混交林样地调查结果,对落叶阔叶混交林的群落结构、物种多样性、主要树种的空间分布格局以及树木种群的种间关联进行了研究.结果表明,树木种群优势程度不明显;乔木、灌木、草本的均匀度指数、生态优势度指数都较低.对5个主要乔木种群的空间格局均呈现聚集分布;15个主要树种之间有14个种对存在着显著的种间关联,一个种独立;树种之间正关联的种对少,关联强度低,而负关联多且较高,群落结构组成不稳定,处于软阔叶林向硬阔叶林直至红松阔叶林过渡的阶段.     

长白山落叶阔叶混交林的物种多样性、种群空间分布格局及种间关联性研究

根据在吉林省蚊河实验管理局1hm^2落叶阔叶混交林样地调查结果,对落叶阔叶混交林的群落结构、物种多样性、主要树种的空间分布格局以及树木种群的种间关联进行了研究．结果表明,树木种群优势程度不明显;乔木、灌木、草本的均匀度指数、生态优势度指数都较低．对5个主要乔木种群的空间格局均呈现聚集分布;15个主要树种之间有14个种对存在着显著的种间关联,一个种独立;树种之间正关联的种对少,关联强度低,而负关联多且较高,群落结构组成不稳定,处于软阔叶林向硬阔叶林直至红松阔叶林过渡的阶段．     

8种木本植物木质部栓塞变化与生理生态指标关系的研究 I.与植物木质部水势的关系

以自然状况下生长良好的耐旱树种刺槐（Robinia pseudoacacia L.）、元宝枫（Acer truncatum Bge）、沙棘（Hippophae rhamnoides L.）、白榆（Ulmus pumila L.）、油松（Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.）、白皮松（Pinus bungeana Zucc.ex Endl.）及中生树种女贞（Ligustrum lucidum Ait.）、柳树（Salix matsudana Koidz.f.pendula Schneid.）为研究对象,用压力室法测定木质部水势,用冲洗法测定木质部栓塞程度,研究不同生长季节木质部栓塞与水势间的火系。结果表明：针叶树油松、白皮松在各个季节水势均较高,水势变化幅度较小,木质部不易发生栓塞,这与其木质部由管胞构成,对木质部栓塞不敏感,在干旱时采用高水势延迟脱水的耐旱策略有关。阔叶树刺槐、元宝枫、沙棘、白榆、女贞和柳树的木质部栓塞现象是其在每天正常生长过程中不可避免的“平常事件”,是它们适应干旱的一种方式。它们的木质部栓塞程度与水势表现出了相反的变化趋势,即同一树种在同一季节内水势值越低,木质部栓塞程度越大,但在不同树种及同一树种的不同季节不存在这种关系。由此可见,植物木质部栓塞对水势的敏感程度（即木质部栓塞脆弱性）主要由树种的木质部结构决定,同时受到树种特性、树木生长发育时期、外界环境因子的影响,木质部栓塞的脆弱性也具有季节变化特征。     

山西稀有濒危植物脱皮榆群落的种间分离

通过对山西太岳山脱皮榆群落1 hm²样地内出现的14种乔木进行调查,在应用ArcGIS软件分析每个个体的最近邻体植株的基础上,采用N×N最近邻体列联表及其2×2列联表截表的方法和Pielou分离指数计算分析了脱皮榆群落的种间分离规律,并根据种间分离情况以及物种对环境的适应方式,利用PCA排序将样地中14个物种进行了生态种组的划分。结果表明:（1）该群落中出现的14种乔木构成的91个种对中,随机毗邻种对占绝大多数（74.73%）,正分离种对较少（23.07%）,负分离种对极少（2.20%）,群落趋于稳定。（2）群落的种间分离在不同种之间存在着一定的差异,脱皮榆仅与其他树种随机毗邻;正分离常发生在群落中的优势种之间,而负分离常发生在群落中的伴生种之间。（3）种间分离与群落的生境异质性和物种的生态需求具有密切的关系,即两个具有不同生境要求的物种之间常常发生正分离,而具有相同或相似生境要求的物种之间常常发生负分离。（4）脱皮榆群落中14种乔木可划分为3个生态种组。研究认为,脱皮榆群落内物种的总体分离规律为全面不分离。由生境异质性、物种间不同的生物学特性和生态需求为基础的种间关系可能是维持太岳山脱皮榆群落稳定共存的机制之一。     

