不同方式构建A20鼠B细胞淋巴瘤动物模型

目的探索多种方式构建A20鼠B细胞淋巴瘤动物模型及不同方式造模成瘤的特征。方法鼠源性B细胞淋巴瘤细胞株A20经皮下、尾静脉、脾脏和腹腔接种于同源BALB/c小鼠或先接种裸鼠成瘤后组织块移植BALB/c小鼠,观察动物成瘤时间、成瘤率、成瘤部位;取肿瘤组织和动物脏器行石蜡包埋、病理切片、HE染色观察其组织学特点。结果BALB/c鼠皮下注2×10^6组、2×10^7组和裸鼠瘤组织移植BALB/c小鼠组成瘤率皆为100%,成瘤时间分别为（15.29±3.2）d（、7.0±0.82）d和（6.29±0.49）d。BALB/c小鼠尾静脉注射2×106组、2×107组、脾脏注射组、腹腔注射组成瘤率分别为71.4%、100%、71.4%、14.3%,成瘤时间分别为（76.8±12.0）d、（26.1±7.99）d、（32.6±5.99）d和27 d。尾静脉成瘤部位播及肝脏、脾脏、胰腺、肾脏、食道、胃、肠、肠系膜、脑、淋巴结、骨、子宫、肌肉等多脏器和组织。BALB/c鼠A20成瘤组织学类似人弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤。结论成功构建A20皮下移植瘤模型、血行播散性模型,为利用有免疫功能动物进行B淋巴瘤相关研究提供了实验平台。     

绿色荧光裸鼠血液生理生化指标检测分析

目的检测绿色荧光蛋白（green fluorescenc eprotein,GFP）转基因裸鼠血液生理生化指标,为将来的研究提供基础参考值。方法实验选用6～8周GFP转基因裸鼠及对照组BABL／C裸鼠雌雄各30只,取血测定血生化和血常规指标。结果①GFP转基因裸鼠与对照组BABL／C裸鼠比较,白细胞总数（WBC）、尿素（URE）、平均血红蛋浓度（MCHC）、葡萄糖（GLU）差异极显著（P〈0．01）;血红蛋白（HGB）、红细胞分布宽度（RDW）、血小板计数（PLT）、尿酸（uA）差异显著（P〈0．05）,其它指标差异不显著。②GFP转基因裸鼠雌雄间比较,红细胞分布宽度（RDW）、平均血红蛋白含量（MCH）、平均血红蛋浓度（MCHC）、血小板计数（PLT）、球蛋白（G）、胆固醇（TC）、HDL-胆固醇（HDL—TC）差异极显著（P〈0．01）,白蛋白（ALB）、葡萄糖（GLU）差异显著（P〈0．05）,其它指标差异不显著。结论转基因GFP转基因裸鼠的生理生化指标值在雄雌间有一定的差异,为相关的生物医学研究提供了基础数据。     

GFP在绿色荧光裸鼠不同组织中的表达及分析

目的研究外源绿色荧光蛋白（green fluorescent protein,简称GFP）基因在BALB/c绿色荧光裸鼠主要器官组织中的表达及其差异。方法小动物成像系统和RT-PCR方法检测GFP的组织分布以及荧光表达水平情况。结果经活体荧光影像系统观察及PCR方法检测发现GFP可以在裸鼠多个器官组织中表达,其中在胰腺、心脏、全脑、皮肤、睾丸中表达量较高。结论外源绿色荧光蛋白可以在模型动物体内成功表达且稳定遗传,其中在胰腺组织中高表达。     

紫杉醇抑制前列腺癌增殖的体内实验研究

目的探讨紫杉醇对人前列腺癌细胞PC-3增殖的体内抑制作用。方法建立体内绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）标记的人雄激素非依赖性前列腺癌细胞PC-3裸鼠原位移植瘤模型,观察紫杉醇对裸鼠前列腺癌原位移植瘤的体积、重量的影响。结果裸鼠模型体内实验显示,与对照组（100μL生理盐水）相比,紫杉醇处理组（0.5 mg/kg）在给药第18天后能显著抑制前列腺肿瘤的体积（P〈0.05）;紫杉醇处理组在抑制前列腺肿瘤重量方面与对照组相比亦有明显抑制作用（P〈0.05）。与对照组相比G31P处理组VEGF（P〈0.05）的表达差异具有统计学意义（免疫组化法）。结论紫杉醇在体内实验中能明显抑制人雄激素非依赖性前列腺癌细胞系PC-3的增殖。     

