中国红豆杉羟化酶基因TcCYP725A22的克隆与功能研究

基于中国红豆杉（Taxus wallichiana var.chinensis（Pilger） Florin）转录组序列,从中扩增到1个新的P450羟化酶基因TcCYP725A22,并对其进行了克隆、表达及功能分析。生物信息学分析结果显示：该基因编码区长1500 bp,共编码499个氨基酸;编码蛋白无信号肽,包含1个跨膜区,具有催化活性中心结构域。进一步将该基因在酿酒酵母WAT11中进行异源表达功能研究,蛋白质免疫印迹（Western blot）实验结果表明,目的蛋白TcCYP725A22可在WAT11中成功表达;液相色谱-质谱联用（LC-MS）分析结果显示,羟化酶TcCYP725A22对底物紫杉素表现出催化活性。依据质谱结果及反应底物紫杉素的分子结构,判断其催化产物可能为添加了2个羟基的紫杉烷新衍生物。     

中国红豆杉羟化酶基因TcCYP725A22的亚细胞定位及过表达作用分析

抗癌药物紫杉醇生物合成途径中羟化酶的发现是当今研究的热点和难点。文中利用前期分析得到的1个新的中国红豆杉羟化酶基因TcCYP725A22(GenBank登录号:MF448646.1),构建了亚细胞定位载体pCAMIBA1303-TcCYP725A22-EGFP,瞬时侵染洋葱表皮细胞,激光共聚焦显微镜观察结果发现该基因编码蛋白定位在细胞膜。进一步构建了植物表达载体pBI121-TcCYP725A22,经根癌农杆菌AgrobacteriumtumefaciensLBA4404介导转化到中国红豆杉细胞中过表达后,利用荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)和液质联用(LC-MS)分析TcCYP725A22过表达对紫杉醇生物合成的影响。结果显示,瞬时转化pBI121-TcCYP725A22的红豆杉细胞中TcCYP725A22基因的转录水平明显高于pBI121空载体对照组。随着TcCYP725A22基因过表达,几个已知的紫杉醇合成关键酶基因的表达量也都有不同程度的上调,且细胞中各紫杉烷的含量普遍提高。这些结果说明羟化酶基因TcCYP725A22极有可能参与紫杉醇的生物合成路径。     

桦褐孔菌膜二肽酶在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

本研究利用巴斯德毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris蛋白表达体系表达了药用担子菌桦褐孔菌的一个二肽酶基因。该二肽酶基因编码区全长1814bp,包含6个内含子,编码465个氨基酸。生物信息学分析发现,二肽酶基因编码的蛋白中不含信号肽序列,但在第55–77位氨基酸之间存在一个跨膜结构。将含跨膜结构和去跨膜结构蛋白的cDNA序列分别克隆到酵母分泌型表达载体pPICZαA上,电转化至巴斯德毕赤酵母X-33中,用1%(V/V)甲醇诱导重组菌株表达目标蛋白,采用SDS-PAGE和Western-blot检测表达蛋白。结果显示,巴斯德毕赤酵母可表达含跨膜结构的完整基因,但目标蛋白不能分泌到胞外,存在于破碎细胞的沉淀中,且没有催化活性;而去跨膜结构的蛋白则可分泌表达到胞外,并具有催化活性。Ni-NTA纯化去跨膜结构的桦褐孔菌二肽酶浓度可达0.12mg/mL,并发现其在pH 7.3、反应温度50℃、反应时间2h的条件下,以Gly-Gly为底物时,其比活为433U/mg。同时检测到其对Ile-Leu、Trp-Trp和Phe-Phe具有较高的水解活性。     

