红花化学成分的分离与鉴定

目的:对菊科植物红花(carthmus tinctorius L.)的干燥花的化学成分进行研究。方法:运用硅胶柱色谱﹑Sephadex LH-20柱色谱﹑ODS柱色谱、制备HPLC等分离手段进行化学成分的分离纯化,根据理化性质及波谱数据鉴定其结构。结果:从红花体积分数70%乙醇水溶液的提取物中分离得到3个化合物,分别鉴定为(+)-松脂酚((+)-pinoresinol)(1)(+)-表松脂酚((+)-epipinoresinol)(2)槲皮素(3)结论:化合物1、2为首次从红花属植物中分离得到。     

高良姜地上部分黄酮类成分的研究

为了解高良姜(Alpinia officinarum Hance)中的化学成分,采用硅胶柱色谱和葡聚糖凝胶柱色谱从高良姜地上部分分离得到5个黄酮类化合物。经光谱分析分别鉴定为:高良姜素(1)、高良姜素-3-甲醚(2)、乔松素(3)、二氢高良姜醇(4)和山奈酚(5)。     

山楂核(乙酸乙酯层)的化学成分Ⅱ

目的: 对蔷薇科山楂属植物山楂(Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.)核乙酸乙酯层化学成分进行研究。方法: 运用硅胶柱色谱﹑Sephadex LH-20柱色谱﹑ODS柱色谱、制备HPLC等分离手段进行化学成分的分离纯化,根据理化性质及波谱数据鉴定其结构。结果: 从山楂核体积分数70%乙醇水溶液的提取物中分离得到4个化合物,分别鉴定为香草酸(vanillic acid)(1)、香草醛(vanillan)(2)、异香草醛(isovanillan)(3)、丁香醛(syringaldehyde)(4)。结论: 化合物1-4均为首次从山楂属植物中分离得到。     

中麻黄的化学成分研究

研究中麻黄(Ephedra intermedia Schrenk et C.A.Mey.)干燥草质茎的化学成分及其抗哮喘活性。应用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20柱色谱、Toyopreal HW-40C柱色谱以及半制备型高效液相色谱等多种手段对中麻黄草质茎的50%丙酮提取物进行化学成分研究,从中分离鉴定了22个化合物,根据其理化性质和波谱学数据鉴定其结构,分别为4-甲氧基肉桂酸(1)、肉桂酸(2)、ω-hydroxypropioguaiacone(3)、threo-8S-7-methoxysyringylglycerol(4)、3-(2,4′-dihydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxyphenyl)propanoic acid(5)、8-hydroxy-9-methyl-7-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-propanone(6)、3-羟基-1-(4-羟基-3,5-二甲氧基苯基)-1-丙酮(7)、2-羟基-1-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基)苯基-1-丙酮(8)、异咖啡酸甲酯(9)、trans-syringin(10)、cis-syringi...     

头序瓜馥木化学成分研究

综合运用硅胶柱色谱、反相硅胶柱色谱和Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱以及制备型高效液相等色谱方法对番荔枝科瓜馥木属植物头序瓜馥木Fissistigma retusum枝叶中的化学成分进行了系统研究,从其枝叶的95%乙醇提取物中分离鉴定了12个化合物,根据化合物的理化性质及其波谱学数据将它们分别鉴定为:原儿茶酸乙酯(1)、(S)-甲氧基-(3,5-二甲氧基-4-羟苯基)乙二醇(2)、2-顺式-4-反式-脱落酸(3)、山萘酚-3-O-а-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖苷(4)、柚皮素(5)、香树素(6)、圣草酚(7)、(2R,3S)-5,7,3'-三甲氧基表儿茶素(8)、5,6,8-三甲氧基-7-羟基二氢黄酮(9)、丁香脂素(10)、epiyangambin(11)、seartemin(12)。其中化合物1和2为2个酚酸类化合物,3和4为2个萜类化合物,5~9为5个黄酮类化合物,化合物10~12为3个木脂素类化合物,化合物1~12为首次从番荔枝科瓜馥木属植物中分离得到。     

黔产大青化学成分及其抗菌活性研究

大青(Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum)是苗族地区常用的药用植物。为研究黔产大青的化学成分及其抗菌活性，该研究采用大孔吸附树脂、反相柱色谱、硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20柱色谱、半制备高效液相色谱等方法对大青95%乙醇提取物进行分离和纯化，并根据波谱数据鉴定所得化合物结构，采用MTT法评价其抗菌活性。结果表明：从大青中分离得到18个化合物，分别鉴定为木栓酮(1)、α-amyrin palmitate(2)、sambuculin A(3)、22-dehydroclerosterol(4)、isopetasin(5)、taraxasteryl palmitate(6)、豆甾醇(7)、22-dehydroclerosterol-3-O-β-D-(6′-O-margaroyl)-glucopyranoside(8)、3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(24β)-ethylcholesta-5,22,25-trien(9)、肉苁蓉苷D(10)、tortoside F(11)、balanophonin(12)、木犀草苷(13)、类叶升麻苷(14)、木犀草...     