蛋白质粉对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的探讨蛋白质粉对正常小鼠免疫调节作用。方法将BALB/c小鼠随机分为3批,每批分为4组,分别进行了小鼠免疫器官/体质量比值测定和小鼠碳廓清实验;绵羊红细胞诱导小鼠DTH、抗体生成细胞检测和血清凝血素测定（HC50）;ConA诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化实验和乳酸锂脱氢酶法（LDH）测定NK细胞活性;小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞实验。结果10.00 g/kg剂量的蛋白质粉可增强绵羊红细胞诱导小鼠DTH能力（P〈0.05）,促进抗体生成细胞数的生成（P〈0.01）。3.33 g/kg和10.00 g/kg剂量组能促进ConA诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化能力（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）和血清凝血素的生成（P〈0.05）;三个剂量组均能提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞能力（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;3.33 g/kg和10.00 g/kg剂量组能提高NK细胞活性（P〈0.05）;但对小鼠碳廓清能力和免疫器官/体重比值无明显影响。结论蛋白质粉对正常小鼠的细胞、体液免疫和单核-巨噬细胞功能和NK功能有促进作用,即具有增强免疫力功能。     

移植胎鼠间充质干细胞的抗衰老作用

本文旨在研究BALB/c小鼠胎鼠源干细胞同种异体移植的抗衰老作用。采用无菌剖宫产取胎鼠,密度梯度离心法分离干细胞,贴壁培养法纯化扩增间充质干细胞,连续3次尾静脉注射P1代细胞植入15月龄雌性BALB/c小鼠体内。超声检查小鼠心脏,检查血清总超氧化物歧化酶活力、丙二醛含量、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力,各器官做解剖学检查以及组织学衰老程度比较、评分。结果显示,Y染色体原位杂交实验检测到移植后干细胞长期存活,移植后移植组小鼠存活日期明显长于对照组,移植3个月后评价心功能的各指标,心脏质量指数、脾脏质量指数,心脏、肾脏、肺脏、皮肤、结肠等器官组织学衰老程度评分结果以及血液生化指标,皆优于对照组(均P0.05)。以上结果提示,移植小鼠胎鼠源干细胞能有效地延缓小鼠衰老进程。     

中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶在小鼠实验性结肠炎中的表达及意义

目的：观察中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶（NE）在葡聚糖硫酸钠（DSS）诱导的小鼠实验性结肠炎中的表达情况并探讨其表达的意义。方法：健康雄性BALB/c小鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组。模型组小鼠予5%DSS溶液自由饮用制备小鼠急性实验性结肠炎模型,正常对照组小鼠予蒸馏水自由饮用。每日观察小鼠的一般状况及疾病活动指数（DAI）评分,于实验第5、9天分批处死小鼠,取小鼠结肠行组织学损伤评分;ELISA法检测小鼠血浆中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶浓度;Western blot法检测远端结肠组织中NE蛋白的表达。结果：与正常对照组相比,模型组小鼠在实验第5天及第9天DAI评分显著升高（P〈0.001）、结肠组织学损伤评分明显升高（P〈0.01）、血浆NE浓度明显升高（P〈0.01）、远端结肠NE蛋白表达增加显著（P〈0.001）。在实验第5天及第9天,模型组小鼠DAI评分与组织学损伤评分呈显著正相关（P〈0.05）,血浆中NE浓度及结肠中NE蛋白的表达与DAI评分、组织学评分均呈显著正相关（P〈0.05）。结论：NE在实验性结肠炎小鼠血浆及结肠组织中表达明显增加,且与疾病活动指数及组织学评分呈正相关,提示NE可能参与实验性结肠炎小鼠的发病。     

肺炎链球菌假想蛋白SPD0414亚细胞定位及对细菌黏附侵袭的影响

目的 为研究肺炎链球菌假想蛋白SPD0414在肺炎链球菌（S.pn）的亚细胞定位,并初步研究其在S.pn黏附和定植中的作用.方法 通过分别在SPD0414的N端和C端融合绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）,共聚焦荧光显微镜观察定位情况.用203野生菌和203△spd0414缺陷菌对鼻咽癌细胞CNE和肺腺癌细胞A549细胞的黏附侵袭实验.体内实验中用203和203△spd0414滴鼻感染BALB/c,在6 h和12 h观察细菌在鼻腔和肺中的载量.结果 无论N端或C端融合的GFP都显示绿色荧光,且整个菌体都显示荧光.与203野生菌相比,203△spd0414缺陷菌对CNE和A549的黏附和侵袭能力均显著下降（P＜0.05）.滴鼻感染BALB/c小鼠,在6 h和12 h,203△spd0414在鼻腔和肺中的细菌载量也明显低于203野生菌（P＜0.05）.结论 肺炎链球菌假想蛋白SPD0414定位于细菌的胞质.该蛋白在细菌的定植和侵袭中发挥了重要的作用.     

