过量铜对4种外生菌根真菌的生长、碳氮和铜积累的影响

为了了解外生菌根真菌在过量铜胁迫下的生长和物质积累特点,揭示外生菌根真菌对过量铜胁迫的抵抗能力,研究了四种外生菌根真菌—美味牛肝菌(Boletus edulis)、铆钉菇(Gomphidius viscidus)、厚环乳牛肝菌(Suillus grevillei)和红绒盖牛肝(Xerocomus chrysenteron)在过量铜胁迫条件下菌丝中铜积累量、菌丝生长特性以及碳氮积累速率。四种测试菌种菌丝中的铜积累量,随营养液中铜浓度的增加而增加,在46mg/L铜培养基下生长15d,四种菌种菌丝内铜浓度分别是对照的40～60倍。B.edulis和X.chrysenteron菌丝中铜浓度与培养基中铜浓度呈直线相关,S.grevillei和G.viscidus为指数相关。菌丝在铜胁迫下依然呈S曲线增长,但初始生长推迟,指数增长期比对照晚1～2d。菌丝生物量和碳氮积累随铜浓度增加而显著降低。综合所有试验结果显示,四种测试菌种对过量铜的抗性强度为：B.edulis＞G.viscidus＞S.grevillei＞X.chrysenteron。     

香菇栽培配料的新工艺

在国内香菇（Ｌｅｎｔｉｎｕｓｅｄｏｄｅｓ）栽培料常规配方基础上,设计了添加１．２％盐酸取代常规配方中１％蔗糖的新工艺。经测定,两种栽培料灭菌后还原糖与总糖浓度、发菌周期与子实体产量基本一致。新配方栽培料灭菌后ｐＨ降至５．６,亦是香菇菌丝生长最适ｐＨ值。新配方工艺在山东省淄博市石马等生产单位应用,可降低生产成本１０％左右。     

菌核寄生菌Talaromyces flavus的生物学特性及寄生菌核规律初探

本文对核盘菌菌核寄生菌Ｔａｌａｒｏｍｙｃｅｓｆｌａｖｕｓ的基本生物学特性及影响其寄生菌核的生态因子进行了初步研究。结果表明：Ｔ.Ｆｌａｖｕｓ在我国南北方菌核病发生区土壤中普遍存在。其菌丝在３－３５℃及ｐＨ值２－１０范围内均能生长及产孢,最适生Ｋ温度为３０℃,最适生长ｐＨ值为４。对峙培养结果表明Ｔ,fｌａｖｕｓ对核盘菌的抗生作用微弱,对菌丝和菌核均有很强的寄生致腐作用。除核盘菌外它还能寄生三叶草核盘菌、小核盘菌及离菌上的一种待鉴定的产菌核真菌。Ｔ,ｆｌａｖｕｓ     

外生菌根真菌同立枯丝核菌重寄生关系的研究

研究了18株外生菌根菌对Rhizoctonia solant Kuehn的重寄生作用。在光学显徽镜下观察到8株茵根真菌同R．Solani具有重寄生关系,通常表现为吸附生长,缠绕,侵入,消解等4种作用形式。首次将扫描电镜和能谱仪(EDAX)应用到真菌间相互作用关系的研究上,对3株菌根菌Gomphidius roseus、Lacearia bicolor、Lactarius deliciosus 进行了扫描电镜观察和X-射线微区分析。发现了在吸附生长,缠绕和侵入等3种作用形式中,R. solani和菌根菌菌丝之间有物质流的存在,物质流主要岔有P、S、K、Ca等元素物质,流向是由R. solani菌丝到菌根菌菌丝。而在消解作用中则没有发现这种物质流。     

木耳属种间杂交技术研究*I．木耳菌丝原生质体的形成与再生

本文比较了不同酶液、渗透压稳定剂、酶解媪度及菌丝培养基成份等因素对木耳属(Auricularia)中木耳(Auricularia auricula)和毛木耳(Auricularia polytricha)菌丝释放原生质体的作用及影响。用0.5％纤维素酶加0.5％蜗牛酶的混鸯酶液,以0.6M的MgSO4为稳定剂,在34℃下可自两种菌丝体获得大量原生质体。对原生质体再生条件的研究表明,纤维二糖和菌丝体培养物浸提物对再生有明显促进作用,再生率达20％左右。本文还用VBL型荧光增白剂观察了菌丝脱壁以及原生质体细胞壁再生的过程。     

