冬小麦等4种作物对铵,硝态氮的吸收能力

采用水培试验探讨了冬小麦、大豆、油菜和莴笋４种作物对硝、铵态氮的相对吸收能力以及这两种氮源对它们生长发育的影响。试验表明：（１）不同氮源对供试作物的生长发育影响极大。供给硝态氮,这些作物生长发育良好,供给等量的ＮＯ＾－３和ＮＨ＾－４（１：１）时,蔬菜作物莴笋生长量下降幅度最大;供给铵态氨,莴笋和大豆极为敏感,供给ＮＯ＾－３时莴笋吸氮量显著高于供给等氮量ＮＯ＾－３和ＮＨ＾＋４,莴上麦供给等量ＮＯ＾－     

农田和森林土壤中氧化亚氮的产生与还原

采用土壤淤浆方法对丹麦农田和山毛榉森林土壤反硝化过程中Ｎ２Ｏ的产生与还原进行了研究。同时考察了硝酸根和铵离子对反硝化作用的影响。结果表明,森林土壤反硝化活性大于农田土壤,但农田土壤中Ｎ２Ｏ还原活性大于森林土壤,表现在农田和森林土壤中Ｎ２Ｏ／Ｎ２的产生比率分别为０．１１和３．６５。硝酸根和铵离子能促进两种土壤中的Ｎ２Ｏ产生,但可降低农田土壤中的Ｎ２Ｏ还原速率,与农田土壤相比,硝酸根可降低森林土壤Ｎ２     

真菌的反硝化作用与细胞色素P－450

真菌的反硝化作用与细胞色素Ｐ－４５０刘德立（华中师范大学生物系,武汉４３００７０）关键词反硝化作用,细胞色素Ｐ－４５０反硝化作用是将硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐还原成Ｎ２或Ｎ２Ｏ的过程,是大气氮循环中的一部分。多种细菌具有反硝化能力。但近年来的研究证明：有些真菌...     

作物籽粒中NO-3-N和NO-2-N的积累与氮肥种类和数量的关系

１９９６～１９９７在芸豆（云南）、红小豆（河北）、大豆（黑龙江）和花生（山东）绿色食品产地,研究了施用有机肥和化肥对这些作物籽粒中ＮＯ＾－３、ＮＯ＾－２的累积特点。结果表明,芸豆和红小豆不论施用有机肥还是尿素,土壤中的速效氮与籽粒中ＮＯ＾－２的灰色关联最好;施用有机肥的最大关联度分别出现在土壤库内部（全氮与速效氮之间）或籽粒库内部（ＮＯ＾－３、ＮＯ＾－２之间）;而施用化肥的最大关联度分别出现在土壤     

不同形态N素对水曲柳幼苗生长的影响

在温室内用砂培的方法研究了ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ、ＮＨ＾＋４－Ｎ及其不同配比对水曲柳（Ｆｒａｘｉｎｕｓ ｍａｎｄｓｈｕｒｉｃａ）幼苗生长的影响。结果表明，水曲柳幼苗在营养液ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ：ＮＨ＾＋４－Ｎ为７５：２５时生长最好，营养液中ＮＨ＾＋４－Ｎ比例继续增加则生长下降。过量的ＮＨ＾＋４－Ｎ可抑制水曲柳幼苗根系生长，降低幼苗的地下／地上比。营养液中ＮＨ＾＋４－Ｎ比例增加，水曲柳幼苗的净光合速率下降，体内Ｐ     

乙炔抑制法在硝化与反硝化过程中的应用

硝化和反硝化作用在土壤氮素循环中扮演重要作用,由于硝化和反硝化作用一方面能够导致土壤中氮素的损失,另一方面能够产生温室气体-N2O,所以硝化和反硝化作用的研究备受关注.乙炔抑制法能同时测定硝化和反硝化作用,在硝化和反硝化作用中有着重要的应用.该文主要论述了乙炔抑制法的研究进展;以及对应用乙炔气体时存在的一些问题进行了综述.     

