枯草芽孢杆菌微生态制剂制备及在仿刺参养殖中的应用

采用2%海藻酸钠为壁材,4%氯化钙作为固定化剂,将发酵后收集的枯草芽孢杆菌菌体制备成微生态制剂。将该枯草芽孢杆菌微生态制剂添加到仿刺参基础饲料中,对仿刺参进行喂养,观察其对仿刺参消化酶活性以及生长和仿刺参养殖水质的影响。试验组在基础饲料上添加5 mL的枯草芽孢杆菌微生态制剂,其投喂量为仿刺参体重的5%,并且换水周期为3 d。试验结果表明,添加枯草芽孢杆菌微生态制剂的试验组水质中亚硝酸盐、氨氮、化学需氧量均低于对照组。通过2个生长阶段的比较,试验组内仿刺参肠道内淀粉酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶活性均高于对照组,尤其淀粉酶活力提高明显。通过对试验组和对照组中仿刺参的质量增加率和质量日增重量进行比较,在生长第1个阶段里两组数值差距不明显,但在生长第2个阶段里,两组数值差距逐渐增大,这说明微生态制荆对仿刺参生长的影响,随着时间逐渐增大。     

复合微生态制剂对断奶仔猪生产性能、粪便菌群及血液指标的影响

目的 探讨复合微生态制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、粪便乳酸菌和大肠埃希菌数、血液红胞数以及血红蛋白含量及其对免疫水平的影响.方法 选择25日龄的断奶仔猪共108头,平均分为两组:Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组,每组3个重复,每个重复18只,Ⅰ组饲喂全价料+2.0‰复合微生态制剂;Ⅱ组为对照组,饲喂全价料,实验期为42 d.结果 至实验结束时,复合微生态制剂组的料重比显著低于对照组(P ＜0.05);14、28和42 d时复合微生态制剂组粪便中的大肠埃希菌数比对照组低7.94％,2.90％和4.89％,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);14d时,复合微生态制剂组粪便乳酸菌数与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),28和42 d时,两组粪便乳酸菌数差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).14、28和42 d时复合微生态制剂组血液中红细胞数和血红蛋白浓度均显著高于对照组.两组血清尿素氮水平差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),复合微生态制剂组血清总蛋白和IgG的含量与对照组相比有升高的趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),复合微生态制剂组血清IgA和IgM的浓度显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 复合微生态制剂可以显著降低断奶仔猪的料重比,降低粪便中大肠埃希菌数量,促进血液红细胞和血红蛋白的含量,提高断奶仔猪的免疫水平.     

微生态制剂对刺参幼参在封闭式循环养殖系统中的应用研究

目的对循环水养殖系统水质指标和刺参幼参的生长代谢进行分析。方法在水温（16±1）℃的循环养殖系统中投喂不同的微生态制剂。结果30d实验结果表明：循环养殖系统具有一定自净能力,微生态制剂能够显著延长循环养殖系统的自净周期。其中“EM菌剂”在控制溶解氧含量等方面具有优势。结论复合微生态制剂“海微净水剂”和“hEM菌剂”在降解氨氮、亚硝酸盐、磷酸盐和化学耗氧量等方面效果较单一微生态制剂“EM菌剂”效果好,并且刺参的生理活动也较强。此外“NEM菌剂”能够显著提高刺参幼参的生长速度。     

人参茎叶提取物对刺参生长、免疫及抗病力的影响

以初始体重为(4.910.17) g的刺参(Apostichopus japonicas)为研究对象,研究投喂不同剂量人参茎叶提取物对刺参生长、免疫及抗病力的影响,探讨人参茎叶提取物在刺参养殖中的应用。在每千克基础饲料中分别添加10、20、40和80 g人参茎叶提取物作为实验组,并以基础饲料为对照进行为期30d的饲喂养殖。结果显示,投喂人参茎叶提取物对刺参的生长并无显著影响,刺参特定生长率不随人参茎叶提取物添加量的增加而提高。当人参茎叶提取物添加量为80 g/kg时,刺参体腔细胞总数、呼吸暴发强度、细胞吞噬活性、超氧化物歧化酶活力、总一氧化氮合酶活力均显著高于对照组(P0.05);当人参茎叶提取物添加量为40 g/kg时,细胞吞噬活性也显著高于对照组(P0.05),但其余免疫指标与对照组相比无显著差异(P0.05);当人参茎叶提取物的添加量不大于20 g/kg时,各项免疫指标与对照组之间均无显著差异(P0.05)。攻毒实验表明, 20、40和80 g/kg人参茎叶提取物组的健康率要高于对照组,其中80 g/kg人参茎叶提取物组健康率为80.56%要显著高于对照组和10 g/kg人参茎叶提取物组(P0.05)。人参茎叶提取物可作为免疫增强剂应用于刺参的养殖中来提高刺参的免疫和抗病能力。       

