扬子鳄卵巢性类固醇激素受体的免疫细胞化学研究

为探讨扬子鳄卵巢内不同性类固醇激素受体在卵泡发育中的调控作用,研究采用组织学和免疫细胞化学方法,运用激光共聚焦显微镜,对扬子鳄不同发育时期卵泡中的雌激素受体、雄激素受体和孕激素受体进行了检测。结果发现,3种类固醇激素受体在卵巢各期滤泡细胞中均有表达,在4月Ⅱ-Ⅳ期卵泡的滤泡细胞中阳性反应最强;9月卵巢的滤泡细胞中阳性反应最弱;ER和AR不仅在各期滤泡细胞中存在阳性位点,在6月卵泡的卵母细胞胞质中也有表达。结果说明,在扬子鳄卵母细胞生长发育和成熟过程中,3种激素受体通过与其对应的激素结合对滤泡细胞的发育、卵黄的合成与积累以及排卵起着重要的调控作用。       

大蒜素对小鼠脾细胞雌激素和雄激素受体影响的实验研究

本研究旨在探讨大蒜素对小鼠脾细胞雌激素和雄激素受体的影响。将健康ICR清洁小鼠,按性别随机分成三组实验组和三组对照组。实验组分别连续灌服大蒜素14、21和28 d,对照组同期分别灌服等量生理盐水。采用RT-PCR法检测雌性各组小鼠脾细胞雌激素受体(ERα和ERβ)的mRNA表达水平和雄性各组小鼠脾细胞雄激素受体(AR)的mRNA水平。实验结果显示,雌性小鼠连续灌服大蒜素第14和21 d时实验组ERαmRNA表达水平明显高于对照组(P0.05),第14 d时ERβmRNA表达水平明显高于对照组(P0.05)。雄性小鼠连续灌服大蒜素第14、21和28 d时实验组AR mRNA表达水平均明显高于对照组(P0.05)。综上提示大蒜素可增强小鼠脾细胞雌激素受体(ERα和ERβ)和雄激素受体(AR)mRNA的表达水平。     

雌激素在肺组织中的作用机制概述

在妇女中,哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)、囊肿性纤维化(CF)等肺部疾病发病率不断增加。大量实验研究表明,女性肺部、气管疾病患者的病情随着女性生理周期存在波动,因此,在体内雌激素和孕激素含量变化可能与肺部疾病的病情轻重存在一定的关系。雌激素包括三类:雌三醇、雌二醇、雌酮,性激素主要与他们的特异性受体结合发挥作用:雌激素受体(ERα、ERβ),孕激素受体(PR-A、PRB),和雄激素受体(AR)。雄激素受体只有哺乳动物生殖腺中有表达;雌激素受体和孕激素受体不仅在哺乳动物雌性、雄性生殖腺中有表达,在乳腺、骨、心肌、肺和脑等组织器官中均有表达。临床实验数据已经表明,男女肺部疾病发病率存在明显差异,本文主要对雌激素与肺组织之间关系作一简要综述。     

牛蛙胃肠胰系统内分泌细胞的免疫组织化学鉴定与定位

应用过氧化物酶标记的链霉卵白素(S-P)免疫组织化学方法对牛蛙(Rana catesbeiana)胃肠胰系统5种内分泌细胞进行了鉴定与定位.在消化道中检测到了5-羟色胺(5-HT)、生长抑素(SS)、胃泌素(Gas)和胰高血糖素(Glu)细胞.5-HT细胞主要分布于胃幽门部和空肠,食道中偶见.SS细胞主要分布于胃,幽门部较密集,小肠各段少量,直肠和食道偶见.Gas细胞主要分布于小肠各段,胃和直肠中偶见,食道中未检测到.Glu细胞主要分布于胃和直肠,小肠各段偶见,食道中未检测到.在胰腺中检测出了5-HT、SS、Gas、Glu和胰多肽(PP)细胞.SS、Glu和PP细胞数量较多,成簇分布于胰岛中,5-HT和Gas细胞少量,散在分布于胰腺腺泡之间.胃腺部和胰腺内分泌细胞多呈圆形、椭圆形或形态不规则,有的可见明显胞突伸向邻近细胞,胃肠道上皮中的内分泌细胞多呈梭形、楔形或锥形,有的可见明显胞突伸向消化腔.与其它两栖动物相比,牛蛙胃肠胰系统内分泌细胞的存在与分布有一些共性,也存在着种间差异.     