长白山北坡不同土壤N2O和CH4排放的初步研究

用箱法技术原位测定了长白山北坡不同土壤（苔原土、生草森林土、棕色针叶林土和暗棕色森林土）６—８月间的Ｎ２Ｏ和ＣＨ４排放．结果表明,这些土壤既是Ｎ２Ｏ的源,又同时是ＣＨ４的汇．Ｎ２Ｏ通量变化于６．１７—１２．３３μｇ·ｍ－２·ｈ－３之间（平均９．３７μｇ·ｍ－２·ｈ－１）,ＣＨ４通量为－８５．６３—－７．５８μｇ·ｍ－２·ｈ－１（平均－４１．４５μｇ·ｍ－３·ｈ－１）,并观察到在Ｎ２Ｏ排放和ＣＨ４吸收之间有着相互消长关系．实验室培养实验表明,最大反硝化作用活性存在于土壤上层（０—６ｃｍ）;不同土壤的反硝化作用活性明显不同．山地暗棕色森林土的ＣＨ４吸收作用也主要发生在土壤的上层（０—１２ｃｍ）．     

盐胁迫下无花果细胞质和液泡膜H^＋—ATPase活性对脯氨酸积累 …

盐胁迫降低无花果振荡培养细胞培养液ＰＨ添加质膜Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性抑制剂Ｎａ３ＶＯ４则抑制盐诱导的培养液ＰＨ下降,表明盐诱导培养液Ｈ下降主要是细胞质膜Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性增加的结果。ＮａＣｌ处理提高活体细胞质膜Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性,而降低膜微囊Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性,培养液中添加Ｎａ３ＶＯ４ ５０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ完全抑制盐胁迫下无花果细胞游离脯氨酸只累,但添加更高浓度Ｎａ３ＶＯ４,则提高     

外加氮源对杉木叶凋落物分解及土壤养分淋失的影响

采用原位（Ｉｎ ｓｉｔｕ）模拟实验方法研究了外加Ｎ源对杉木叶凋落物分解及土壤养分淋失的影响,结果表明,施加ＮＨ＾＋４－Ｎ时,杉木叶凋落物的失重率与对照（未加任何Ｎ的处理）相比,没有差异：而施加ＮＯ＾－１－Ｎ时,使杉木叶凋落物分解速率显著提高（ｐ＝０．０５,达１０％以上,与施加ＮＨ＾＋４－Ｎ相比,施加ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ明显促进了杉木叶凋落物的分解（ｐ＝０．０５）。施加ＮＨ＾＋４－Ｎ和ＮＯ３＾－－Ｎ会产生     

放牧家畜排泄物N转化研究进展

放牧家畜排泄物氮转化是草原生态系统氮循环的关键。自 2 0世纪 70年代以来 ,以提高氮利用效率和减少温室气体排放为目的的家畜排泄物氮转化的研究越来越受到人们的重视。放牧家畜排泄物氮的转化研究主要包括 3个方面 :氮的矿化、硝化与反硝化 ,氮的氨化。家畜粪氮矿化速度慢 ,持续时间长 ;尿氮矿化速度快 ,持续时间短。氮矿化与家畜排泄物 C∶ N比、木质素/氮素比、木质素含量和纤维素含量呈负相关关系 ,而与全氮含量和水溶性氮含量呈正相关 ;土壤动物和微生物可以显著促进氮的矿化过程 ;高温和相对干燥、砂质土壤较壤土和粘土有利于氮的矿化。 4～ 4 0℃氮硝化作用与温度呈正相关 ;硝化作用的底物和产物浓度、土壤溶液渗透压和氯化物浓度的增加对硝化作用有强烈的抑制效应 ;p H6 .0～ 8.0条件下硝化作用强度随着土壤p H值的升高而增加 ,而 p H值高于 8.0或低于 6 .0时硝化作用受到抑制 ;硝化作用与土壤氧气含量呈正相关关系 ,而与土壤含水量呈负相关 ;温暖湿润较干燥炎热的气候条件有利于硝化过程的进行。反硝化作用与土壤氧气浓度呈负相关关系 ,而与土壤含水量和可利用有机碳含量呈正相关 ;0～ 6 5℃反硝化作用强度随温度升高而增大 ,10～ 35℃条件下温度成为影响反硝化作用的关键因素 ;反硝化作用在     

