基于流域底栖动物完整性指数评价延河的水生态健康

延河流域位于黄土高原丘陵沟壑区,水土流失严重。流域中下游人类活动干扰强烈导致生态环境脆弱。流域内不同地貌单元(峁梁丘陵沟壑区、峁状丘陵沟壑区、破碎塬区)水土流失状况不同,本研究于2021年4月(春季)和10月(秋季)对流域底栖动物群落进行调查,通过构建底栖动物生物完整性指数(B-IBI)对流域水生态进行健康评价,并探究不同地貌单元对底栖动物生物完整性的影响。共鉴定底栖动物4门73属113种,两季度中水生昆虫均为绝对优势类群。对26个候选指标进行筛选发现：春季B-IBI由优势分类单元个体相对丰度、科级耐污指数(FBI)、捕食者个体相对丰度3个指标构成;秋季B-IBI由蜉蝣目分类单元数、FBI、捕食者个体相对丰度3个指标构成。B-IBI评价结果显示,上游干支流83.3%的采样点处于健康状态,而中下游干支流仅有28.6%的采样点处于健康状态,流域春季健康状况优于秋季。Kruskal-Wallis非参数检验表明,破碎塬区秋季底栖动物密度、物种数和B-IBI均显著低于春季,且在秋季时显著低于峁梁丘陵沟壑区、峁状丘陵沟壑区,丰水期集中降雨导致水土流失加剧是造成这种差异的主要原因。冗余分析结果显示,...     

莱州湾小清河口近岸海域底栖生境健康评价

于2019年7月、8月和9月对莱州湾小清河口近岸海域的大型底栖动物进行调查，对该海域大型底栖动物群落的种类组成和群落结构等进行研究，利用丰度/生物量比较曲线法、AMBI指数法和M-AMBI指数法对研究海域大型底栖动物群落健康和底栖生境健康状况进行评价。研究结果表明，2019年7月、8月和9月共采集到大型底栖动物64种，其中多毛类24种，甲壳类19种，软体动物17种，其他类群4种。该海域的优势种为光滑河蓝蛤（Potamocorbula laevis）、彩虹明樱蛤（Moerella iridescens）、半褶织纹螺（Nassarius semiplicatus）、四角蛤蜊（Mactra veneriformis），寡鳃齿吻沙蚕（Nephthys oligobranchia）、中蚓虫（Mediomastus californiensis）、东方长眼虾（Ogyrides orientalis）、尖齿拳蟹（Philyra acutidens）和短角双眼钩虾（Ampelisca brevicornis），其中彩虹明樱蛤和寡鳃齿吻沙蚕在三次调查中均为优势物种，优势度明显。群落结构聚类分析和多维尺度分析表明，7月研究海域的大型底栖动物群落以10%的相似性可以分为3组，8月以18%相似性可以分为4组，9月以19%的相似性可以分为3组，三次调查的群落结构相似度均较低。丰度/生物量比较曲线法研究结果显示，底栖动物群落生物量优势显著，群落处于未干扰状态。AMBI指数及M-AMBI指数分析结果表明，莱州湾小清河口近岸海域底栖生境处于未干扰或者轻度干扰的状态，健康状况处于高等或者优良的状态。     

渭河丰、枯水期底栖动物群落特征及综合健康评价

以渭河为研究范例,分别于丰水期(2011年10月)和枯水期(2012年4月)对渭河全流域范围内45个样点的底栖动物群落进行跟踪调查,并在此基础上应用丰、枯水期底栖动物生物完整性评价指数(B-IBI)对渭河流域水生态系统进行综合健康评价。结果表明,渭河流域底栖动物群落结构具有明显的空间异质性,枯水期底栖动物群落结构单一,物种数量、生物量和香农多样性明显少于丰水期,但单位密度差异不显著。综合健康评价结果表明,渭河上游、洛河中上游地区的健康状况较好,而渭河中下游、泾河全流域及洛河下游地区的健康状况较差。相关分析显示,渭河全流域范围内丰水期和枯水期底栖动物群落的B-IBI得分呈现明显的正相关性,表明在不同水文过程时期,渭河全流域大尺度范围内底栖动物群落的生物完整性特征较为一致。在河流丰、枯水期,底栖动物群落结构的变化趋势并对比分析了渭河流域不同区域水生态系统健康水平差异的原因。     