人OC-3-VGH卵巢癌细胞裸小鼠肿瘤模型的建立

目的建立人OC-3-VGH细胞株卵巢癌裸小鼠模型并观察该肿瘤生物学生长特性。方法OC-3-VGH细胞株复苏后加入10 mL RPMI-1640培养液,放入培养箱,传2～3代后,取细胞悬液,均以4×106个细胞,每只0.2 mL分别接种至BALB/c雌性裸小鼠皮下,2月后处死取材,观察肿瘤生长特性和转移情况。结果皮下接种一周后,裸鼠长出肿瘤,并随时间而增大,体积呈指数增长,第42天始,明显增大（P〈0.05）。组织学检查发现裸鼠皮下肿瘤细胞均细胞体积较大,细胞核大而染色深,核分裂相较多、异型性明显,接种2个月时,未发生其他组织转移。结论建立了新的卵巢癌动物模型,并初步研究了其生物学特性,为卵巢癌治疗方法的研究拓宽了道路。     

hsBAFF对小鼠脾脏B淋巴细胞增殖与免疫应答及胞内Ca2+水平的影响

目的：探讨大肠杆菌表达的人源可溶性B淋巴细胞激活因子hsBAFF对小鼠脾脏B淋巴细胞免疫反应及其对胞内游离Ca^2＋信号变化的影响。方法：选择20只健康ICR小鼠,雌雄各半,随机分成两组（n=10）：①对照组;②hsBAFF实验组。实验组小鼠腹腔注射含hsBAFF（0．1mg／kgbw）的PBS溶液,对照组注射同等剂量的PBS溶液．连续8d。用MTT法检测小鼠脾脏B淋巴细胞的增殖及其对LPS刺激的免疫反应,并用激光共聚焦显微镜分析脾脏B淋巴细胞胞内钙离子水平（[Ca^2＋]i）变化。结果：hsBAFF注射小鼠的脾脏B淋巴细胞增殖和对LPS刺激的免疫反应均明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）;hsBAFF注射组[Ca^2＋]i荧光强度维持在相对稳定的高水平上波动,平均荧光强度显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）,且荧光强度变化率小于对照组。结论：大肠杆菌表达的hsBAFF能促进B淋巴细胞的增殖和免疫应答,从而增强机体免疫功能。hsBAFF激活小鼠脾脏B淋巴细胞可能与[Ca^2＋]i升高有关。     

利用非侵入性光学成像技术监测在体肿瘤的生长

利用电穿孔技术将gfp表达质粒转染于SP2／0细胞,通过G418筛选获得稳定表达GFP的小鼠骨髓瘤细胞株SP2／0—GFP细胞。将稳定的转化细胞移植于同系BALB／c小鼠后腿、耳部皮下及腹腔成瘤,每隔一天对小鼠肿瘤成像,跟踪肿瘤的生长过程。结果表明,探测到的GFP荧光强度和发光范围与肿瘤的生长或消亡相关,从而证明可以利用GFP作为肿瘤细胞的标记,结合光学成像技术,对肿瘤生长过程实时追踪。     

A transgenic red fluorescent protein‐expressing nude mouse for color‐coded imaging of the tumor microenvironment