苯丙烯酸对黄瓜幼苗膜脂过氧化作用的影响

以山东密刺黄瓜 (Cucumis sativus L.)为试材 ,分别采用大棚土壤和露地土壤进行盆栽模拟试验 ,首次研究了不同浓度的苯丙烯酸对不同土壤栽培条件下黄瓜幼苗膜质过氧化作用的化感效应。结果表明 :不同浓度的苯丙烯酸对大棚土培幼苗不同时期的 SOD活性的化感效应均为抑制作用 ,并随着处理浓度的增加抑制作用增强。浓度大于 5 0 mg/kg时 ,对露地土培幼苗 6叶期 SOD活性的化感效应均为抑制作用。浓度大于 1 0 0 mg/kg时 ,对两种土培幼苗 CAT的化感效应均为抑制作用 ,并随着处理浓度的增加抑制作用增强。苯丙稀酸对不同土壤、不同时期黄瓜幼苗的 MDA均为促进作用 ,并随着处理浓度的增加促进作用增强。苯丙稀酸使黄瓜幼苗的电解质外渗率和伤害率增加 ,浓度大于 5 0 m g/kg时的大棚土培幼苗和浓度大于 1 0 0 m g/kg时的露地土培幼苗 ,电解质外渗率与对照及处理间均存在显著差异 (p <0 .0 5 ) ,伤害率与对照及处理间均存在极显著差异 (p <0 .0 1 )。大棚土培幼苗 MDA含量和电解质外渗率的化感强度均大于露地土培幼苗     

菜地和一般农田土壤主要养分累积的差异

选取不同类型菜地和一般农田 ,测定了 0～ 2 0 0cm土壤剖面的有机质、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、速效磷、速效钾等主要养分含量及其分布 .结果表明 ,菜地土壤中养分大量累积 ,其中硝态氮和速效磷累积程度较高 .大棚和露天菜地 0～ 2 0 0cm土层的硝态氮累积总量分别为 15 2 0 .9kg·hm-2 和 135 8.8kg·hm-2 ,比农田高出 5 .2和 4.5倍 ;速效磷分别为 978.1kg·hm-2 和 5 0 3.3kg·hm-2 ,比农田高出 6 .2和 2 .7倍 .而其它养分增加相对较少 .有机质累积总量分别为 2 80 .5Mg·hm-2 和 2 6 9.3Mg·hm-2 ,比一般农田高出 12 .5 %和 8.0 % ;全氮分别为 37.5Mg·hm-2 和 32 .7Mg·hm-2 ,比农田高出 36 .2 %和 18.6 % ;铵态氮分别为 2 11.5kg·hm-2 和 197.8kg·hm-2 ,比农田高出 2 9.6 %和 2 1.2 % ;速效钾分别为 6 5 6 7.8kg·hm-2 和 5 5 2 3 .6kg·hm-2 ,比农田高出 30 .6 %和 9.8% .此外 ,菜地土壤中累积的养分不仅分布在表层 ,在深层土壤也大量存在 ,说明菜地存在严重的养分淋溶现象 .     