微生态制剂对缺血性结肠炎大鼠肠道微生物和血脂的影响

目的 探讨微生态制剂对缺血性结肠炎大鼠肠道微生物和血脂的影响.方法 将30只SD大鼠制成缺血性结肠炎模型,并随机分为正常对照组、模型对照组和治疗组.正常对照组、模型对照组仅给予正常饲料喂食,治疗组在正常饲料喂食的基础上予复方嗜酸乳杆菌片灌胃(1×107 CFU/d),4周后抽血化验大鼠总胆固醇及甘油三酯,并处死大鼠,取肠道内容物做肠道乳酸菌、大肠埃希菌及真菌等微生物培养,数据采用统计学方法分析.结果 与正常对照组相比,模型对照组乳酸菌减少,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),大肠埃希菌和真菌数量增加,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);治疗组乳酸菌增多,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),大肠埃希菌和真菌数量减少,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).同时,治疗组大鼠总胆固醇及甘油三酯降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 缺血性结肠炎者出现肠道微生物紊乱,微生态制剂能增加肠道乳酸菌等益生菌,减少肠道条件致病菌和致病菌,维持肠道微生态平衡,同时对患者的血脂有一定的调节作用.     

微生态调节剂对鲤生长及肠道菌群的影响

应用微生态调节剂（ＪＹ１０、ＪＹ３１复合制剂）,作为饲料添加剂饲养鲤后,进行肠道菌群定位,定量及定性分析,并以投喂常规饵料的鲤作为对照。实验结果表明：微生态调节剂饲养后鲤肠道中ＪＹ１０、ＪＹ３１制品菌群量明显增加,大肠菌群量明显减少,定植效果良好;同时其生长指标明显优于对照组,说明该微生态调节剂对鲤肠道菌群的调整查和促进新陈代谢及生长均有明显作用。     

微生态制预防治早产儿坏死性小肠结肠炎的作用研究

目的 观察应用微生态制剂(金双歧)预防早产儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)的有效性.方法 2011年1月至2012年6月在成都市妇女儿童中心医院新生儿科住院治疗的279例生后存活7d并且开始胃肠道喂养的早产儿,预防组142例,对照组137例.预防组在对照组常规治疗原发病基础上每日给予双歧三联活菌片,每次0.5片,每日3次,用药至出院.观察治疗期间两组发生NEC的情况,对两组治疗前及治疗后7d分别留取新鲜粪便标本进行细菌学检查.结果 预防组NEC发病率为1.41％,对照组NEC发生率为5.84％,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).治疗后7d两组患儿肠道细菌总数、杆菌、球菌总数及杆球菌比值差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).预防组治疗前、治疗后7d杆球菌比值差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 给予早产儿预防性口服微生态制剂能够降低NEC发病率.其机制可能与口服微生态制剂后促进新生儿肠道正常菌群的定植和优势化、维持肠道正常菌群比率有关.     

林麝复合微生物制剂的研制

本研究采用林麝肠道分离的3株乳酸菌研制一种复合微生态制剂,对复合微生态制剂进行了不同配比的选择、昆明小鼠安全性试验、活菌数的监测和林麝的应用。结果显示:作为最优配比的复合微生态制剂C(S2∶S3∶MRS2-2=1∶1∶2),安全性试验结果显示其未引起小白鼠机体的不良反应;在14 d时,储存温度为-20℃下复合微生态制剂的活菌数降至1.43E+08 CFU/m L;用复合微生态制剂C治疗林麝肠道致病性大肠杆菌感染的昆明小鼠,结果显示微生态制剂组肠道乳酸菌显著大于空白组和感染组(P0.05),复合微生态制剂治疗腹泻林麝,治愈率为50%。本试验首次研制了一种林麝复合微生态制剂,对于提高林麝人工养殖的存活率有指导意义。     