幽门螺杆菌液体培养工艺的研究*

Hp的液体培养尤其是大规模培养仍存在许多问题。通过单因子试验统计分析,优化筛选了适于幽门螺杆菌的液体培养基和摇瓶培养条件。结果表明,在适宜的摇瓶培养条件下,Hp能够在添加β-环糊精(β-Cyclodextrin,β-CD)的布氏肉汤中很好地生长,菌体收获量达到0.6g/mL。     

土壤中镉对丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae生长的效应

采用分室培养法,在同一宿主植物生长的土壤中设含有0、5、25、50mg/kg4个不同浓度重金属镉的菌丝生长室(用30μm尼龙网与根系隔开)以期建立在宿主植物生长状况完全相同的条件下研究环境因素对AM真菌直接影响的新方法,并在此基础上探讨不同浓度的重金属镉对丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae(BEG167)生长的直接影响。结果表明,与不施加镉的处理相比,土壤中施加低浓度镉(5mg/kg)刺激了G.mosseae的生长,其菌丝总长度最大;高浓度镉(大于25mg/kg)抑制了G.mosseae的生长,其菌丝总长度较小。AM真菌的代谢活性与土壤镉浓度的关系也表现出与菌丝生物量相同的规律。以上结果表明:G.mosseae在镉污染环境中有应激反应的特征,即:当G.mosseae受到轻微毒害时,为了适应其生存条件的改变而不断增加其代谢活性和生长量来降低镉的毒害。此外,本方法用于研究宿主植物生长状况相同的条件下,重金属毒害或其他环境因素对AM真菌生长代谢的直接影响是可行的。     

康宁木霉液体深层发酵生产纤维素酶

以康宁木霉（ Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｄｅｒｍａ　ｋｏｎｉｎｇｉｉ） Ｔ２１５为生产菌,在 ３０ｔ气升式发酵罐中进行了液体深层发酵生产纤维素酶的扩大试验。一、二级罐种子培养基由８％麦麸组成,种龄２４ｈ。产酶培养基由６％稻草粉,１％麦麸和１％蛋白胨组成,起始ｐＨ５．０。每罐装２２ｔ培养基,１０％接种量,通气量０．４ｖｖｍ,罐压０．０８ＭＰａ,２９℃±１℃培养 ９６ｈ。连续试验 ５批,平均发酵液酶活力： ＣＭＣ－Ｎａ活力 ７８．３ＩＵ／ｍＬ,脱脂棉活力 １.３ＩＵ／ｍＬ,水杨苷活力１.４ＩＵ／ｍＬ,滤纸活力     

空肠弯曲菌肠毒素理化特性的研究

经ＳＤＳＰＡＧＥ 分析发现,空肠弯曲菌细胞紧张性肠毒素（Ｃｙｔｏｔｏｎｉｃ ｅｎｔｅｒｏｔｏｘｉｎ ,ＣＥ） 的硫酸胺盐析粗提物除有一条６８ｋＤ 的带外,还有一些未分开的小分子物质,而经神经节苷脂ＧＭ１ 亲和层析后仅有６８ＫＤ 的一条带,即表明６８ｋＤ 的蛋白质为ＣＥ 的主要成分。ＣＥ 不耐热、ｐＨ 依赖和对胰酶有抗性。５６ ℃和６０ ℃加热３０ｍｉｎ 、１００ ℃加热１５ｍｉｎ 即可完全失活。其活性在ｐＨ６－０ 时最高,在ｐＨ３－０ 和９－０ 时均可使其完全丧失活性。在４ ℃保存超过３ｄ 后,其活性迅速降低。抗ＬＴ 血清能完全抑制ＣＥ 的活性。     