中国红豆杉紫杉烯合酶cDNA的分离、表达和鉴定

紫杉烯合酶是一种二萜环化酶 ,催化牛儿基牛儿基焦磷酸形成紫杉醇生物合成过程中的中间体紫杉烯。利用PCR扩增同源探针筛选cDNA文库 ,克隆了一个编码中国红豆杉 (Taxuschinensis (Pilg .)Rehd .)紫杉烯合酶 3′端的 2 15 1bp的cDNA片段 ,也通过PCR扩增得到了该基因 5′端的 6 11bp的cDNA片段 ,将这两个cDNA片段拼接在一起 ,得到长 2 712bp的cDNA片段 ,具有一个 2 5 86个碱基的开放阅读框架 (ORF) ,编码包括质体转移肽在内的共 86 2个氨基酸残基 ;该酶与太平洋红豆杉紫杉烯合酶有 97%的同源性 (identity) ,与其他植物萜类环化酶也有较高的同源性。利用融合表达载体pET_32a在大肠杆菌BL2 1trxB中表达 ,所表达的融合蛋白以包含体形式存在。包含体经过变性、复性和再折叠 ,利用His残基亲和凝胶柱层析得到融合的紫杉烯合酶。用毛细管气相色谱 质谱联用对酶促反应产物进行分析 ,结果表明 ,融合的紫杉烯合酶能催化产生 4(5 ) ,11(12 )_紫杉烯     

穗花杉中不存在紫杉醇的化学及分子生物学证据

穗花杉(Amentotaxus argotaenia(Hance)Pilger)是红豆杉科穗花杉属的一个种。由于穗花杉与红豆杉属植物具有较近的亲缘关系,有研究者认为穗花杉也可以合成紫杉醇,并利用HPLC法测到其含有紫杉醇。但这仅仅是依靠HPLC中出峰时间来判断,并没有质谱结果。该研究利用LC-MS对穗花杉茎叶的化学提取物分析结果显示,穗花杉的茎叶中均未发现紫杉醇。为了进一步证明穗花杉不能合成紫杉醇,该研究利用欧洲红豆杉(Taxus baccata L.)紫杉醇生物合成关键基因-紫杉二烯合成酶基因(Taxadiene synthase gene,TbTS)的序列TBLASTN比对穗花杉本地转录组,从中找出并克隆得到与TbTS同源性最高的AarTSL1基因;利用原核表达分析AarTSL1基因的编码蛋白,结果发现该基因不具有紫杉二烯合成酶编码基因的功能。该研究从化学和生物学两个方面均证明穗花杉无法合成紫杉醇,为以后通过植物学和化学分类学等研究穗花杉的分类学地位提供了新的有用信息。     

紫杉醇生物合成相关酶基因的克隆与表达

以牛儿基牛儿基二磷酸为前体的紫杉醇生物合成大约有20步酶促反应,其反应过程已基本阐明,近一半的相关酶基因已得到克隆与表达。综述了编码参与紫杉醇生物合成的紫杉二烯合酶、紫杉二烯5α羟化酶、紫杉烷10β羟化酶、紫杉烷13α羟化酶、紫杉二烯5α醇O乙酰基转移酶、紫杉烷2α苯甲酰转移酶、去乙酰基巴卡亭Ⅲ10βO乙酰转移酶、3氨基3苯基丙酰转移酶和3N去苯甲酰2脱氧紫杉醇苯甲酰转移酶等9个酶基因的克隆和表达方面的研究情况,并指出随着紫杉醇生物合成的分子生物学研究的不断深入,利用分子生物技术大规模生产紫杉醇将为期不远 。     

茶树谷氨酰胺合成酶同源基因的克隆及表达分析

在实验室前期构建cDNA幼根文库获得谷氨酰胺合成酶(glutamine synthetase,GS,EC 6.3.1.2)同源序列(contig48)的基础上设计引物,通过SMART RACE技术克隆了该基因cDNA全长序列(命名为GS1-2,GenBank登录号:JQ925873.1)。结果显示:(1)GS1-2基因全长为1 710bp,开放阅读框长1 071bp,编码356个氨基酸,预测蛋白分子质量为39.3kD,理论等电点为5.65;核酸序列分析表明,GS1-2基因与从安吉白茶中克隆的茶氨酸合成酶基因相似性为99%。(2)将GS1-2基因克隆至原核表达载体pET-32a和pMAL-c5x,转化至大肠杆菌,IPTG诱导表达融合蛋白,SDS-PAGE检测结果表明,pET-32a-CsGS1-2转至Rosetta中诱导表达的蛋白与预测蛋白大小一致,主要以包涵体形式存在;而pMAL-c5x-CsGS1-2转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)诱导表达可产生可溶性蛋白。(3)进一步构建茶树GS1-2酵母表达载体pYES-DEST52-CsGS1-2并转化至酿酒酵母(WAT11)菌液中,添加底物(谷氨酸钠100μmol/L和盐酸乙胺500μmol/L)震荡培养并离心,UPLC-MS测定酶反应产物结果初步表明,目的蛋白不能催化盐酸乙胺和谷氨酸钠合成茶氨酸,但可以合成谷氨酰胺。     