海洋真菌Arthrinium sp. UJNMF0008代谢产物的研究

为丰富海洋真菌的化学多样性,发现海洋真菌活性代谢产物,对海洋沉积物来源真菌Arthriniumsp.UJNMF0008的化学成分及其生物活性进行研究,采用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱、反向柱色谱和高效液相色谱等方法从海洋沉积物来源真菌Arthriniumsp.UJNMF0008的发酵提取物中分离到5个化合物,通过核磁共振、质谱等方法,结合文献对照,鉴定了化合物的结构分别为arthoneF(1)、arthoneG(2)、sydoxanthoneC(3)、(3R,4R)-cis-4-hydroxymellein(4)和2-(2′S-hydroxypropyl)-5-methyl-7-hydroxychromone(5),其中化合物1和2是新化合物,化合物3首次从该属真菌中分离到。活性测试显示,化合物1~5在50μmoL/L的测试浓度下均没有表现出明显的抗氧自由基活性、抗菌活性以及NO释放抑制活性。     

海洋真菌Penicillium sclerotiorum FS50的化学成分研究

采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱、半制备HPLC等方法从海洋真菌菌核青霉Penicillium sclerotiorum FS50中分离纯化了9个化学成分,通过化合物波谱学数据及理化性质确定它们的结构分别为penicilazaphilone B(1)、sclerotioramine(2)、紫檀醇(3)、亚油酸甘油酯(4)、(3β,5α,6β,22E)-6-methoxyergosta-7,22-diene-3,5-diol(5)、啤酒甾醇(6)、对羟基苯乙酮(7)、酪醇(8)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(9)。其中化合物3为首次从青霉属中分离得到,化合物2、4、5、6、8、9为首次从菌核青霉中分离得到。     

华石斛化学成分研究(Ⅱ)

海南特有植物华石斛(Dendrobium sinense)的化学成分和药理活性研究报道较少。为了深入研究华石斛的化学成分,该研究采用MCI小孔树脂柱色谱、硅胶柱色谱和Sephadex LH-20柱色谱等多种现代分离纯化技术,从其全草乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯部位中分离纯化了10个化合物。结果表明:对分离纯化得到的10个化合物鉴定为罗汉松脂素(1)、4,5-二羟基-2,3-二甲氧基-9,10-二氢菲(2)、华石斛素C(3)、对甲氧基苯乙醇(4)、顺式对羟基肉桂酸乙酯(5)、对羟基苯丙酸乙酯(6)、丁香醛(7)、3-羟基苯甲醛(8)、3,9-dihydroxy-megastigma-5-ene(9)和(9Z,12Z)-9,12-二烯十八碳酸甲酯(10)。其中,首次从华石斛中分离得到的有化合物1、4-6、8-10。通过体外抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶活性实验发现,化合物2、4和化合物 9能够使乙酰胆碱酯酶活力下降。     

蝙蝠葛的化学成分研究

目的:对防己科蝙蝠葛属植物蝙蝠葛(Menispermum dauricum DC)的干燥根茎化学成分进行研究.方法:采用抗肿瘤细胞活性实验与中药化学实验相结合的方法,最终确定蝙蝠葛95％乙醇提取物,再经大孔树脂以70％乙醇溶液洗脱部位为其抗肿瘤活性部位,再经硅胶柱色谱法、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱法、中低压液相色谱及高效液相色谱法等现代分离技术对其化学成分进行系统研究,分离得到单体化学成分,并通过其理化性质与波谱数据(Uv、IR、NMR、MS等)分析鉴定其化学结构.结果:从蝙蝠葛药材95％乙醇提取物中分离得到7个化学成分,分别鉴定为蝙蝠葛新诺林碱(1)、northalifoline(2)、青藤碱(3)、粉防己碱(4)、荷苞牡丹碱(5)、紫堇定(6)、香草酸(7).结论:其中化合物5、6、7均为首次从该属植物中分离得到.     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.