早期肠内营养加微生态制剂对重症急性胰腺炎患者疗效的影响

目的：探讨早期肠内营养加微生态制剂对重症胰腺炎患者临床疗效、炎症指标及酶学指标的影响。方法：选取165例诊断为重症急性胰腺炎的患者,按就诊先后顺序分为对照组和观察组,对照组给予早期肠内营养,观察组给予早期肠内营养加微生态制剂,选取治疗后1、2w为观察时间点,比较两组患者的临床疗效、胃肠功能恢复情况,比较治疗前后血清白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）、C反应蛋白（CRP）水平变化情况,比较治疗前后血清淀粉酶、血清脂肪酶、血清乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）及感染发生率。结果：观察组患者的临床疗效优于对照组,胃肠功能显著优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,观察组患者的血清IL-6、TNF-α、CRP较对照组明显降低,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,观察组患者的血清淀粉酶、血清脂肪酶、LDH水平较对照组明显降低,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,观察组患者感染发生率明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论:重症急性胰腺炎患者治疗早期,在肠内营养支持基础上加用微生态制剂能够明显降低患者炎症指标及相关酶学指标水平,且感染发生率明显降低,具有重要的临床意义。     

饲料中添加叶酸和VB12对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长、非特异性免疫和抗病力的影响

为研究叶酸和VB12协同作用对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)幼蟹生长、非特异性免疫和抗病力的影响,选取初始体重为(2.570.03) g的幼蟹600只,随机分成4组,每组5个重复,每个重复30只幼蟹,分别投喂对照组(不添加叶酸和VB12),单一VB12组(0.2 mg/kg),单一叶酸组(2.3 mg/kg)和联合处理组(0.2 mg/kg VB12 +2.3 mg/kg叶酸)的饲料8周。在养殖实验结束后,先统计成活率和称重,然后从每个处理组随机选取30只幼蟹,用2108 CFU/mL的嗜水气单胞菌注射攻毒2周。实验结果表明:幼蟹的增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率和存活率在联合处理组最高,显著高于对照组(P0.05),但与单一叶酸或VB12组相比不存在显著差异(P0.05)。联合处理组的血清酚氧化酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),但与单一叶酸或VB12组也无显著性差异(P0.05)。同时,联合处理组的血清酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、溶菌酶活性和血细胞总数等指标最高,其次是单一叶酸组和VB12组,而对照组最低。投喂联合处理组饲料幼蟹的肝胰腺超氧化物歧化酶活性最高,而丙二醛含量和累积死亡率最低。以上结果表明,叶酸和VB12对幼蟹的生长、生理代谢和免疫性能均可能有互补和协同作用,养殖生产中建议饲料中叶酸和VB12添加量分别为2.3 mg/kg和0.2 mg/kg。       

不同细菌刺激后仿刺参体腔液中免疫相关酶的应答变化

为了解不同细菌刺激后仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)体腔液中免疫因子的应答变化,分别用灿烂弧菌(Vibrio splendidus)、哈维氏弧菌(V.harveyi)、假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas nigrifacien)、溶壁微球菌(Micrococcus lysodeikticus)和停乳链球菌(Streptococcus dysgadysgalactiae)注射刺激仿刺参,然后分别采用对硝基苯基磷酸酯(p NPP)底物法、氯化硝基四氮唑蓝(NBT)法、溶壁微球菌粉法和多巴络合物生成法对体腔液上清中的酸性磷酸酶(ACP)与碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、溶菌酶(LYZ)和酚氧化酶(PO)的活力进行了测定。结果显示,灿烂弧菌刺激后,酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活力显著升高,而超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶和酚氧化酶活力显著降低;哈维氏弧菌刺激后,酸性磷酸酶、超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶和酚氧化酶活力显著升高,碱性磷酸酶活力变化不规律;假交替单胞菌刺激后,酸性磷酸酶、溶菌酶和酚氧化酶活力显著升高,超氧化物歧化酶活力先升高后降低,碱性磷酸酶活力变化不规律;溶壁微球菌刺激后,酸性磷酸酶和酚氧化酶活力显著升高,超氧化物歧化酶活力先升高后降低,溶菌酶活力先升高后降低,而后在72 h恢复至对照水平,碱性磷酸酶活力变化不规律;停乳链球菌刺激后,除碱性磷酸酶活力在4 h有所下降外,其余免疫相关酶活力均显著升高。研究结果表明,酚氧化酶是仿刺参非特异性免疫系统中最敏感、高效的免疫因子之一;革兰氏阳性细菌与革兰氏阴性细菌之间在诱导仿刺参免疫因子应答变化上无明显规律性差异;溶壁微球菌诱导溶菌酶的应答变化与灿烂弧菌、哈维氏弧菌、假交替单胞菌和停乳链球菌存在明显差异,溶菌酶可能是仿刺参清除入侵溶壁微球菌的主要免疫因子;灿烂弧菌诱导仿刺参免疫因子应答变化显著不同于其他4株细菌,显示出本研究选取的5个免疫指标在预警灿烂弧菌病害上具有潜在应用价值;停乳链球菌在仿刺参中具有作为免疫增强剂的潜在应用价值。     