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is critical for tumor growth and progression. We have previously developed color‐coded imaging of the TME using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic nude mouse as a host. However, most donor sources of cell types appropriate for study in the TME are from mice expressing GFP. Therefore, a nude mouse expressing red fluorescent protein (RFP) would be an appropriate host for transplantation of GFP‐expressing stromal cells as well as double‐labeled cancer cells expressing GFP in the nucleus and RFP in the cytoplasm, thereby creating a three‐color imaging model of the TME. The RFP nude mouse was obtained by crossing non‐transgenic nude mice with the transgenic C57/B6 mouse in which the β‐actin promoter drives RFP (DsRed2) expression in essentially all tissues. In crosses between nu/nu RFP male mice and nu/+ RFP female mice, the embryos fluoresced red. Approximately 50% of the offspring of these mice were RFP nude mice. In the RFP nude mouse, the organs all brightly expressed RFP, including the heart, lungs, spleen, pancreas, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, the male and female reproductive systems; brain and spinal cord; and the circulatory system, including the heart, and major arteries and veins. The skinned skeleton highly expressed RFP. The bone marrow and spleen cells were also RFP positive. GFP‐expressing human cancer cell lines, including HCT‐116‐GFP colon cancer and MDA‐MB‐435‐GFP breast cancer were orthotopically transplanted to the transgenic RFP nude mice. These human tumors grew extensively in the transgenic RFP nude mouse. Dual‐color fluorescence imaging enabled visualization of human tumor–host interaction. The RFP nude mouse model should greatly expand our knowledge of the TME. J. Cell. Biochem. 106: 279–284, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Imaging the recruitment of cancer-associated fibroblasts by liver-metastatic colon cancer

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is critical for tumor growth and progression. However, the formation of the TME is largely unknown. This report demonstrates a color-coded imaging model in which the development of the TME can be visualized. In order to image the TME, a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing mouse was used as the host which expresses GFP in all organs but not the parenchymal cells of the liver. Non-colored HCT-116 human colon cancer cells were injected in the spleen of GFP nude mice which led to the formation of experimental liver metastasis. TME formation resulting from the liver metastasis was observed using the Olympus OV100 small animal fluorescence imaging system. HCT-116 cells formed tumor colonies in the liver 28 days after cell transplantation to the spleen. GFP-expressing host cells were recruited by the metastatic tumors as visualized by fluorescence imaging. A desmin positive area increased around and within the liver metastasis over time, suggesting cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were recruited by the liver metastasis which have a role in tumor progression. The color-coded model of the TME enables its formation to be visualized at the cellular level in vivo, in real-time. This imaging model of the TME should lead to new visual targets in the TME.     

Color-coded imaging of splenocyte-pancreatic cancer cell interactions in the tumor microenvironment

In spite of advances in surgical and medical care pancreatic cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. An understanding of cancer cell interactions with host cells is critical to our ability to develop effective antitumor therapeutics for pancreatic cancer. We report here a color-coded model system for imaging cancer cell interactions with host immune cells within the native pancreas. A human pancreatic cancer cell line engineered to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the nucleus and red fluorescent protein (DsRed2) in the cytoplasm was orthotopically implanted into the pancreas of a nude mouse. After 10-14 days red or green fluorescent splenocytes from immune-competent donors were delivered systemically to the pancreatic cancer-bearing nude mice. Animals were imaged after splenocyte delivery using high-resolution intravital imaging systems. At 1 day after iv injection red or green fluorescent spleen cells were found distributed in lung, liver, spleen and pancreas. By 4 days after cell delivery, however, the immune cells could be clearly imaged surrounding the tumor cells within the pancreas as well as collecting within lymphatic tissues such as lymph nodes and spleen. With the high-resolution intravital imaging afforded by the Olympus IV100 and OV100 systems the interactions of the dual-colored cancer cells and the red fluorescent spleen cells could be clearly imaged in this orthotopic pancreatic cancer model. This color-coded in vivo imaging technology offers a novel approach to imaging the interactions of cancer and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME).     

In vivo generation of suppressor T cells by thymosin in congenitally athymic nude mice

Treatment of nude mice with thymic factors such as thymosin has been mostly ineffective in generating effector T cells. This study examined the effects of treating nude mice with thymosin fraction 5 on the induction of cells that could participate in and/or regulate cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) generation by normal spleen cells in vitro. Splenic lymphocytes from BALB/c nude mice injected with thymosin fraction 5 every other day for 2 wk were tested for their ability to generate CTL in vitro. Two days after the last subcutaneous injection of thymosin, nude spleens were removed, mixed with normal BALB/c spleen cells, and placed into a mixed lymphocyte tumor culture (MLTC) against allogeneic RBL 5 tumor cells. After a 5-day incubation, cultures were tested for the presence of CTL in a 4-hr 51Cr-release assay. Spleen cells from thymosin-treated nude mice did not generate CTL but suppressed the ability of normal spleen cells to generate CTL in vitro. Characterization of the thymosin-induced nude mouse suppressor cells showed them to be Thy 1 positive, nonadherent, cyclophosphamide-sensitive T cells. These data demonstrate that some T cell maturation occurs in vivo under thymosin influence. However, the activity of these cells is initially limited to a regulatory function. These studies suggest that maturation of functional suppressor T cells occurs before CTL. Further immunologic manipulation appears to be necessary in order to induce CTL effector cells in nude mice.     