标准化方法筛选参照点构建大型底栖动物生物完整性指数

依据浑太河流域340个样点的栖息地和水质评价结果,采用标准化方法筛选参照点与受损点,构建大型底栖动物生物完整性评估指数(Benthic Macroinvertebrate Index of Biological Integrity,B-IBI),开展河流健康生物评价研究。标准化方法共筛选出参照点和6个受损点构建B-IBI指数。B-IBI指数包括8个大型底栖动物核心生物指标,涵盖了分类单元、相对丰度、耐污特征、优势类群和功能摄食类群的生物指标。利用构建的完整性指数开展浑太河河流健康评价结果显示,所有样点中"极好"与"好"占24.8%,"一般"占27.8%,"差"与"极差"的占47.4%,表明浑太河健康状况整体上偏差。B-IBI指数分值在参照、测试和受损点间的箱线图分布表明验证结果较为可靠;同时与2009年5月太子河全流域70个样点采用专家经验法构建的大型底栖动物生物完整性指数进行了对比,结果表明两种方法的评价结果一致性较高,健康等级完全一致的占58%,健康等级只相差一个等级的占40.6%。B-IBI与环境要素的回归分析显示,B-IBI指数与栖息地具有较高的直线线性回归关系(R2=0.25,P<0.01),与电导、高锰酸盐指数和氨氮(R2=0.23—0.34,P<0.01)均具有极显著的曲线相关关系。3个水质指标与B-IBI指数的回归方程的拐点分别约为1000μs/cm,5ml/L和1.0mg/L,当3个水质指标低于拐点值时,B-IBI指数表现为显著的下降趋势,当高于拐点值时,B-IBI指数的下降趋势明显减弱。表明高锰酸盐指数和氨氮在从清洁水体下降为III类的过程中,对大型底栖动物生物完整性的影响最为强烈。利用标准化方法筛选参照点构建的大型底栖动物完整性指数及其核心参数具有较好的敏感性,能够指示随人为活动强度增加河流生态系统健康状况的下降,适用于浑太河流域开展河流健康评估研究。     

基于B-IBI指数的温榆河生态健康评价

基于温榆河底栖动物和水质采样数据,采用底栖动物完整性指数(B-IBI)方法,进行温榆河生态健康评价,并探求河流水质与B-IBI指数的相关性。通过分布范围、判别能力以及相关性分析等,确定研究区B-IBI指标体系,包括总分类单元数、总生物量、优势分类单元个体相对丰度、敏感类群分类单元数、生物指数和粘附者个体丰度6个指标。根据参照点25%分位数确定温榆河底栖动物完整性评价标准,即B-IBI>1.821为健康,1.366—1.821为亚健康,0.910—1.366为一般,0.455—0.910为较差,0—0.455为极差。结果表明,温榆河27.3%河段处于健康状态,9.1%河段处于亚健康状态,13.6%河段处于一般状态,50%河段处于较差和极差状态。河流水质与B-IBI指数的相关系数为-0.549,表明生物指标作为水体评价的补充指标十分必要。     

亚热带城市河流底栖动物完整性评价——以流溪河为例

根据2016年前、后汛期及枯水期流溪河14个断面底栖动物群落组成数据(4门8纲22目52科94属103种),采用底栖动物完整性指数(B-IBI),首次对亚热带地区河流进行健康评价。经筛选(32个候选指标),流溪河B-IBI体系由5个核心指标(总生物量,敏感类群个体%,EPT、摇蚊和耐污类群单元数)组成,评价标准为:健康3.24,亚健康3.24—2.43,一般2.43—1.62,差1.62—0.81,极差0.81,评价结果为:健康位点数占14.3%、亚健康50.0%、一般21.4%、差14.3%、无极差。总体上,B-IBI值反映流溪河上游健康状况较好,以EPT分类单元数和敏感类群个体%贡献最高,下游健康状况恶化,以耐污类群单元数贡献最高。此外,上游支流健康状况要优于上游干流,而下游则情况相反。相关性分析显示,B-IBI值与溶解氧呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与电导率、氨氮、总氮和总磷呈显著负相关(P0.05),反映流溪河当前健康水平受水体污染影响严重。核心指标与环境因子间CCA分析显示,前2主轴对环境因子解释度达68.1%,且对上、下游及干、支流有明显的梯度划分,说明所建B-IBI在流溪河有较高适用性。对比不同温度带研究结果发现,B-IBI体系受人为干扰和水体污染影响更加明显,体现其评价功能不受地理区域影响。     