国家重点生态功能区2010-2015年生态系统服务价值变化评估

国家重点生态功能区是国家重要的生态安全屏障，其生态保护价值对维护国家生态安全具有重要意义。基于单位面积价值当量因子的生态系统服务价值化方法，采用模型运算和地理信息空间分析，定量分析了25个国家重点生态功能区在实施转移支付后（2010-2015年）生态系统服务价值的时空分布格局及其变化特征。研究结果表明：（1）2015年，全国重点生态功能区生态系统服务价值呈现明显的"西北低，东南高"的分布格局。从25个重点生态功能区来看，中高值区的面积占比31.60%，个数占比60%。4类自然生态功能区的生态系统服务价值大小排序为水土保持型功能区 > 生物多样性维护型功能区 > 水源涵养型功能区 > 防风固沙型功能区。（2）2010-2015年，全国重点生态功能区的生态系统服务价值整体呈明显增加趋势，增幅为16.46%。从空间分布来看，80.14%面积的生态系统服务价值基本持衡；从分级变化特征来看，高值区、较高值区的面积增加，中值区面积减少，较低值区面积增加，低值区面积减少。（3）近5年来，25个重点生态功能区的生态系统服务价值呈增加的有21个，占比84%，而生态系统服务价值出现减少区域的变化幅度均小于1%；4类自然生态功能区生态系统服务价值均呈增加趋势，其变化幅度从高到低依次为水土保持生态功能区（1.44%） > 水源涵养生态功能区（0.22%） > 防风固沙生态功能区（0.21%） > 生物多样性生态功能区（0.08%）。生态系统服务价值整体呈上升趋势，反映出生态保护与工程建设成效明显。本文研究成果可为分类分区开展生态系统保护、改善及其效果的定量综合评估提供科学依据，为重点生态功能区管理和国家生态安全格局的构建提供有效参考依据。     

关帝山云杉次生林树木径向生长的空间关联及其影响因子

以关帝山4 hm²云杉次生林样地为研究对象,按照CTFS(Center for Tropical Forest Science)技术规范对样地树木进行连续定位监测。利用2010至2015年间样地主要树种生长量观测数据,结合地形、土壤等环境因子调查及采样测定数据,分析了树木种群径向生长的空间关联性及其随生境的变化,并探讨了树木种群径向生长的影响因素。结果表明,青杄、华北落叶松、红桦、白桦和辽东栎为云杉次生林主要树种,在样地4个生境型(山脊生境、低海拔缓坡生境、高海拔缓坡生境、低洼地陡坡生境)中均有分布且呈现不同的径级结构。标记相关函数分析显示,同一生境型中,5树种径向生长的空间关联性各异;对于同一树种,径向生长的空间自相关性不仅具有尺度依赖性,同时生境型的不同导致树木径向生长的空间关联性发生变化。线性混合效应模型分析显示,初始胸径对树木径向生长的显著正效应在样地各类生境型的所有种群中普遍存在;生物因子对树木径向生长的显著影响只在特定生境型的青杄种群中被检测到,表明树木径向生长受同种邻体影响,但其影响显著性因树种而异;环境因子中,海拔和凹凸度对树木径向生长呈显著负效应...     