仿刺参“化皮病”体壁组织DNA甲基化的MSAP分析

利用甲基化敏感扩增多态性(Methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism, MSAP)技术分析了健康仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)体壁和“化皮病”仿刺参病变体壁、正常体壁DNA序列中CCGG位点的甲基化情况。结果显示, 健康仿刺参体壁和“化皮病”仿刺参病变体壁、正常体壁总甲基化水平分别为(18.60±5.61)%、(26.70±6.82)%和(19.53±3.34)%, 其中全甲基化水平分别为(13.97±4.86)%、(20.08±5.26)%和(15.42±2.61)%, 半甲基化水平分别为(4.63±3.59)%、(6.62±3.80)%和(4.11±2.08)%。“化皮病”仿刺参病变体壁总甲基化水平和全甲基化水平显著高于健康仿刺参体壁和“化皮病”仿刺参正常体壁(P<0.05), 健康仿刺参体壁与“化皮病”仿刺参正常体壁总甲基化水平和全甲基化水平差异不显著(P>0.05); 三者的半甲基化水平无显著差异(P>0.05)。因此, 推测仿刺参体壁“化皮”与DNA甲基化有关。     

Phenotypic plasticity of gut structure and function during periods of inactivity in Apostichopus japonicus

Apostichopus japonicus is a common sea cucumber that undergoes seasonal inactivity phases and ceases feeding during the summer months. We used this sea cucumber species as a model in which to examine phenotypic plasticity of the digestive tract in response to food deprivation. We measured the body mass, gross gut morphology and digestive enzyme activities of A. japonicus before, during, and after the period of inactivity to examine the effects of food deprivation on the gut structure and function of this animal. Individuals were sampled semi-monthly from June to November (10 sampling intervals over 178 days) across temperature changes of more than 18 degrees C. On 5 September, which represented the peak of inactivity and lack of feeding, A. japonicus decreased its body mass, gut mass and gut length by 50%, 85%, and 70%, respectively, in comparison to values for these parameters preceding the inactive period. The activities of amylase, cellulase and lipase decreased by 77%, 98%, and 35% respectively, in comparison to mean values for these enzymes in June, whereas pepsin activity increased two-fold during the inactive phase. Alginase and trypsin activities were variable and did not change significantly across the 178-day experiment. With the exception of amylase and cellulase, all body size indices and digestive enzyme activities recovered and even surpassed the mean values preceding the inactive phase during the latter part of the experiment (October-November). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) utilizing the digestive enzyme activity and body size index data divided the physiological state of this cucumber into four phases: an active stage, prophase of inactivity, peak inactivity, and a reversion phase. These phases are all consistent with previously suggested life stages for this species, but our data provide more defined characteristics of each phase. A. japonicus clearly exhibits phenotypic plasticity (or life-cycle staging) of the digestive tract during its annual inactive period.     

