沉水植物茎叶微界面及其对水体氮循环影响研究进展

沉水植物茎叶表面常富集了水中各类物质,包括有机质、泥沙、菌胶团、藻类、微生物等,形成厚度不等的附着层,形成特殊的茎叶微界面,其具有特殊的氧化-还原异质环境,并能为氮素循环细菌提供有机质,是水中氨化、反硝化及厌氧氨氧化等脱氮行为的重要基础,因此,了解沉水植物茎叶微界面组分、微环境变化特征及其对氮循环的调控作用,对于正确认识和利用沉水植物的生态调控功能、改善水环境质量具有十分重要的意义。基于此,就沉水植物茎叶微界面物质组成、微环境特征及其对水体氮循环影响研究现状进行了归纳总结,并对今后的研究方向进行了简要展望。     

沉水植物生长和腐解对富营养化水体氮磷的影响机制研究进展

沉水植物作为湖泊、河流等生态系统的主要高等植物, 在修复富营养化水体中的作用日益受到重视, 合理利用沉水植物是去除富营养化水体氮磷的有效途径。沉水植物对水体氮磷的迁移转化影响包括生长和腐解两个阶段。文章综述了沉水植物生长对富营养化水体氮、磷的净化效果和净化机制, 分析了沉水植物腐解对氮、磷迁移转化的持续影响, 并提出了今后沉水植物净化氮、磷的研究方向, 为沉水植物推广应用于修复富营养化水体提供理论基础。     

洱海底泥特性对七种沉水植物生长的影响

为研究洱海底泥特性对沉水植物生长的影响,采用不同比例洱海底泥与湖岸土壤掺混形成五种基质,并分别移栽苦草、黑藻、微齿眼子菜、马来眼子菜、光叶眼子菜、穿叶眼子菜和狐尾藻,进行为期70d的室外生长实验,结果表明不同基质对几种植物的影响具种间差异。（1）在基质为50%深层底泥+50%湖岸土壤（碳、氮、磷含量分别为31.59、0.334和0.095 mg/g）时,苦草、马来眼子菜和光叶眼子菜的株高最大;基质为100%深层底泥（碳、氮、磷含量分别为37.88、0.803和0.149 mg/g）时,黑藻、微齿眼子菜、穿叶眼子菜和狐尾藻的株高最大;（2）基质为100%深层底泥时,苦草、黑藻、微齿眼子菜、马来眼子菜和光叶眼子菜生物量增加最多且相对生长速率最大;基质为100%浅层底泥（碳、氮、磷含量分别为77.37、5.691和0.136 mg/g）时,穿叶眼子菜生物量增加最多,相对生长速率最大;狐尾藻在基质为50%浅层底泥+50%深层底泥（碳、氮、磷含量分别为49.27、2.005和0.131 mg/g）时生物量增加最多,相对生长速率最大;（3）基质为100%湖岸土壤（碳、氮、磷含量分别为22.06、0.327和0.231 mg/g）时,7种沉水植物均生长缓慢,生物量增加较少。综上所述,中营养底泥（碳、氮、磷含量分别为31.59-49.27、0.334-2.005和0.095-0.131 mg/g）更适合沉水植物生长,底泥中过高或过低营养都不利于沉水植物生长。     

翠湖沉水植物消失探究

近年来,北京翠湖湿地公园中沉水植物大量减少．失去了水体净化的功能。本文通过实验对湖水中农药残留物和沉水植物的相关影响进行研究．结果表明现阶段农药扑草净残留物对翠湖湖水及底泥土壤的影响不大,但相关部门反复喷洒农药扑草净在杀灭引起“水华”现象的藻类的同时,也抑制了水体中的沉水植物进行光合作用而导致其大量死亡。建议相关部门对于化学药物的使用应该采取谨慎措施．同时对沉水植物进行补种。恢复健康湿地生态系统的生物多样性。     