流溪河大型底栖动物群落的时空分布及其影响因子

流溪河位于我国热带与亚热带过渡区,其底栖动物种类丰富,群落的物种组成结构具有明显的区域性,掌握该地区的物种组成特征及与环境要素的关系是建立生态监测与评估方法的基础。于2018年的枯水期（3月、12月）和丰水期（6月、9月）,自流溪河上游至下游共计20个段面对底栖动物进行了定量采样,同时测定了相应的环境因子,采用多元统计方法对流溪河水环境与群落结构及其相关关系进行了分析。共检出底栖动物76个分类单元,隶属于7纲20目50科,其中水生昆虫相对丰度最高,占69.39%。在4个优势分类单元中,摇蚊族（Chironomini）相对丰度为20.19%,河蚬（Corbicula fluminea）、短沟蜷属的一种（Semisulcospira sp.1）、双突细蜉（Caenis bicornis）,相对丰度在7%-9%之间。底栖动物丰度和种类多样性均与浊度呈显著负相关;枯水期底栖动物丰度与总磷呈显著负相关,丰水期则呈显著正相关。在丰水期,不同河流级别上底栖动物群落具有明显的差异,表现较强的分布格局,而在枯水期这种分布格局不明显。典范对应分析（CCA）表明,在丰水期,影响或解释流溪河底栖动物群落变化的主要因子为pH、溶解氧、水温、电导率和硅酸盐,而在枯水期则为pH和硝态氮。受电站与采沙的影响,部分河段发生非自然断流和底质的显著改变,导致底质与水深等数据的异常变化,反映了人类活动对该河流生境与环境的重要影响。     

青弋江流域大型底栖动物群落结构及水质评价

研究河流大型底栖动物群落结构特征及水环境质量对水生态的保护与修复具有重要意义。以青弋江流域为研究对象,于2020年9月进行了大型底栖动物及水体理化因子的调查,采用相对重要性指数、生物多样性指数及Jaccard相似性系数分析了大型底栖动物群落结构特征,运用丰度/生物量比较曲线法及冗余分析法探究了底栖动物群落受到的干扰程度及其主要影响环境因子,最后利用水生态环境质量综合指数对河流水质进行评价。研究结果表明：(1)共采集鉴定大型底栖动物61种,隶属于3门6纲17目,平均丰度为265.9个/m~2,平均生物量41.6 g/m~2。相对重要性指数分析显示,日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponensis)、中国圆田螺(Cipangopaludina chinensis)、羽摇蚊(Chironomus plumosus)及扁蜉(Ecdyrus)为群落中的主要优势种。(2)由群落相似性分析知,Jaccard相似性系数较低,调查点位之间存在较强的空间异质性。(3)冗余分析表明,电导率、氨氮浓度及流速是影响底栖动物群落结构的主要环境因子。(4)生物指数分析结果显示该流域水质为轻度污染或中度污...     

付疃河流域中下游大型底栖动物群落结构与水质生物学评价

2018年12月-2019年10月对山东省日照市付疃河流域中下游大型底栖动物及相应水环境因子进行分季节的监测,并对底栖动物群落组成、多样性特征及与水质因子的相关性进行分析。结果表明,调查共采集底栖动物42种（环节动物14种、节肢动物20种、软体动物8种）,广泛分布物种为霍甫水丝蚓（Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri）、水丝蚓属（Limnodrilus sp.）及摇蚊属（Chironomus sp.）;底栖动物总密度呈春季 > 冬季 > 秋季 > 夏季;CCA （Canonical Correspondence Analysis）分析表明环节动物与COD、TP有显著正相关性,各门类与NH₃-N相关性差异较大;底栖动物多样性分布特征与河流水源结构有关。采用生物多样性指标、指示物种水质生物学指标进行水质评价,Shannon-Wiener指数、Margalef指数评级偏差,Pielou指数评级偏优,而指示物种水质生物学评价（Goodnight-Whitley指数、相对重要性指数及Wright指数）基本一致,整体平均处于中污染,评价过程仍须考虑河流及物种客观属性特征,得到更具适用性的评价管理方法。     

高邮湖大型底栖动物群落结构及影响因素

跨流域调水工程沿线调蓄湖泊生态状况直接决定工程能否顺利实施。基于2018年4和9月高邮湖底栖动物调查数据,对底栖动物区系组成、群落结构及主要影响因子进行了研究。调查期间共鉴定出底栖动物42种,隶属3门7纲22科;软铗小摇蚊（Microchironomus tener）、霍甫水丝蚓（Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri）、齿吻沙蚕（Nephtys sp.）、苏氏尾鳃蚓（Branchiura sowerbyi）、厚唇嫩丝蚓（Teneridrilus mastix）为调查期间优势物种,相对丰度分别为24.0%、17.7%、8.1%、7.2%和6.5%;两次调查期间底栖动物优势物种组成存在较大差异。密度、物种丰度、香浓指数在4月份显著高于9月份;非度量多维标度排序（NMDS）和多响应置换过程（MRPP）从群落层面证实了两次调查期间底栖动物群落结构的差异性。指示物种分析表明,软铗小摇蚊、霍甫水丝蚓和有栉管水蚓（Aulodrilus pectinatus）是造成两次调查底栖动物群落差异的关键物种。基于距离的冗余分析（dbRDA）表明,高邮湖底栖动物群落在4月份主要受硅酸盐和总磷影响;9月份主要受水深和叶绿素a影响。     