E.coli M15碱性磷酸酶的表达、纯化及活性分析

目的:克隆、表达并纯化大肠杆菌M15碱性磷酸酶(EAP)成熟肽(phoA),分析其活性.方法:采用PCR技术从M15基因组DNA中扩增出phoA编码基因;构建其原核表达载体pCold-TF-EAP;转入E.coli BL21(DE3)进行表达;IMAC Ni-NTA柱层析法纯化重组蛋白;重组蛋白与底物对硝基苯磷酸二钠显色反应分析其活性.结果:克隆得到了序列约1 400bp phoA编码基因,原核表达了分子量约为100 kDa的融合重组EAP(rEAP),纯化获得的rEAP具有催化磷酸单酯的活性,有效反应温度范围大,在27℃～67℃都具有较高的催化活性,在pH7.5 ～8.0间催化活性最高.结论:克隆了可正确表达EAP的phoA编码基因,为EAP的工业化生产及应用提供了生物材料.     

鸭疫里默氏杆菌Mtan对底物SAH的催化活性

【目的】分析鸭疫里默氏杆菌(Riemerella anatipestifer,RA)不同血清型pfs基因的序列差异,并开展其编码蛋白S-腺苷高半胱氨酸核苷酶(Mtan,又称Pfs)的催化活性研究。【方法】PCR扩增9株不同血清型RA的pfs基因,分析其核苷酸序列的同源性;构建该基因的重组表达载体p Cold-RA-pfs,表达、纯化RA的重组蛋白Mtan(RA-Mtan);测定RA-Mtan对底物S-腺苷同型半胱氨酸(S-adenosylhomocysteine,SAH)的催化活性,运用哈维弧菌报告菌株BB170检测催化底物的自诱导物2(Autoinducer-2,AI-2)活性。【结果】对RA的pfs序列分析结果表明,不同血清型RA的核苷酸一致性在93.9%-100%之间;SDS-PAGE检测结果表明,RA-Mtan呈可溶性表达;酶活测定表明RA-Mtan和禽致病性大肠杆菌(Avain pathogenic Escherichia coli,APEC)的Lux S蛋白共同作用于底物时,可产生浓度为176.7μmol/L的同型半胱氨酸(Homocysteine,HCY);AI-2活性检测结果表明,产生的AI-2具有生物学活性。【结论】RA不同血清型的pfs高度保守,RA pfs基因的编码产物RA-Mtan在体外具有催化SAH的活性,RA-Mtan和禽致病性大肠杆菌的Lux S蛋白共同作用于底物SAH时,能产生有活性的AI-2,为进一步研究pfs对RA的调控作用提供参考。     

中国红豆杉紫杉烯合酶cDNA的分离、表达和鉴定

紫杉烯合酶是一种二萜环化酶,催化牛儿基牛儿基焦磷酸形成紫杉醇生物合成过程中的中间体紫杉烯.利用PCR扩增同源探针筛选cDNA文库,克隆了一个编码中国红豆杉(Taxus chinensis (Pilg.) Rehd.)紫杉烯合酶3′端的2 151 bp的cDNA片段,也通过PCR扩增得到了该基因5′端的611 bp的cDNA片段,将这两个cDNA片段拼接在一起,得到长2 712 bp的cDNA片段,具有一个2 586个碱基的开放阅读框架(ORF),编码包括质体转移肽在内的共862个氨基酸残基;该酶与太平洋红豆杉紫杉烯合酶有97%的同源性(identity),与其他植物萜类环化酶也有较高的同源性.利用融合表达载体pET-32a在大肠杆菌BL21trxB中表达,所表达的融合蛋白以包含体形式存在.包含体经过变性、复性和再折叠,利用His残基亲和凝胶柱层析得到融合的紫杉烯合酶.用毛细管气相色谱-质谱联用对酶促反应产物进行分析,结果表明,融合的紫杉烯合酶能催化产生4(5),11(12)-紫杉烯.     