有机磷杀虫剂——灭克磷对丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae生长的效应

采用多室隔网培养法,在宿主植物生长状况相同的条件下研究了土壤中不同浓度灭克磷对AM真菌生长的直接效应。与对照相比,0.5、1.5和3.5mg/kg灭克磷使Glomusmosseae菌丝生长量和具有琥珀酸脱氢酶活性的菌丝生长量明显地增加;随着灭克磷剂量的增加,菌丝总量的相对生长速率呈降低趋势,但在数值上仍然高于对照的;与此同时,高剂量(1.5和3.5mg/kg)灭克磷使Glomusmosseae活性菌丝量的相对增长速率明显低于对照,达到几乎停止的水平。上述结果说明,低剂量灭克磷(0.5mg/kg)对AM真菌生长和代谢活性都有一定刺激作用,但是在高剂量灭克磷(1.5和3.5mg/kg)下菌丝生物量的增加和周转速度的加快只是AM真菌对毒物的应激反应。     

竹荪多糖分离及其生物活性

本文综述了竹荪多糖的分离及增强免疫、抗肿瘤等生物活性。     

Isolation and characterization of some mycelia inhabiting Tuber ascomata

Tuber spp. are ectomycorrhizal ascomycetes that produce subterranean ascomata known as truffles. Truffles can be regarded as complex microhabitats hosting bacteria and yeasts. In this paper we show that guest filamentous fungi are also associated to truffle ascomata, regardless of the Tuber spp., and report the morpho-molecular characterization of seven truffle-hosted mycelia isolated from healthy and intact Tuber ascomata. Some of these isolates were shown to be related to the fungal endophytes of plants. Interestingly, the truffle-hosted mycelia grew stuck to the hyphal wall of their partner when co-cultivated with the Tuber borchii mycelium, but not when co-cultivated with the test species Agaricus macrosporus. The present data suggest that guest filamentous fungi can be added to the list of truffle-interacting microorganisms.     

MYCELIUM OF LIMB RUST FUNGI

Limb rust is a killing disease of hard pines caused by Peridermium spp. Study of tissue sections shows that growth of limb rust fungi differs from growth of other plant rusts: (1) longitudinal spread is mainly by hyphal growth within host tracheids; (2) hyphae grow radially in mature xylem, deep in host sapwood; (3) in larger stems mycelia avoid (rather than concentrate in) bark and outer xylem rings; and (4) mycelia become much larger than any previously described for rust fungi. Antibiotics being tested as therapeutants are unlikely to be effective against such deep-seated mycelia.     

Characterization of culturable bacterial populations associating with Pinus sylvestris--Suillus bovinus mycorrhizospheres

Bacterial isolations were carried out on Pinus sylvestris--Suillus bovinus mycorrhizospheres obtained directly from boreal pine forest. When samples were taken during dry weather, the numbers of bacterial colony-forming units were significantly higher in uncolonized short roots and external mycelia than in mycorrhizal roots and soil outside the mycorrhizosphere. In contrast, the colony-forming unit counts were similar in all hypogeous samples after rainy weather. Culturable bacteria were absent from most Suillus bovinus sporocarps. The bacteria isolated from all types of mycorr hizo sphere samples, i.e. short roots, mycorrhizal roots, and external mycelia, consisted primarily of Burkholderia spp., whereas most isolates from soil outside the mycorrhizosphere were identified as Paenibacillus spp. This study shows that mycorrhizal external mycelia can expand the habitat favourable for common rhizosphere bacteria into the soil far from the immediate rhizosphere. Some of these bacteria may help the trees with nitrogen acquisition, since potentially diazotrophic bacteria harbouring nitrogenase reductase (nifH) genes were isolated from mycorrhizal root tips.     

Artocarpus (Moraceae)-gall midge pollination mutualism mediated by a male-flower parasitic fungus

A previously undescribed pollination system involving a monoecious tree species, Artocarpus integer (Moraceae), pollinator gall midges, and fungi is reported from a mixed dipterocarp forest in Sarawak, Borneo. The fungus Choanephora sp. (Choanephoraceae, Mucorales, Zygomycetes) infects male inflorescences of A. integer, and gall midges (Contarinia spp., Cecidomyiinae, Diptera) feed on the fungal mycelia and oviposit on the inflorescence. Their larvae also feed on the mycelia and pupate in the inflorescence. The gall midges are also attracted by female inflorescences lacking mycelia, probably due to a floral fragrance similar to that of male inflorescences. Because of the sticky pollen, dominance of Contarinia spp. in flower visitors, and pollen load observed on Contarinia spp. collected on both male and female inflorescences, Artocarpus integer is thought to be pollinated by the gall midges. Although several pathogenic fungi have been reported to have interactions with pollinators, this is the first report on a pollination mutualism in which a fungus plays an indispensable role. The pollination system described here suggests that we should be more aware of the roles fungi can play in pollinations.     