雌激素受体β在乳腺癌生长中的作用研究进展

雌激素受体 β(ERβ) 是雌激素受体的另一亚型。众多体内外实验证明,ERβ 与乳腺癌的生长有密切联系。ERβ 低表达会促进乳腺 癌增殖,介导转移,还能抑制乳腺癌细胞的凋亡。临床数据证明,ERβ 在乳腺癌患者的癌旁组织中表达高于癌组织,且与乳腺癌患者的 总生存率相关。ERβ 与雌激素受体 α(ERα)、表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)、孕激素受体(PR)均有密切联系:ERα 和 ERβ mRNA 平 均表达水平比值(ERβ/ERα)升高,对抗癌药物有拮抗作用,反之则有协同作用;ERβ 的表达量受 PR 调节,并能通过 EGFR 及下游信 号通路,抑制上皮-间充质转化。临床乳腺癌样本表明,ERβ 低表达可能与启动子甲基化有关。因此,采用药物调节 ERβ 的表达以及敏感性, 是具有很大临床价值的潜在治疗手段。综述 ERβ 以及 ERβ 与相关受体之间的联系在乳腺癌生长中的作用。     

雄激素受体的结构和功能

雄激素受体(AR)属于核受体超家族中的类固醇受体.AR一般由四个结构域组成:N端转录激活区(NTD)、DNA结合区(DBD)、铰链区和配体结合区(LBD).AR的配体,雄激素是主要的内源性性类固醇激素,而更多的研究却表明雄激素在鱼类性分化过程中不起作用,AR在此过程中的作用尚不清楚.本文讨论了雄激素受体的起源、进化,并着重阐述了雄激素受体各个结构域的功能.     

雌激素受体β亚型

1996年发现雌激素受体存在亚型,即ERβ。ERβ与ERα结构相似。广泛分布于多种组织内,其表达受体激素的影响但不依赖于ERα,并与组织分化、发育过程相关。ERβ可能在生殖系统和神经系统中发挥重要作用,还可能参与肿瘤发生与进展过程ERβ与ERα在体内分布、与配体亲和力、促转录活性上存在差异,对ERβ及其特异性配体的进一步研究具有重要意义。     

无蹼壁虎心脏雌激素受体免疫组织化学研究

目的：观察雌激素受体（ERα和ERβ）在非繁殖期成年无蹼壁虎（Gekko swinhonis）心脏的表达并比较性别差异。方法：应用显示雌激素受体的免疫组织化学方法。结果：ERα和ERβ阳性反应均见于无蹼壁虎心肌细胞和成纤维细胞,且受体的表达无性别差异;ERα表达存在明显的心房（11．56±1．67）心室（6．68±1．88）差异（P〈0．01）。结论：雌激素可能是通过ERα主要作用于心房,通过ERβ调节整个心脏的机能;雌激素受体含量与性别无关,可能与生理条件下受体的活性及功能状态有关。     

雌激素和孕激素受体在粉刺性乳痈的表达及意义

目的:探讨粉刺性乳痈患者雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)的表达及临床意义。方法:选择我院2017年1月～2018年12月收治的80例粉刺性乳痈患者,采用免疫组化法检测其乳腺病变组织ER、PR的表达,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清白介素-1β(interleukin-1β, IL-1β)、IL-6及肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)水平,分析乳腺病变组织ER、PR的表达与血清IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平的相关性。结果:与普通乳腺炎组、乳腺导管扩张组比较,肉芽肿组、脓肿组血清IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平明显升高,与肉芽肿组比较,脓肿组血清IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平亦明显升高(P0.05)。普通乳腺炎组、乳腺导管扩张组血清IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。普通乳腺炎组、乳腺导管扩张组、肉芽肿组、脓肿组ER、PR的表达水平依次降低(P0.05)。普通乳腺炎组、乳腺导管扩张组ER、PR的表达与血清IL-1β、IL-6水平均呈显著负相关,而与血清TNF-α水平无显著相关性(P0.05);肉芽肿组、脓肿组ER、PR表达与血清IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平均呈显著负相关(P0.05)。结论:粉刺性乳痈患者ER、PR呈低表达或失表达,且与炎症因子及病情严重程度具有良好相关性。     