Metallothionein gene expression and secretion in white adipose tissue

White adipose tissue (WAT) has been examined to determine whether the gene encoding metallothionein (MT), a low-molecular-weight stress response protein, is expressed in the tissue and whether MT may be a secretory product of adipocytes. The MT-1 gene was expressed in epididymal WAT, with MT-1 mRNA levels being similar in lean and obese (ob/ob) mice. MT-1 mRNA was found in each of the main adipose tissue sites (epididymal, perirenal, omental, subcutaneous), and there was no major difference between depots. Separation of adipocytes from the stromal-vascular fraction of WAT indicated that the MT gene (MT-1 and MT-2) was expressed in adipocytes themselves. Treatment of mice with zinc had no effect on MT-1 mRNA levels in WAT, despite strong induction of MT-1 expression in the liver. MT-1 gene expression in WAT was also unaltered by fasting or norepinephrine. However, administration of a beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonist, BRL-35153A, led to a significant increase in MT-1 mRNA. On differentiation of fibroblastic preadipocytes to adipocytes in primary culture, MT was detected in the medium, suggesting that the protein may be secreted from WAT. It is concluded that WAT may be a significant site of MT production; within adipocytes, MT could play an antioxidant role in protecting fatty acids from damage.     

Fucoxanthin from edible seaweed, Undaria pinnatifida, shows antiobesity effect through UCP1 expression in white adipose tissues

Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is usually expressed only in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and a key molecule for metabolic thermogenesis to avoid an excess of fat accumulation. However, there is little BAT in adult humans. Therefore, UCP1 expression in tissues other than BAT is expected to reduce abdominal fat. Here, we show reduction of abdominal white adipose tissue (WAT) weights in rats and mice by feeding lipids from edible seaweed, Undaria pinnatifida. Clear signals of UCP1 protein and mRNA were detected in WAT of mice fed the Undaria lipids, although there is little expression of UCP1 in WAT of mice fed control diet. The Undaria lipids mainly consisted of glycolipids and seaweed carotenoid, fucoxanthin. In the fucoxanthin-fed mice, WAT weight significantly decreased and UCP1 was clearly expressed in the WAT, while there was no difference in WAT weight and little expression of UCP1 in the glycolipids-fed mice. This result indicates that fucoxanthin upregulates the expression of UCP1 in WAT, which may contribute to reducing WAT weight.     

Morphological characteristics of liver and white adipose tissue during development of melanocortin obesity in C57Bl/6J Agouti yellow mutant mice

The changes of liver and white adipose tissue (WAT) morphology during development of melanocortin obesity in female Agouti yellow (genotype A Y/a) C57Bl/6J mice have been investigated. Mouse strain of a/a genotype was used as a control. Results have been compared with the hormonal and metabolic changes during development of obesity and type 2 diabete in Agouti yellow mice. The tissues obtained from mice of 8-, 11-, 15- and 22-week old have been analyzed. The morphology of liver and WAT of A(Y) and control animals did not differ during 15 weeks of age. 40% of A(Y) mice revealed liver steatosis (fatty liver) at the age of 22 weeks. In addition, elevation in the inflammatory and proliferating processes in the liver and severe inflammation in WAT has been observed in these animals. Since as early as 15 weeks old A(Y) mice demonstrated the appearance of insulin resistance characteristics we conclude that hormonal and metabolic abnormalities could play a role of the primary factor of pathological reorganization of liver and WAT morphology.     

NGF gene expression and secretion in white adipose tissue: regulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by hormones and inflammatory cytokines

The sympathetic nervous system plays a central role in lipolysis and the production of leptin in white adipose tissue (WAT). In this study, we have examined whether nerve growth factor (NGF), a target-derived neurotropin that is a key signal in the development and survival of sympathetic neurons, is expressed and secreted by white adipocytes. NGF mRNA was detected by RT-PCR in the major WAT depots of mice (epididymal, perirenal, omental, mesenteric, subcutaneous) and in human fat (subcutaneous, omental). In mouse WAT, NGF expression was observed in mature adipocytes and in stromal vascular cells. NGF expression was also evident in 3T3-L1 cells before and after differentiation into adipocytes. NGF protein, measured by ELISA, was secreted from 3T3-L1 cells, release being higher before differentiation. Addition of the sympathetic agonists norepinephrine, isoprenaline, or BRL-37344 (beta(3)-agonist) led to falls in NGF gene expression and secretion by 3T3-L1 adipocytes, as did IL-6 and the PPARgamma agonist rosiglitazone. A substantial decrease in NGF expression and secretion occurred with dexamethasone. In contrast, LPS increased NGF mRNA levels and NGF secretion. A major increase in NGF mRNA level (9-fold) and NGF secretion (相似文献   

Obesity modulates the expression of haptoglobin in the white adipose tissue via TNFalpha.