城市森林结构的量化研究——以沈阳树木园森林群落为例

采用遥感图像判读和野外调查相结合的方法,定量分析了沈阳树木园植物群落的物种结构及空间格局。结果表明,沈阳树木园植被的生长状况良好;物种丰富,其中黄蘖(Phellodendron amugense)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、榆树(Ulmus pumila)在树木株数和相对优势度上均占优势,为群落的主林木;植被在高度和胸径上的分布均表现为具有向上发展的潜力,整个植被群落正处于一个快速的生长期,属于发挥生态效益的最佳时期,沈阳树木园的树种多度与基于叶面积的相对优势度之间无明显关联,数量上占优势的树种,其相对优势度不一定很高,沈阳树木园植被树木株数与不同树高等级间的分布关系表现为上凸的曲线,随着树木高度级的增加,树木株数开始分布比较平稳,当高度超过12m后,树木株数明显减少,曲线急骤下降,树木株数分布与不同胸径等级间的关系也呈现类似的情况。     

山西南部脱皮榆种群生态位的研究

在山西省脱皮榆分布比较集中的霍山设置 4个样地 ,中条山设置 3个样地 ,采用样方法对脱皮榆种群进行调查 ,共作 5 85个样方 .将土壤含水量、土壤有机质含量和土壤全氮含量分别作为反映脱皮榆生长环境的资源轴 ,选择该区 2 2种灌木 ,5 3种草本 ,计测其在 3条资源轴上的资源选择性系数 L 、生态位宽度 B 、脱皮榆与其下灌木的生态位重叠 O .结果表明 :脱皮榆在 3条资源轴上生态位宽度值大小为 :B w >B n >B o ,其资源选择性系数则相反 ;连翘、3裂绣线菊在生态适应上与脱皮榆具有一致性 ;与脱皮榆生态位重叠值较大的连翘、虎榛子等是脱皮榆种群不同的生态种组 ;用土壤含水量、土壤有机质含量和土壤全氮含量作为资源轴研究脱皮榆种群生态位宽度和生态位重叠是可行的     

中国35个城市行道树树种组成特征研究

明确城市森林树种组成是城市森林建设与管理的基础。以往研究多局限在特定城市或区域，难以准确揭示其普遍规律。本研究基于百度街景选取全国35个主要城市，共设置88 632个样点。并根据地理区域将这些城市划分为北方、南方、青藏和西北城市，比较不同区域城市行道树树种组成差异。结果表明：①基于街景调查我国常用行道树共99种，最常见的是杨树（Populus spp.）、柳树（Salix spp.）、香樟（Cinnamomum camphora）、雪松（Cedrus deodara）和国槐（Sophora japonica）；②我国南方城市行道树种多选用阔叶树如香樟，北方和西北城市行道树则以杨树、柳树和槐树为主，青藏地区行道树以杨树和针叶树为主；③依据10/20/30经验法则，仅有昆明和桂林城市行道树在种的水平上配置较为合理，其他城市植物配置均不合理，尤其克拉玛依市的杨树相对多度高达61.2%，长沙市和杭州市的樟树比例超过树种总数的50%，单个树种优势明显，4个区域行道树树种水平上配置均不合理。今后在行道树种选择时北方、西北和青藏区域城市应减少杨树、柳树、松树和槐树等的利用，南方地区应增加适宜本土生长的其他树木种类。本研究为我国合理规划城市行道树，系统开展多城市对比和综合提升生态服务功能提供了重要参数。     

松嫩草原榆树疏林对不同干扰的响应

榆树疏林是中国东北松嫩草原沙地植被演替的顶极群落,其对维持物种多样性,保持水土,涵养水源等都发挥着重要的功能。过去20a间,榆树疏林在人为干扰(农耕和放牧)下,其群落结构和物种组成发生了巨大变化。在1983年和2004年,对松嫩草原不同人为干扰下榆树疏林群落结构和物种组成等进行调查,结果显示:农耕和放牧一方面使松嫩草原榆树疏林群落多物种消失、生物量和多样性显著下降、植被结构简单化;另一方面,也是导致建群种——家榆低矮化,灌木化的主要因素。     

