厌氧氨氧化生物脱氮技术的研究进展

厌氧氨氧化是指在厌氧条件下,厌氧氨氧化混合菌直接以NH4 为电子供体,以NO3-或NO2-为电子受体,将NH4^ 、NO3-或NO2-转变成N2的过程。厌氧氨氧化作为一种新型的污水处理工艺具有较高的理论意义和良好的应用前景。本文主要阐述了厌氧氨氧化生物脱氮技术原理、厌氧氨氧化的可能途径、方法及其应用现状,并且讨论了厌氧氨氧化反应的微生物学机理和厌氧氨氧化工艺的开发,提出了今后研究的主要方向。     

废水自养生物脱氮技术研究进展

基于短程硝化和厌氧氨氧化的自养脱氮工艺是生物脱氮领域研究的热点,它的发现为低碳氮比废水的处理提供了新的思路。近些年来,人们陆续开发了SHARON、ANAMMOX、CANON、OLAND等自养生物脱氮工艺,进一步推动了高效、低耗脱氮技术的开发和研究。本文从工艺原理、特点等方面,对自养生物脱氮工艺的国内外研究状况进行了总结和对比,并提出了存在的问题及发展方向。     

生物脱氮新工艺研究进展

废水生物脱氮已经成为水污染控制的一个重要研究方向,传统的生物脱氮采用的是硝化－反硝化工艺,但存在很多问题,最近的一些研究表明,生物脱氮过程中出现了一些超出人们转传统认识的新现象,为水处理工作设计处理工艺提供了新的理论思路,现就这一领域的研究进展作一综述。     

厌氧氨氧化组合脱氮工艺研究进展

厌氧氨氧化工艺是一项高效、低耗的生物脱氮工艺,但受限于底物类型、硝氮积累等问题,其在主流应用中仍然面临一些挑战。近些年来,针对上述问题,厌氧氨氧化组合工艺得到了广泛关注。通过对近年来所开发的厌氧氨氧化组合工艺,从工艺原理、优缺点、影响因素、工艺拓展性及其在推广应用中存在的关键瓶颈等角度进行探讨,并结合课题组相关工作,展望了厌氧氨氧化组合工艺在城市生活污水处理中的发展前景。     

厌氧氨氧化菌驱动脱氮途径的研究进展

厌氧氨氧化菌(anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, AnAOB)的代谢多样性,使得该菌群能够在海洋、湿地和陆地等不同的自然生态系统中广泛分布,甚至在一些极热和极寒环境中也检测到了该菌群的存在。本文回顾并总结了厌氧氨氧化菌在不同生态系统中的发现、分布及脱氮贡献等方面的研究,分析了厌氧氨氧化菌分布的主要环境影响因素。该综述将帮助我们更好地理解全球氮循环中厌氧氨氧化菌的实际角色和功能,并基于厌氧氨氧化(anaerobicammoniaoxidation,anammox)过程,探究能与其进行协作的新型生物脱氮工艺,以期为这些工艺的研发和推广提供生态学基础和新的思考,从而实现脱氮工艺的技术变革。     

捷径生物脱氮的研究进展

对捷径生物脱氮的机理、运行条件、实验研究及工业应用作了简单的综述和讨论,并指出了捷径生物脱氮技术的特点及应用前景.     

湖泊氮素氧化及脱氮过程研究进展

自然界中氮的生物地球化学循环主要由微生物驱动,由固氮作用、硝化作用、反硝化作用和氨化作用来完成。过去数十年间,随着异养硝化、厌氧氨氧化和古菌氨氧化作用的发现,人们对环境中氮素循环认识逐步深入,提出了多种脱氮途径新假说。对湖泊生态系统中氮素的输入、输出及其在水体、沉积物和水土界面的迁移转化过程进行了概括,对湖泊生态系统中反硝化和厌氧氨氧化脱氮机理及脱氮效率的最新研究进展进行了探讨,并对以后的氮素循环研究进行了展望。     

生物脱氮新工艺研究进展*

废水生物脱氮已经成为水污染控制的一个重要研究方向。传统的生物脱氮采用的是硝化 反硝化工艺 ,但存在很多问题。最近的一些研究表明 :生物脱氮过程中出现了一些超出人们传统认识的新现象 ,为水处理工作者设计处理工艺提供了新的理论和思路。现就这一领域的研究进展作一综述。     

FISH荧光原位杂交技术在污水生物脱氮研究中的应用

简要介绍了荧光原位杂交（FISH）的基本原理,着重讨论近年来该技术在污水生物脱氮研究中的应用现状和特点。研究表明：FISH技术能够准确地表现污水处理反应器中脱氮菌群落的类型和结构形态。但在关于SRT、DO、C／N比等工艺参数的变化对脱氮反应器中微生物类型、数量和结构的影响等方面的研究还有待深入。FISH技术与PCR—DGGE和16SrRNA／rDNA序列分析等技术相结合是对污水处理构筑物中生物脱氮群落深入研究的发展方向。     

厌氧氨氧化菌的代谢途径及其关键酶的研究进展

作为新型生物脱氮工艺的代表,厌氧氨氧化反应的代谢功能菌——厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)菌也逐渐成为研究的热点。本文介绍了10种Anammox菌的发现过程,阐述了Anammox菌的关键酶的研究进展。通过对Candidatus"Brocadia anammoxidans"和Candidatus"Kuenenia stuttgartiensis"菌的代谢途径的分析和推理,综述了化学计量模型、生化反应模型和能量代谢模型,并提出了一种可能存在的基于关键酶的厌氧氨氧化菌微界面代谢新途径。     