Increase in adipose mass results in obesity and modulation of several factors in white adipose tissue (WAT). Two important examples are tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and leptin, both of which are upregulated in adipose tissue in obesity. In order to isolate genes differentially expressed in the WAT of genetically obese db/db mice compared to their lean littermates, we performed RNA fingerprinting and identified haptoglobin (Hp), which is significantly upregulated in the obese animals. Hp is a glycoprotein induced by a number of cytokines, LPS (Lipopolysaccharide), and more generally by inflammation. A significant upregulation of WAT Hp expression was also evident in several experimental obese models including the yellow agouti (/) A(y), ob/ob and goldthioglucose-treated mice (10-, 8-, and 7-fold, respectively). To identify the potential signals for an increase in Hp expression in obesity, we examined leptin and TNFalpha in vivo. Wild type animals treated with recombinant leptin did not show any alteration in WAT Hp expression compared to controls that were food restricted to the level of intake of the treated animals. On the other hand, Hp expression was induced in mice transgenically expressing TNFalpha in adipose tissue. Finally, a significant downregulation of WAT Hp mRNA was observed in ob/ob mice deficient in TNFalpha function, when compared to the ob/ob controls. These results demonstrate that haptoglobin expression in WAT is increased in obesity in rodents and TNFalpha is an important signal for this regulation.     

GLUT4 protein is differently modulated during development of obesity in monosodium glutamate-treated mice

The aim of the present study was to investigate the GLUT4 protein expression during the development of obesity in monosodium glutamate- (MSG) treated mice. Control (C) and neonatally MSG-treated 2-month-old (2-mo), 4-month-old (4-mo) and 7-month-old (7-mo) mice were analyzed. Anthropometric data, basal glycemia and insulinemia were measured; and the GLUT4 protein was assessed by Western blotting in white adipose tissue (WAT), skeletal muscle gastrocnemius (SM) and heart (H). Compared to age-matched C mice, the 2-mo and 4-mo MSG mice were already obese, but metabolically they showed increased or preserved whole-body insulin sensitivity, respectively. At these ages they showed unchanged total GLUT4 content in SM and H. However, in plasma membrane fraction from WAT, the MSG showed increased GLUT4 content at both 2- (by 60%) and 4-month (by 45%) of age. When the GLUT4 protein was expressed by unit of adipocyte surface area the protein amount was increased by 36 and 220% in 2-mo and 4-mo MSG mice, respectively. At 7 months of age, obesity was fully established in MSG mice, showing a strongly insulin resistant condition. Additionally, in the 7-mo MSG-mice the GLUT4 protein was reduced in SM (by 40%), H (by 28%), PM and M fractions of WAT (by approximately 70%), and PM expressed by unit of adipocyte surface area (by 92%). The data demonstrate that early, during the accelerated development of obesity in MSG-treated mice, the GLUT4 content was increased in WAT, and that may play a key role in the development of obesity. Later on, when obesity is fully established, the GLUT4 protein was reduced in SM, heart and WAT, and that may be involved in the insulin resistance present in this condition.     

Up-regulation of genes related to the ubiquitin-proteasome system in the brown adipose tissue of 24-h-fasted rats

The functional balance between brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) is important for metabolic homeostasis. We compared the effects of fasting on the gene expression profiles in BAT, WAT and liver by using a DNA microarray analysis. Tissues were obtained from rats that had been fed or fasted for 24 h. Taking the false discovery rate into account, we extracted the top 1,000 genes that had been differentially expressed between the fed and fasted rats. In all three tissues, a Gene Ontology analysis revealed that the lipid and protein biosynthesis-related genes had been markedly down-regulated. The whole-body fuel shift from glucose to triacylglycerol and the induction of autophagy were also observed. There was marked up-regulation of genes in the 'protein ubiquitination' category particularly in BAT of the fasted rats, suggesting that the ubiquitin-proteasome system was involved in saving energy as an adaptation to food shortage.