集约化生产对农田土壤碳氮含量及δ13C和δ15N同位素丰度的影响

集约化生产下农田土壤碳、氮含量变化是衡量土壤肥力持久性的重要指标.对常规水稻-蚕豆轮作地、露地蔬菜地、3年塑料大棚地和10年以上塑料大棚地的土壤pH、电导率(EC)、土壤有机碳(SOC)和总氮(TN)含量及δ13C和δ15N同位素丰度进行测定,研究了集约化生产程度对土壤特性的影响.结果表明:与水稻-蚕豆轮作地相比,露地蔬菜地、3年塑料大棚地和10年以上塑料大棚地0 ～20 cm耕层土壤pH分别降低1.1、0.8和0.7,而土壤EC分别是水稻-蚕豆轮作地的4.2、4.9和5.2倍;土壤碳、氮含量随塑料大棚地生产年限的增加总体上呈先增大后减小的趋势.与水稻-蚕豆轮作地相比,10年以上塑料大棚地0～20、20～40、40 ～60、60 ～ 80、80 ～ 100 cm土层的土壤SOC含量分别下降了54％、46％、60％、63％和59％,土壤TN含量分别下降了53％、53％、71％、82％和85％.农田集约化生产程度显著影响土壤SOC、TN含量和δ13C、δ15N丰度,土壤δ13C丰度与SOC含量呈显著负相关.土壤δ13C丰度可作为评价农田土壤碳循环受人为干扰强度的指标.     

Production of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Agaricus blazei</Emphasis> ss. Heinemann (<Emphasis Type="Italic">A. brasiliensis</Emphasis>) on different casing layers and environments

To investigate the yield and precocity of Agaricus blazei using to different casing layers and cultivation environments, five casing layers were prepared with soil (different textures), wood charcoal, and calcitic lime. After colonization, the composts were placed in two growing rooms (controlled environment and plastic greenhouse) and cased. The cycle was 120 days. Yield and precocity data were evaluated in a factorial combination (5 soil types ×2 cultivation environments) and 8 replications. The results showed low yields when cultivated in a controlled room (1.55 kg of mushrooms per box) and yield values of different soils ranged between 1.61 and 1.88 kg of mushrooms per box. The precocity values of the different soils and environments ranged between 62 and 51% in the first 50 days of production. The various soil types did not differ statistically for yield values (kg) and the plastic greenhouse provided higher yields. The texture of the different soils and environment directly influenced precocity in A. blazei yield.     

集约化生产对农田土壤碳氮含量及δ13C和δ15N同位素丰度的影响

集约化生产下农田土壤碳、氮含量变化是衡量土壤肥力持久性的重要指标.对常规水稻-蚕豆轮作地、露地蔬菜地、3年塑料大棚地和10年以上塑料大棚地的土壤pH、电导率(EC)、土壤有机碳(SOC)和总氮(TN)含量及δ13C和δ15N同位素丰度进行测定,研究了集约化生产程度对土壤特性的影响.结果表明： 与水稻-蚕豆轮作地相比,露地蔬菜地、3年塑料大棚地和10年以上塑料大棚地0～20 cm耕层土壤pH分别降低1.1、0.8和0.7,而土壤EC分别是水稻-蚕豆轮作地的4.2、4.9和5.2倍;土壤碳、氮含量随塑料大棚地生产年限的增加总体上呈先增大后减小的趋势.与水稻-蚕豆轮作地相比,10年以上塑料大棚地0～20、20～40、40～60、60～80、80～100 cm土层的土壤SOC含量分别下降了54%、46%、60%、63%和59%,土壤TN含量分别下降了53%、53%、71%、82%和85%.农田集约化生产程度显著影响土壤SOC、TN含量和δ13C、δ15N丰度,土壤δ13C丰度与SOC含量呈显著负相关.土壤δ13C丰度可作为评价农田土壤碳循环受人为干扰强度的指标.     

Electrosensory avoidance of metal obstacles by the paddlefish

Paddlefish Polyodon spathula detected and avoided obstacles with an exposed metallic surface but not plastic objects. An aluminium obstacle was avoided from significantly greater minimum approach distances than were any of the other obstacles. No significant difference was detected between the plastic and plastic-covered aluminium obstacles, while control values were significantly less than for all obstacle types. Avoidance distances measured at different water conductivities were not significantly different. Fish collided frequently with the plastic and plastic-covered aluminium obstacles, and with the control site, suggesting that these obstacles were not detected by the electrosensory apparatus. The aluminium obstacle was avoided successfully in all test runs. The unambiguous avoidance behaviour elicited by the aluminium obstacle suggests that large metallic structures, such as locks and dams, have the potential to interfere with paddlefish migrations. ©2000 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles     