3种沉水植物去除水体中氮磷能力研究

研究了3种沉水植物对不同质量浓度富营养化水体的净化能力,结果表明,轮叶黑藻、金鱼藻和狐尾藻对水体中的氮、磷都有很好的净化效果,对总氮去除能力从大到小依次为轮叶黑藻>金鱼藻>狐尾藻,对总磷去除能力从大到小依次为轮叶黑藻>狐尾藻>金鱼藻。实验表明,沉水植物是富营养化水体水生态系统重建的关键,在水体生态修复中,轮叶黑藻是一种很好的水体净化沉水植物。     

菹草茎叶微界面O2时空动态

采用高分辨率光纤氧微电极测定了富营养化水体中沉水植物菹草(Potamogeton crispus)茎叶微界面(0—2.0 mm)氧(O_2)。菹草叶微界面O_2浓度梯度具明显的时空变化。时间上,菹草叶微界面O_2浓度具有明显的生长阶段变化和昼夜变化。幼苗期和快速生长期微界面O_2浓度增加幅度较小,稳定期叶表O_2浓度梯度增加幅度最大,衰亡期叶微界面O_2浓度受附着物影响具明显的空间梯度。菹草叶微界面O_2表现为昼高夜低的单峰变化模式,主要受光照和温度的影响。空间上,越接近茎叶表面,O_2浓度越高。顶部幼叶微界面O_2浓度梯度增加较平缓,中部成熟叶微界面O_2浓度梯度变化最陡,波动幅度最大,中部茎和基部衰老叶微界面O_2浓度梯度由于受密集附着物的影响,在附着物表面达到最大值,进入附着层后略有下降。结果表明,菹草茎叶微界面O_2时空变化主要受附着物和植物光合放氧能力的影响。光纤微电极是一种分析植物叶微界面氧时空分布的理想工具,对深入研究植物微界面在富营养化水体中养分的迁移转化具有重要意义,可为水生植物生理生态研究提供有力工具。     

五种沉水植物对富营养化水体的净化效果

为达到净化水质的目的,采用移栽沉水植物控制富营养化水体中营养盐含量和浮游藻类生物量。本研究在夏季藻类密度较高的富营养化水体中移栽5种长江中下游流域常见沉水植物,比较不同沉水植物去除营养盐和控制藻类总量的能力。研究结果:5种沉水植物对水体总氮含量去除率的大小顺序为:竹叶眼子菜>黑藻>苦草>微齿眼子菜>菹草,对总磷去除率大小顺序为:竹叶眼子菜>黑藻>微齿眼子菜>苦草>菹草;竹叶眼子菜控制水体中藻类总量的效果最佳,苦草、微齿眼子菜及菹草次之,黑藻对水体总磷和浮游植物的去除效果均极显著(p≤0.01),而对总氮含量的作用影响不明显(p=0.209)。综合营养盐吸收作用和藻类控制效果来看,竹叶眼子菜在整个实验过程中生长状态良好并达到较为稳定的净化作用,是夏季治理浅型富营养化静水水体的理想物种之一。     

沉水植物生长影响因子研究进展

沉水植物恢复是近年来国内外广泛关注的热点.回顾了沉水植物恢复研究的总体情况,通过对影响沉水植物生长环境因子的系统分析与总结得出:光照强度对沉水植物生长起着主要限制作用;营养盐、底质、悬浮物、水流、温度对沉水植物生长影响较为明显,各因子都存在某一适宜取值区间,满足沉水植物的最佳生长,就不同类型沉水植物及在其不同生长阶段,该取值区间也有所变化;着生藻类、重金属、pH等因子也会对沉水植物生长产生一定影响,但其作用程度相对上述因子较低.目前研究中存在的问题有:(1)相关环境因子对沉水植物生长影响机理的动态、定量化研究不足;(2)考虑到多项因子的内在联系与相互作用,开展的综合性研究较少;(3)室内实验较多,野外实验较少,实验结果不能有效指导野外实践.     