Establishment and growth pattern of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus pumila</Emphasis> under a forest canopy in central Kamchatka

We investigated the spatial distribution and growth of the Siberian dwarf pine (Pinus pumila) in a valley–foothill larch–birch (Larix cajanderi–Betula platyphylla as canopy trees) mixed forest of fire origin located in central Kamchatka with the aim of elucidating the ecological features of P. pumila when it is an undergrowth species in a forest. The spatial distribution of all individuals of all tree species was clumped, and the spatial distribution of the two canopy tree species did not repulsively affect that of P. pumila (i.e., its establishment site). These results suggest that the regeneration of P. pumila does not depend on canopy gaps. However, the analysis using a growth model indicated that the canopy trees negatively affected the growth of P. pumila and that the negative effect of L. cajanderi on P. pumila growth was stronger than that of B. platyphylla. The direction of the crown extension of P. pumila was weakly related to the open-space direction. Our results suggest that, although the spatial pattern of establishment of P. pumila is not repulsed by the distribution of canopy trees, the crown can spread horizontally toward the more sparsely populated areas of the canopy trees where they may have higher growth rates.     

Role of exotic tree stands on the current distribution and social behaviour of Swainson's hawk, Buteo swainsoni in the Argentine Pampas

Aim The Argentine Pampas was extensively and abruptly altered by European colonization. Between 1880 and 1885 the indigenous human inhabitants were completely displaced, and native grasslands were replaced by exotic pasture plants and crops. One of the most important ecological changes in the Pampas landscape, the introduction of tall exotic tree species, has received little attention, and its effect on wildlife has never been assessed. We have made an intensive survey of habitat use of Swainson's hawk, Buteo swainsoni in its most important non‐breeding quarters, the Pampas of Argentina, aiming to characterize the sites used by hawks for communal roosting. Location Pampas grasslands, Argentina. Methods We surveyed 30,000 km of roads by car during the austral summer from 2001 to 2004, covering the main non‐breeding area occupied by Swainson's hawks. Their roost sites were located by direct observation of birds roosting in tree stands close to the roads, by surveying potential roost sites around places where groups of pre‐ and post‐roosting hawks were recorded, and by gathering information from local farmers. Results Swainson's hawks exclusively used stands of exotic tree species for roosting. Eucalyptus viminalis was present in all 34 roosts surveyed, and in 59% of them it was the only species present. The remaining exotic tree species were the Siberian elm, Ulmus pumila, pines (Pinus spp.) and cypress (Cupressus spp.). Flock sizes at roost sites were unusually high for a raptor, with an average of 658 individuals (range 8–5000 hawks, n = 27 flocks). Main conclusions The introduction of exotic trees may have resulted in the expansion of the suitable habitat for Swainson's hawks, permitting a recent colonization of the Argentine Pampas. Tree stands may have also changed the communal roosting behaviour of this raptor, by virtue of their providing new structural elements in a region that almost completely lacked trees prior to European occupation.     

Trees in the desert: Reproduction and genetic structure of fragmented Ulmus pumila forests in Mongolian drylands

The potential natural distribution of deciduous forests in Central Asia is the subject of ongoing discussions. Ulmus pumila (Siberian elm) is the only tree species occurring in southern and south-eastern Mongolia. In the semi-arid Mongolian Gobi, the species is restricted to ravines and beds of semi-temporary rivers. Compared to zonal occurrences in moister northern Mongolia, elm trees in the Gobi were found to be larger, in spite of their slower growth. Recruitment was very rare in the field although germination studies revealed that seeds were viable, survived osmotic stress, and were tolerant of repeated cycles of moistening and drying. Thus, they should be capable of germination in episodically flooded river beds. Fingerprinting revealed that clonal growth is of negligible importance in the Gobi as almost all U. pumila individuals studied constituted separate genets. Given that many trees were <100 years old and must have become established under current climatic conditions, we infer that the current lack of recruitment is likely to be caused by grazing impact. Our data imply that Ulmus pumila could potentially be much more common in the drylands of southern Mongolia and northern China.     