Hydroxylamine metabolism in Pseudomonas PB16: involvement of a novel hydroxylamine oxidoreductase

Pseudomonas strain PB16, a Gram-negative heterotrophic nitrifying bacterium closely related to Pseudomonas azalaica on the basis of 16 S rDNA analysis, was able to use hydroxylamine as an additional energy source during growth in acetate limited chemostat cultures giving an increased biomass yield. In aerobically growing cells of Pseudomonas PB16 only 50% of supplemented hydroxylamine could be recovered as nitrite. In addition to nitrite, N2O could be detected in the chemostat off-gas, indicating combined heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification. The maximum specific hydroxylamine oxidizing activity observed was 450 nmol per min per mg dry weight, with a Ks of approximately 40 µm. Upon addition of hydroxylamine to the medium, Pseudomonas PB16 induced a soluble 132 KDa dimeric hydroxylamine oxidoreductase. The enzyme had a pH optimum of 9, and did not contain spectroscopic features typical for cytochromes, which is in contrast to hydroxylamine oxidoreductases fou nd in autotrophic bacteria.     

High-Resolution Structural Analysis of a Novel Octaheme Cytochrome c Nitrite Reductase from the Haloalkaliphilic Bacterium Thioalkalivibrio nitratireducens

Bacterial pentaheme cytochrome c nitrite reductases (NrfAs) are key enzymes involved in the terminal step of dissimilatory nitrite reduction of the nitrogen cycle. Their structure and functions are well studied. Recently, a novel octaheme cytochrome c nitrite reductase (TvNiR) has been isolated from the haloalkaliphilic bacterium Thioalkalivibrio nitratireducens. Here we present high-resolution crystal structures of the apoenzyme and its complexes with the substrate (nitrite) and the inhibitor (azide). Both in the crystalline state and in solution, TvNiR exists as a stable hexamer containing 48 hemes—the largest number of hemes accommodated within one protein molecule known to date. The subunit of TvNiR consists of two domains. The N-terminal domain has a unique fold and contains three hemes. The catalytic C-terminal domain hosts the remaining five hemes, their arrangement, including the catalytic heme, being identical to that found in NrfAs. The complete set of eight hemes forms a spatial pattern characteristic of other multiheme proteins, including structurally characterized octaheme cytochromes. The catalytic machinery of TvNiR resembles that of NrfAs. It comprises the lysine residue at the proximal position of the catalytic heme, the catalytic triad of tyrosine, histidine, and arginine at the distal side, channels for the substrate and product transport with a characteristic gradient of electrostatic potential, and, finally, two conserved Ca²⁺-binding sites. However, TvNiR has a number of special structural features, including a covalent bond between the catalytic tyrosine and the adjacent cysteine and the unusual topography of the product channels that open into the void interior space of the protein hexamer. The role of these characteristic structural features in the catalysis by this enzyme is discussed.     

Novel principles in the microbial conversion of nitrogen compounds

Some aspects of inorganic nitrogen conversion by microorganisms like N2O emission and hydroxylamine metabolism studied by Beijerinck and Kluyver, founders of the Delft School of Microbiology, are still actual today. In the Kluyver Laboratory for Biotechnology, microbial conversion of nitrogen compounds is still a central research theme. In recent years a range of new microbial processes and process technological applications have been studied. This paper gives a review of these developments including, aerobic denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation, heterotrophic nitrification, and formation of intermediates (NO2-, NO, N2O), as well as the way these processes are controlled at the genetic and enzyme level.     

Enzymology of the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite by bacteria

The enzymes which catalyze the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite by autotrophic bacteria are reviewed. A comparison is made with enzymes which catalyze the same reactions in methylotrophs and organotrophic heterotrophic bacteria.     

异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌的研究进展

异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌株的发现是对传统硝化反硝化的突破和发展。近年来由于其独特的生物学特性及其在污水处理中的巨大优势,受到众多学者的青睐。文章介绍了异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌的筛选,异养硝化-好氧反硝化代谢途径和异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌的影响因素,并总结了异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌在废水处理中的研究进展,最后展望未来研究的方向。     

Mutational Analysis of the Multicopy hao Gene Coding for Hydroxylamine Oxidoreductase in Nitrosomonas sp. Strain ENI-11

The ammonia-oxidizing bacterium Nitrosomonas sp. strain ENI-11 contains three copies of the hao gene (hao ₁, hao ₂, and hao ₃) coding for hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO). Three single mutants (hao ₁::kan, hao ₂::kan, or hao ₃::kan) had 68 to 75% of the wild-type growth rate and 58 to 89% of the wild-type HAO activity when grown under the same conditions. A double mutant (hao ₁::kan and hao ₃::amp) also had 68% of the wild-type growth and 37% of the wild-type HAO activity.     

重组人神经生长因子β亚基的原核融合表达及其活性研究

目的：通过原核融合表达,获得具有生物活性的重组人神经生长因子（hNGF）的B亚基。方法：分别以大肠杆菌二硫键形成蛋白家族（Dsb）中的DsbA、DsbC蛋白及硫氧还蛋白（Trx）为融合分子,与hNGFB亚基在原核表达系统进行融合表达,优化融合蛋白的复性条件,获得可溶性rhNGFp亚基融合蛋白;通过鸡胚背根神经节培养实验鉴定各融合蛋白的生物活性。结果：在获得的3种融合蛋白中,只有DsbA-L-NGF表现较高的、类似小鼠NGF的生物活性,可观察到其促进鸡胚被根神经节突起生长。结论：人神经生长因子B亚基与DsbA融合蛋白具有良好的生物活性。