仿刺参消化系统的组织学和组织化学研究

用组织学和组织化学方法研究了仿刺参的消化系统。消化道管壁由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层和外膜组成。粘膜层为假复层或单层的柱状细胞或立方细胞与粘液细胞。粘液细胞分布于前肠的前段和排泄腔。前肠和中肠上皮具蛋白酶、脂酶和非特异性酯酶活性。中肠上皮细胞游离端有密集微绒毛,游离端质膜呈碱性磷酸酶活性,上皮下有丰富的血窦,表明具吸收作用。     

Activities of digestive enzymes in rats kept on standard or excessive breast feeding and on low-protein diet at once after weaning

Activities of digestive enzymes (maltase, alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase M, and glycyl-L-leucine dipeptidase) in small and large intestine, liver, and kidney were studied in rats of different ages kept at the period of lactation under conditions of the standard (8 individuals per litter) and low (3 individuals) number of pups per litter. The low-protein diet for 10 days at once after weaning was found to change the mass of organs and their digestive enzyme activities in all studied rat groups. The revealed changes were more prominent in rats kept under conditions of excessive breast feeding. In adult animals of this group, distribution of the alkaline phosphatase activity along the small intestine differed from that in control rats. The obtained results seem to confirm that any disturbance of the nutrition quality in early ontogenesis leads to disturbance of the «metabolic programming of enzyme systems» of digestive organs.     

Participation of the coelomic epithelium of the body wall in muscle regeneration in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apostichopus japonicus</Emphasis> (Holothuroidea: Aspidochirota)

The cellular sources of regeneration of longitudinal muscles were studied in the holothurian Apostichopus japonicus. An autoradiographic method tracing the distribution of cells labeled with tritiated thymidine (³HT) revealed that the majority of ³HT-cells, which were initially localized in the coelomic epithelium of muscles and the body wall at the beginning of active morphogenesis, were then found in the structure of new muscular bundles during subsequent terms of restoration. Thus, the coelomic epithelium of the body wall participated in the regeneration of muscle tissue concurrently with the coelomic epithelium of muscle, contributing to the recruitment of a pool of myogenic cells.     

Activation of adipogenesis by lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase-generated Δ¹²-PGJ₂ acting through PPARγ-dependent and independent pathways

Trypsin-like serine protease (TLS) plays an important role in many physiological processes including wound healing, phlogosis reaction, blood clotting, regeneration etc. In this paper, a 1216 bp full-length cDNA sequence of TLS including 39 bp 5' UTR and 355 bp 3'UTR coding for a theoretical 273 amino acids protein was cloned from Apostichopus japonicus by means of the RACE technique for the first time. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the gene with a 20 residues N-terminal signal peptide and a conserved C-terminal domain belongs to the trypsin-like serine protease superfamily. His78, Asp130 and Ser223 are the principal residues of the catalytic center. In-situ hybridization (ISH) analysis revealed that the TLS gene was widely distributed in different tissues. The expression patterns during different regeneration stages of the TLS gene in the body wall, intestine and respiratory trees were investigated using real-time quantitative PCR. The results show that there was a remarkable and temporary up-regulation of TLS gene expression in the body wall within 1h and subsequent down-regulation of TLS similar to intestine and respiratory trees. With the recovery of tissues, the expression level of the TLS gene was gradually up-regulated and finally reached normal levels. TLS was regulated during different regeneration stages suggesting that TLS is important in the regeneration process of A. japonicus.     

降脂益生菌调节胆固醇代谢 改善小鼠非酒精性脂肪肝

目的研究一种由鼠李糖乳杆菌DM9054和植物乳杆菌86066构成的降脂益生菌组合对非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)小鼠胆固醇代谢的影响及其可能机制。方法 24只雄性LDLR-/-小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和益生菌干预组。高脂饮食(HFD)15周建立小鼠NAFLD模型,造模同时干预组给予鼠李糖乳杆菌DM9054联合植物乳杆菌86066灌胃,对照组和模型组给予等量生理盐水灌胃。实验过程中监测各组小鼠体重变化。实验结束后,检测小鼠血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL)的水平差异。检测小鼠肝脏组织病理变化。使用Realtime PCR检测小鼠肠道内法尼脂受体(FXR)mRNA、顶端膜钠依赖的胆汁酸转运体(ASBT)mRNA、纤维生长因子15(FGF-15)mRNA和三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体G5(ABCG-5)mRNA表达水平。Western blot检测小鼠肝脏胆固醇7α-羟化酶(CYP7A1)、FXR、三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体G8(ABCG-8)、清道夫受体BI(SR-BI)、3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶(HMGCR)、胆盐输出泵(ABCB-11)、纤维生长因子受体4(FGFR-4)和胆固醇调节元件结合蛋白-2(SREBP-2)蛋白表达水平。结果与模型组相比,降脂益生菌干预组小鼠体重减轻(P0.05);小鼠血清TC、TG、LDL水平降低,HDL水平升高(P0.05);小鼠肝脏脂肪变性和炎性细胞浸润的现象显著减少;小鼠肠道ASBT mRNA和ABCG-5mRNA表达水平明显降低(Ps0.05),FGF-15mRNA表达水平明显升高(P0.05),FXR mRNA表达水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05);小鼠肝脏FGFR-4蛋白表达水平升高(P0.05),SREBP-2和HMGCR蛋白表达水平降低(Ps0.05),FXR、CYP7A1、SR-BI、ABCG-8和ABCB-11蛋白表达水平差异无统计学意义(Ps0.05)。结论降脂益生菌可能通过激活FXR-FGF15通路调节胆汁酸代谢;通过下调SREBP-2表达水平,抑制HMGCR表达,减少胆固醇的生成,从而起到改善非酒精性脂肪肝的作用。     