短裙竹荪产孢组织的研究

本文报道利用扫描电镜对短裙竹荪产孢组织中的密丝组织、担子、担孢子、侧丝,囊状体及索状物的形态结构观察的结果。     

南京的鬼笔菌

作者于1928—1934年在南京工作时,曾对附近的鬼笔菌作了观察和采集。在春天,那时南京附近的田园、竹林里鬼笔菌是比较多的。这里发表的10种鬼笔菌是:(1)竹荪Dictyophora indusiata(Vent.ex Pers.)Fischer,(2)杂色竹荪Dictyophora multicolor Berk. et Br.,(3)双柱小林鬼笔Linderiella bicolumnata(Lloyd)Cunn.,(4)五棱散尾菌Lysurus mokusin(L. ex Pers.)Fr.,(5)蛇头菌Mutinus sp.,(6)桔红鬼笔Phallus aurantiacus Mont.,(7)白鬼笔Phallus impudicus L.ex Pers.,(8)深红鬼笔Phallus rubicundus(Bosc)Fr.,(9)格柄笼头菌Simblum clathroides Kawam.,(10)围篱状柄笼头菌Simblum periphragmoides KI.。除1个种外,作者对其余9个种的形态作了详细的描述,有些种还附有彩色图。对一些近似种和疑难种,又进行了比较和讨论。上述10种鬼笔菌分别隶属6个属,作者在文章的后面部分对其中Linderiella和Lysurus两个属有专门的讨论。     

食用菌与木霉菌互作机制研究进展

在食用菌生产中木霉菌不仅污染食用菌培养料,而且感染其菌丝体和子实体,常造成巨大的经济损失。本文综述了食用菌与木霉菌互作的形态学特征和生物化学基础,介绍了食用菌抗病性遗传及抗性机制研究现状,提出了未来宿主与病原菌互作机制研究的方向。     

白蚁巢上生长的子囊菌——黑柄炭角菌的深层培养及其生理研究

黑柄炭角菌Xylaria nigripes(K1.)Sacc.是著名的滋补药用真菌,尤其是菌核部位生长在白蚁废弃的蚁巢中,生态条件特殊,资源稀少,研究和开发该菌具有重要意义。为了提高黑柄炭角菌菌丝体和多糖的产量,以便于组织工业化生产,本文探索了该菌的营养条件,测定其生长过程中菌丝体和多糖形成的动态变化,并研究了酯酶同工酶谱和多糖含量变化的相关性。结果表明:在深层培养时,碳源以葡萄糖、淀粉最佳;花生、黄豆、蛋白胨是适宜菌丝生长的良好氮源;Mg~(2+),Zn~(2+)等是其生长的必需元素;有机酸中仅柠檬酸对其菌丝生长有促进作用,在蚁酸影响下,pH值为4.0时,菌丝生长受抑制。在上述实验基础上,进行了产多糖和菌丝体的适宜培养基筛选试验,在适宜条件下,能培养出密集、白色、均匀的菌球和丰富的多糖,经4天培养的培养液中粗多糖量可达15.35g/L,菌丝干重为26.89g/L,符合了工业化生产要求。该菌的菌丝体酯酶同工酶谱较稳定,均为二条酶带,但它们的酶活性有所不同,与菌丝体生长的天数有关。并与多糖含量变化具有一定关系。     

毛竹林下的竹荪栽培

一、引言我国竹林资源丰富,居世界前列。但经营管理普遍粗放,经济效益不高,不少地区只顾砍竹、挖笋,甚至乱砍滥挖,使竹林日趋衰败,产量不断下降。为了改变这一局面,途径