Anthropology and genetics of the caucasus peoples and the problem of the origin of the caucasoids

The electrophoretical polymorphisms of some blood proteins were studied in the Talysh population of Pirasora situated in South-East Azerbaidjan. We calculated the gene frequencies of these polymorphisms and determined the genetic distances between the Talyshes and some Iranian populations of North, Central and South Iran, Afghans, and three populations of Azerbaijan. The Talyshes are very close to Iranians of Shiraz, whereas they are distant from the Azerbaijanians. Anthropological investigations showed that the Caucasoids and Mongoloids lived in the Aragvi Basin since the Eneolithic period. This was stated by Alexeev (1974), who emphasized the mixture of the Caucasus populations from ancient times on. We calculated the genetic distances between the Caucasus populations and numerous populations of other geographic regions, considering 28 alleles of 12 loci of blood group, serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms and constructed the dendrogram of these populations. The position of the Caucasus populations in the dendrogram corresponds on principle to the earlier anthropological observations. The clustering of the Caucasoid populations corresponds completely with anthropological and historical data, and supports our earlier hypothesis (Nazarova 1999) concerning the differentiation of Caucasoids, Northern Mongoloids and Amerinds from the populations, which inhabitated Asia in palaeolithic times.     

Serology and systematics of the Ebenales and the Theales

The systematic position ofthe Ebenaceae, Sapotaceae, Styracaceae, Ochnaceae, Stachyuraceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae has been investigated using serological comparisons of sets of antigenic determinants. The results show that the Sytracaceae and Sapotaceae are undoubtedly more closely associated with the Actinidiaeceae and Theaceae, respectively, than with each other. We found no corresponding determinants betnween antigen systems from the Ebenaceae and systems from any other family whose relations to this family have been proposed. As discovered previously, investigations of antigen systems from the Ochnaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Stachyuraceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae are against the idea of a natural order “Theales” in which these families, or at least some of them, are combined with the Theaceae and Actinidiaceae. This paper completes our previous investigations which largely support a superorder Ericanae sensu Ehrendorfer and Takhtajan. We propose to include the Actinidiaceae and Theaceae in this superorder, assigning them a central position laong with the Sapotaceae and Sytracaeae on one side and the Primulales and Ericales on the other. Another most interesting finding is that there are corresponding determinants between antigen systems from the members of the Ericanae and representatives of the Polemoniaceae and Loasaceae.     

On the structure and dynamics of the complex of the nucleosome and the linker histone

Several different models of the linker histone (LH)–nucleosome complex have been proposed, but none of them has unambiguously revealed the position and binding sites of the LH on the nucleosome. Using Brownian dynamics-based docking together with normal mode analysis of the nucleosome to account for the flexibility of two flanking 10 bp long linker DNAs (L-DNA), we identified binding modes of the H5-LH globular domain (GH5) to the nucleosome. For a wide range of nucleosomal conformations with the L-DNA ends less than 65 Å apart, one dominant binding mode was identified for GH5 and found to be consistent with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments. GH5 binds asymmetrically with respect to the nucleosomal dyad axis, fitting between the nucleosomal DNA and one of the L-DNAs. For greater distances between L-DNA ends, docking of GH5 to the L-DNA that is more restrained and less open becomes favored. These results suggest a selection mechanism by which GH5 preferentially binds one of the L-DNAs and thereby affects DNA dynamics and accessibility and contributes to formation of a particular chromatin fiber structure. The two binding modes identified would, respectively, favor a tight zigzag chromatin structure or a loose solenoid chromatin fiber.     