ON THE NATURE OF INTRA- AND INTERSPECIFIC INCOMPATIBILITY IN ULMUS

Efforts to introduce Dutch Elm Disease resistance into the American elm (Ulmus americana L.) through breeding with Asian elms has been hampered by sexual incompatibility. Controlled pollinations of Ulmus americana and the Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila L.) were studied in detail to gain insight into the nature of this incompatibility. Microscopic observations revealed that germination and early pollen tube growth were inhibited on the stigmatic surface following both intra- and interspecific incompatible pollinations. Both qualitative and quantitative differences in pollen inhibition on the stigmatic surface indicated that the inhibition may involve the action of an inhibitory substance. Detailed observations on callose deposition indicated that this β-1,3 glucose polymer may implement the inhibition.     

柳州市行道树资源调查与结构特征分析

该研究通过对柳州市区主要道路园林绿化全面踏勘,在四城区中筛选出68条道路行道树进行现场调查和综合评价。结果表明:(1)柳州市行道树共有28种,隶属于17科21属,常绿树种与落叶树种比例及乡土树种与外来树种比例合理。(2)柳州市行道树中小叶榕和黄葛榕在各城区应用频度较高,树种组成结构相对单一。(3)季相树种在各城区应用频度不均衡,部分城区春季景观营造效果显著,而夏秋冬季相景观效果不显著。(4)绿化达标率和林荫路推广率离国家生态园林城市还有较大差距,物种丰富度和多样性指数有待提高。建议加大乡土树种的应用与推广,提高各城区物种丰富度及季相树种的应用,营造城市道路特色季相景观。该研究成果提出了发展乡土树种、丰富树种多样性及季相景观营造的技术建议,对柳州市行道树树种规划和建设提供了科学依据。     

Urbanization drives unique latitudinal patterns of insect herbivory and tree condition

Urban landscapes are characterized by high proportions of impervious surface resulting in higher temperatures than adjacent natural landscapes. In some cities, like those at cooler latitudes, trees may benefit from warmer urban temperatures, but trees in many cities are beset with problems like drought stress and increased herbivory. What drives patterns of urban tree health across urbanization and latitudinal temperature gradients? In natural systems, latitude–herbivory relationships are well‐studied, and recent temperate studies have shown that herbivory generally increases with decreasing latitudes (warmer temperatures). However, the applicability of this latitude–herbivory theory in already‐warmed urban systems is unknown. In this study, we investigated how the interaction of urbanization, latitudinal warming and scale insect abundance affected urban tree health. We predicted that trees in warmer, lower latitude cities would be in poorer health at lower levels of urbanization than trees at cooler, higher latitudes due to the interaction of urbanization, latitudinal temperature and herbivory. To evaluate our predictions, we surveyed the abundance of scale insect herbivores on a single, common tree species Acer rubrum in eight US cities spanning 10° of latitude. We estimated urbanization at two extents, a local one that accounted for the direct effects on an individual tree, and a larger one that captured the surrounding urban landscape. We found that urban tree health did not vary with latitudinal temperature but was best predicted by local urbanization and herbivore abundance. We did not observe increased herbivore abundance in warmer, lower latitudes cities, but instead herbivore abundance peaked in the mid latitudes of our study. This study demonstrates that urban landscapes may deviate from classical theory developed in natural systems and reinforces the need for research reconciling ecological patterns in urban landscapes.     

Long‐term livestock exclusion facilitates native woody plant encroachment in a sandy semiarid rangeland

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Tree and stand-scale factors affecting richness and composition of epiphytic bryophytes and lichens in deciduous woodland key habitats

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