雌激素受体β与乳腺癌

雌激素受体β(ERβ)与雌激素受体α(ERα)的结构相似,是一类配体调节的转录因子,属于核受体超家族,分布于乳腺等多种组织中,具有重要的生理病理学意义。本文简要综述雌激素受体β的基因结构、剪接变体、转录调节机制及其在乳腺癌发生发展、治疗预后和抗雌激素耐受中的意义。     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Further studies of the sieve-element plastids of theCaryophyllales includingBarbeuia,Corrigiola, Lyallia,Microtea, Sarcobatus,andTelephium

The sieve-element plastids of 69 species of theCaryophyllales were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. All contained the specific subtype-P3 plastids characterized by a peripheral ring of protein filaments. The presence or absence of an additional central protein crystal and their shape being either polygonal or globular as well as the average sizes of the sieve-element plastids are useful features in the characterization of some families.—Barbeuia contains sieve-element plastids that confirm its placement within thePhytolaccaceae. Lyallia differs fromHectorella by including small starch grains in their sieve-element plastids, which otherwise by their globular crystals negate a closer connection to theCaryophyllaceae. The lack of a central protein crystal in its form-P3fs plastids placesMicrotea best within theChenopodiaceae. Sarcobatus, a so far uncontested member of theChenopodiaceae, contains form-P3cf plastids, i.e., including a central crystal not found elsewhere in this family.Telephium andCorrigiola, shifted back and forth betweenMolluginaceae andCaryophyllaceae, have form-P3cf(s) plastids with a polygonal crystal which favor their placement within theCaryophyllaceae.     

Translocation of radionuclides of Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Y, Tc, and Re into organs of tomato plant via roots

The translocation of the radionuclides of Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Y, Tc, and Re into red and green fruits, flesh, seeds, rind, calyxes, flower, leaves, and stems via the root of the tomato plant at two different growth stages was studied by a multitracer technique. The contents (%/g) of Co, Zn, Se, and Y in the roots were the highest among the organs, but only small amounts of them were translocated into the aerial parts after 5 d cultivation with a multitracer. In contrast, Rb, Tc, and Re showed rapid translocation into the stems and leaves from the root. In the plants cultivated for 95 d with a multitracer, Zn, Se, and Rb distributed in all of the organs, Co in the organs except for flowers, and Y, Tc, and Re in the limited organs. The translocation ratio of the elements for the edible part of the plants cultivated for 95 d decreased in the order of Rb>Zn>Co≈Se>Tc≈Y>Re. The transfer factor of the elements for tomato fruit was determined to be in the range of 10⁻⁵–10⁻². The characteristic translocation behavior of the elements gives us fundamental information on the assessment of pollutant uptake by the tomato plant.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Conjugates of abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, ethylene, gibberellins, and jasmonates

Phytohormones, including auxins, abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, ethylene, gibberellins, and jasmonates, are involved in all aspects of plant growth, and developmental processes as well as environmental responses. However, our understanding of hormonal homeostasis is far from complete. Phytohormone conjugation is considered as a part of the mechanism to control cellular levels of these compounds. Active phytohormones are changed into multiple forms by acylation, esterification or glycosylation, for example. It seems that conjugated compounds could serve as pool of inactive phytohormones that can be converted to active forms by de-conjugation reactions. Some conjugates are thought to be temporary storage forms, from which free active hormones can be released after hydrolysis. It is also believed that conjugation serves functions, such as irreversible inactivation, transport, compartmentalization, and protection against degradation. The nature of abscisic acid, brassinosteroid, ethylene, gibberellin, and jasmonate conjugates is discussed.