人类基因组及后基因组研究进展及其应用与开发研究现状

人类对自身基因组的研究,随着人类基因组工作草图的绘制完成和对基因功能研究的深入已加快进入了实质性、关键性的开发利用阶段。本文概述了人类基因组及后基因组的研究进展及依此开展基因治疗及基因（组）药物研制等应用开发研究的现状。     

Kinematics and dynamics of the temporomandibular joint and of the movements of the mandible

In order to analyze the complicated movements of the mandible as the open-closing movement and the protrusio are, it is useful to evaluate the basic kinematic principles and reduce them to simple technical constructions. Both the open-closing movement and the protrusio could be reduced to 4-bar links, which were used to simulate the movements with help of a computer. Besides, the polodes and the curves of points in the muscular attachments could be constructed. The 2 entirely different 4-bar links have 3 things in common: The resting system - cranium, the moving system - mandibula, and 1 of the 2 arms connecting these 2 systems - the ligamentum laterale. As this ligament is taut during movements it can be considered a "guiding ligament" representing 1 of the 3 determining components of the mandibular movements. The other of the 2 arms has no anatomical equivalent; this arm, however, is "replaced" by the 2 other determining components of the mandibular movements: the joint and the muscles. The curves, which the Caput mandibulae describes, are practically identical for the open-closing movement and the protrusio despite of the different 4-bar links and these curves exactly correspond to the Discus articularis, taut by the upper part of the M. pterygoideus lateralis. The muscles do not only just move the mandibula, but they are also the component, which can choose between the different mandibular movements. By means of the curves, which points in the muscular attachments describe, the function of the masticatory muscles could be analyzed exactly.     

Biophysics and Structure of the Patch and the Gigaseal

Interpreting channel behavior in patches requires an understanding of patch structure and dynamics, especially in studies of mechanosensitive channels. High resolution optical studies show that patch formation occurs via blebbing that disrupts normal membrane structure and redistributes in situ components including ion channels. There is a 1-2 μm region of the seal below the patch where proteins are excluded and this may consist of extracted lipids that form the gigaseal. Patch domes often have complex geometries with inhomogeneous stresses due to the membrane-glass adhesion energy (E_a), cytoskeletal forces, and possible lipid subdomains. The resting tension in the patch dome ranges from 1-4 mN/m, a significant fraction of the lytic tension of a bilayer (∼10 mN/m). Thus, all patch experiments are conducted under substantial, and uneven, resting tension that may alter the kinetics of many channels. E_a seems dominated by van der Waals attraction overlaid with a normally repulsive Coulombic force. High ionic strength pipette saline increased E_a and, surprisingly, increased cytoskeletal rigidity in cell-attached patches. Low pH pipette saline also increased E_a and reduced the seal selectivity for cations, presumably by neutralizing the membrane surface charge. The seal is a negatively charged, cation selective, space with a resistance of ∼7 gigohm/μm in 100 mM KCl, and the high resistivity of the space may result from the presence of high viscosity glycoproteins. Patches creep up the pipette over time with voltage independent and voltage dependent components. Voltage-independent creep is expected from the capillary attraction of E_a and the flow of fresh lipids from the cell. Voltage-dependent creep seems to arise from electroosmosis in the seal. Neutralization of negative charges on the seal membrane with low pH decreased the creep rate and reversed the direction of creep at positive pipette potentials.     

The efficacy of ropivacaine and bupivacaine in the caesarean section and the effect on the vital signs and the hemodynamics of the lying-in women

ObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy of ropivacaine and bupivacaine in caesarean section and vital signs and the hemodynamics of the lying-in women.MethodsA total of 480 lying-in women who were admitted to this hospital for treatment between December 2017 and June 2018 were enrolled into this study as the subjects, which were divided into the experiment group and the control group, with 240 subjects in each group. In the experiment group, subjects received the local anesthesia by infusion of 1.5 mL ropivacaine (0.75%), while those in the control group also took the local anesthesia by infusion of 1.5 mL bupivacaine (0.75%). Thereafter, we observed the differences in the anesthetic efficiency, vital signs and hemodynamics of the lying-in women between two groups.ResultsThe excellent and good rates of the anesthesia in two groups were 92.1% and 87.9%, showing no obvious difference; in the experiment group, the average arterial pressures and systolic pressures at 5 min and 10 min after combined spinal and epidural analgesia (CSEA) were all elevated when comparing to the control group (all P < 0.05); in the experiment group, the onset time was obviously extended, while duration of sensory and motor block and the duration of motor block were all shorter than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). During anesthesia, the incidence rate of the adverse reactions in the control group was 2.50%, significantly higher than 0.83% in the experiment group (P < 0.05).ConclusionDespite that ropivacaine and bupivacaine are efficient in anesthesia in the CSEA in the caesarean section, ropivacaine is more recommended for little influence on the hemodynamics, shorter duration of sensory block and motor block and low incidence rate of adverse reactions, which are conducive to the recovery and also safe to the patients.