一株沙门氏菌拮抗菌的筛选及其在污染土壤原位修复中的应用

利用无菌滤纸片平板法从沙门氏菌(Salmonella)污染土壤中筛选到一株有效拮抗沙门氏菌的细菌A45,通过形态学、革兰氏染色和16SrDNA序列同源性分析鉴定为产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes sp.)。温室土培试验和田间原位试验结果都发现,利用该菌株制备的沙门氏菌拮抗菌剂能显著降低土壤中沙门氏菌数量(P0.05),与对照相比土壤中沙门氏菌数量下降2-3个数量级,表明该拮抗细菌可应用于沙门氏菌污染土壤的修复。     

THE SEED BANK OF A FRESHWATER TIDAL MARSH

Presence of buried viable seeds at three depths in freshwater marsh soils was determined by observing seedling emergence in the greenhouse. These results were compared with field germination. For the greenhouse study soils were collected in December 1976, and March 1977, from six vegetation types in the Hamilton Marshes near Trenton, New Jersey. Three to five times more seeds and almost three times as many species germinated in the greenhouse than in the field. Of the ten most numerous species in greenhouse samples, 7.2 ± 0.2 SE species were also observed as seedlings at that site in the field. Annuals comprised seven of the ten most numerous species in both the greenhouse and in the field. Estimated seed densities for the top 10 cm of marsh soil ranged from 6,405 to 32,400 seeds m⁻². Germination in soils collected in March was 31% greater than for those collected in December. Decrease in species number with depth was significant for March soils. While seedling numbers also decreased with depth, considerable variability occurred and the differences were not significant. The seed bank profile suggests that viability and/or dormancy are prolonged in these freshwater tidal marsh soils.     

不同覆盖物对烤烟根温及生长和生理特性的影响

分别以大棚膜、稻草+大棚膜、普通膜、稻草、稻草+遮阳网和遮阳网为覆盖材料,研究覆盖物对烤烟根温以及生长和生理特性的影响.结果表明,各覆盖处理22 d对5和15 cm土壤总积温的影响明显不同,5 cm土壤总积温最高为大棚膜处理（424.75 ℃）,最低为稻草+遮阳网处理（378.75 ℃）,22 d 的15 cm土壤总积温最高为大棚膜处理（396.75 ℃）,最低为遮阳网处理（368.31 ℃）.随着土壤总积温的升高,烟株地上部和地下部干重都呈增长趋势,光合作用增强,根系活力提高;揭膜后第10天烟株根系干重有所增加,普通地膜处理的根系生物量增加最多,稻草+遮阳网处理最少.     

Field trials measuring the effects of ultraviolet-absorbing greenhouse plastic films on insect populations

Field studies were conducted to compare insect population levels in greenhouse crops covered with plastics that block the transmission of UV light in two wavelength ranges. Crops grown in greenhouses under a plastic that blocked UV light at wavelengths of 380 nm and below had lower numbers of aphids and thrips compared with a plastic that blocked UV light at wavelengths of 360 nm and below. This is consistent with the results found for thrips in previous studies using small, completely enclosed tunnels with no plant material. The effects were not as dramatic in the commercial greenhouses, perhaps due to unfiltered light entering through the open sides of those greenhouses. There was no reduction in greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, populations under the <380 UV-absorbing plastic compared to <360 nm UV-absorbing plastic in these field trials. This is inconsistent with results found in small, completely enclosed tunnels, where sticky traps caught a significantly higher proportion (95 +/- 2%) of released greenhouse whiteflies inside tunnels covered with <360 nm absorbing plastic compared with the <380 nm absorbing plastic. The results of these studies suggest that the type of greenhouse plastic used in a structure can affect population levels of some insect species, and may be useful tools in developing integrated pest management programs for insect management. The design of the greenhouse and amount of unfiltered light that enters the system appear to be important factors in determining the level of effect.