金黄色葡萄球菌类肠毒素K与GFP融合蛋白工程菌的构建及其表达蛋白生物学活性分析

目的:构建携带金黄色葡萄球菌类肠毒素K(staphylococcal enterotoxin-like K,SElK)和绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)融合基因的工程菌,并对SElK-GFP融合蛋白进行初步生物学活性分析。方法:利用PCR和Overlap PCR克隆获得SElK-GFP融合基因,并插入pET28a表达载体中,通过菌落PCR,质粒双酶切及测序验证后,将构建成功的pET28a-SElK-GFP质粒转化到E. coli BL21菌株中进行诱导表达,通过Ni+亲和磁珠试剂盒纯化获得SElK-GFP融合蛋白;并利用MTT法检测SElK-GFP刺激小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖; ELISA法检测SElK-GFP尾静脉注射后小鼠血清中细胞因子IL-2和IFN-γ的分泌水平。结果:成功构建能够表达SElK-GFP融合蛋白的工程菌,纯化获得高纯度的SElK-GFP融合蛋白可观测到明显的绿色荧光,融合蛋白生物学活性分析表明,SElK-GFP能够呈剂量依赖性地显著刺激小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖;同时ELISA检测发现SElK-GFP可显著增加小鼠血清中细胞因子IL-2及IFN-γ的分泌水平。结论:成功克隆、表达及纯化获得高纯度的SElK-GFP融合蛋白,其不仅保留了SElK的超抗原活性,同时兼具GFP绿色荧光的可视性,为深入研究SElK生物学活性提供有利工具。     

基于GFP的FRET应用

绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）是一种活性荧光标记,已被用来研究基因表达、分子定位,蛋白质折叠和转运;荧光共振能量转移（FRET）是一种无损伤的光学检测方法,能检测到小于纳米的距离变化。将GFP的活性定位标记功能与FRET的高分辨率相结合。为活体研究生物分子的功能和命运开创了新的篇章。作者在介绍GFP和FRET原理的基础上,综述了基于GFP的FRET在蛋白酶活性,蛋白质间相互作用 构象改变研究中的应用。     

Renal clearance of absorbed intact GFP in the frog and rat intestine

Intestine absorption of intact green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its following accumulation in the renal proximal tubule cells after its intragastric administration have been established by confocal microscopy in the rat and frog. Reabsorbed GFP was revealed in the endosomes and lysosomes of the proximal tubule cells by the methods of GFP photooxidation and immunofluorescent microscopy. The GFP intestine absorption rate and GFP accumulation in the kidney were significantly higher in the frog than in the rat. No specific fluorescence was revealed in the liver and colon cells after the GFP intragastric administration. The data obtained indicate the ability of the small intestine in the frog and rat to absorb intact proteins and an important role of the kidney in exogenous protein metabolism.     

Generation and characterization of a GFP transgenic rat line for embryological research

Model organisms expressing fluorescent proteins are important tools for research. The present study was performed to generate and characterize a new line of green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic rats for use as a model in experimental embryological research. We injected a GFP expression vector into 135 zygotes of the Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat strain. Embryo transfer of 103 surviving embryos resulted in the production of 35 offspring (33.9%) and two of them were transgenic (5.7%). Two transgenic rat lines that ubiquitously express GFP under the control of the cytomegalovirus-enhancer/beta-actin (CAGGS) promoter were generated by breeding. We studied the main embryological parameters of one these GFP transgenic lines. Homozygous GFP-transgenic females have the same ovulation and superovulation rates as wild type (WT) females. Transgenic embryos reached blastocyst stage in vitro and developed in vivo after embryo transfer without decrease in their developmental ability compared to the control group. The genotype of the parents determined the onset of GFP expression in preimplantation embryos. When the GFP gene is derived from the transgenic female parent, fluorescence was detected in oocytes and in embryos of all further stages of development. When the GFP gene is inherited by the transgenic male parent, GFP was only expressed from the blastocyst stage on. GFP-transgenic rats represent a valuable tool to mark embryos for many embryological studies such as transgenesis, gene expression patterns during early development, embryo aggregation for analysis of the distribution of cells in chimeric embryos and nuclear transfer to confirm the origin of the cloned offspring.