Effects of dietary live yeast Hanseniaspora opuntiae C21 on the immune and disease resistance against Vibrio splendidus infection in juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

A feeding experiment was conducted to determine effects of Hanseniaspora opuntiae C21 on immune response and disease resistance against Vibrio splendidus infection in juvenile sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus. Sea cucumbers were fed with either diets containing C21 at 10⁴, 10⁵ and 10⁶ CFU g^?1 feed or a control diet for 30–50 days, respectively. After feeding for 30 days and 45 days, five sea cucumbers from each tank were sampled for immunological analyses. Results indicated that C21 significantly improved the phagocytic activity in coelomocytes of sea cucumbers (P < 0.05). Moreover, C21 administration significantly enhanced lysozyme (LSZ), phenoloxidase activity (PO), total nitric oxide synthase (T-NOS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) activities in coelomic fluid, and LSZ, T-NOS, AKP and ACP activities in coelomocytes lysate supernatant (CLS) of sea cucumbers (P < 0.05). After feeding for 45 days, 10 sea cucumbers from each dose group were challenged with V. splendidus NB13. Cumulative incidence and mortality of sea cucumbers fed with C21 were found to be lower than those of control group. After feeding for 50 days, sea cucumbers in 10⁴ CFU g^?1 C21 treatment and control tanks were subjected to acute salinity changes (from 30 to 20) for 24 h in the laboratory, and the immunological parameters were measured to evaluate the immune capacities of the A. japonicus. Phagocytic, LAZ and T-NOS activities of C21-treated group were higher than those of control group, indicating that salinity stress tolerance of sea cucumber was enhanced by C21. The present results showed that a diet supplemented with C21 could stimulate the immune system of juvenile A. japonicus thus enhancing their resistance against V. splendidus.     

咖啡摄入量对小鼠肠道微生物及酶活性的影响

目的研究摄入不同咖啡浓度对小鼠酶活性、肠道微生物、体重的影响,从分析肠道四种微生物变化和四种酶的活性变化来讨论摄入咖啡对健康的影响。方法 SPF级昆明小鼠随机分为4组,即低、中、高咖啡浓度组和正常对照组,所有实验组小鼠日常给予蒸馏水饮用,实验低、中、高浓度组每天2次分别灌胃给予0.0045g/mL、0.0090g/mL、0.0180g/mL的咖啡溶液0.4mL/(只·次),对照组给予蒸馏水灌胃,实验时间为1个月,测小鼠体重、肠道微生物和酶活性等指标并进行分析。结果与对照组相比,低浓度咖啡摄入组乳杆菌、双歧杆菌、大肠埃希菌数显著增加(P0.01或P0.05),需氧和厌氧细菌数显著降低(P0.01);中浓度咖啡摄入组乳杆菌、双歧杆菌数显著低于对照组和低浓度组(P0.01),大肠埃希菌显著高于对照组(P0.05);高浓度咖啡摄入组乳杆菌和大肠埃希菌总数显著低于对照组(P0.01或P0.05);低浓度摄入组的木聚糖酶、纤维素酶、淀粉酶、蛋白酶的活性均显著高于(Ps0.01)对照组和中浓度咖啡摄入组;各组小鼠体重差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论适当摄入咖啡小鼠肠道双歧杆菌和乳杆菌等益生菌数量增加显著,小鼠肠道中具有代表性的淀粉酶、纤维素酶、蛋白酶、木聚糖酶的活性均显著增加,但咖啡摄入对小鼠体重影响不显著。