连续可调式沉水植物网床对河道水质的修复

在太湖贡湖水源保护区陆域的一条长约200 m的污染河道内构建了一系列连续可调式沉水植物网床,形成了以菊花草、苦草、伊乐藻、轮叶黑藻和菹草等沉水植物构成的水生植物群落;跟踪监测了总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH4 +-N)、亚硝态氮(NO2--N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、总磷(TP)和磷酸盐(PO43--P)等水质指标,分析沉水植物网床引导沉水植被恢复对污染河道的水质修复效果.结果表明:沉水植被网床构建后,水体透明度显著升高,由修复前的0.5m提高到1.7 ～1.8 m;在沉水植被网床构建后的第5天和第20天,TN和TP的削减率分别为35.6％、66.3％和29.4％、63.2％;5个月后,修复河道水体内NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N、TN、PO43--p和TP的浓度比对照组显著降低,削减率分别达到92.4％、76.8％、72.7％、73.9％、90.5％和92.0％.由连续可调式沉水植被网床引导恢复的水生植物群落可用于河道,特别是陆域浅水污染水体的生态修复.     

沉水植物功能性状研究的思考

植物的功能性状是指植物体具有的与生长、存活和繁殖紧密相关的一系列核心植物属性,这些性状通常有非常重要的生态学意义。目前,基于植物功能性状的研究已经快速扩展到生态学研究的众多领域。沉水植物是一类与水环境关系密切的生态类群,对浅水湖泊生态系统的结构和功能有重要的意义。之前对功能性状研究主要集中在陆生木本植物,尚无对沉水植物（沉水草本）功能性状的综述。本研究根据沉水草本与陆生植物功能性状的差异,基于陆生植物功能性状研究中的几个重要问题对现有沉水草本植物功能性状的研究进行归纳和梳理。最后对未来沉水植物功能性状的研究方向进行了展望,提出在当前全球气候变化背景下,功能性状研究也可用于指导淡水生态系统的修复。     

The effects of artificial enrichment upon the planktonic and benthic communities in a mesotrophic to hypertrophic loch series in lowland Scotland

Phytoplankton, submerged macrophytes, zoobenthos and zooplankton communities were studied concurrently in three lochs which progressively increased in trophic state. The phytoplankton showed a change in dominance from Bacillariophyceae (Pennales) and Desmidaceae in the mesotrophic Loch of the Lowes to Bacillariophyceae (Pennales) and Cyanobacteria in eutrophic Balgavies Loch and to Bacillariophyceae (Centrales) and Chlorophyceae in hypertrophic Forfar Loch. The Nygaard Compound phytoplankton quotient rose from 1.2 in the Lowes to 12 in Forfar. There was a decrease in number of species of submerged macrophytes, and in depth of colonisation from 5 m in the Lowes to 2 m in Forfar which was proportional to the decrease in mean transparency. Macrophyte biomass, however, increased in proportion to the concentration of total phosphorus in the lochs. There was a decrease in species of littoral zoobenthos, but an increase in density of profundal benthos from the Lowes to Forfar. Zooplankton also showed an increase in density with enrichment, accompanied by changes in dominance. Calanoida were dominant in the Lowes; Cladocera in Balgavies and Cyclopoda in Forfar. The importance of these differences in understanding the effects of progressive enrichment and to the management of the lochs is discussed.     

Phytoplankton and submerged macrophytes in the aquatic ecosystems of the Danube Delta during the last decade

The dynamics are presented of the main primary producers in seven representative Danube Delta lakes. Generally, the primary productivity developed from the macrophyte-epiphyte complex towards the phytoplankton. Species changes occurred in the two main compartments with increasing relative abundance of colonial blue-green algae in the phytoplankton and in submerged macrophytes of species with a vertical growth strategy. These changes are linked to accelerated eutrophication of the lakes, with increased phosphorus loading and a reduction in N:P ratio.     

Seasonal dynamics of macrophytes and phytoplankton in shallow lakes: a eutrophication‐driven pathway from plants to plankton?

1. Seasonal relationships between macrophyte and phytoplankton populations may alter considerably as lakes undergo eutrophication. Understanding of these changes may be key to the interpretation of ecological processes operating over longer (decadal‐centennial) timescales. 2. We explore the seasonal dynamics of macrophytes (measured twice in June and August) and phytoplankton (measured monthly May–September) populations in 39 shallow lakes (29 in the U.K. and 10 in Denmark) covering broad gradients for nutrients and plant abundance. 3. Three site groups were identified based on macrophyte seasonality; 16 lakes where macrophyte abundance was perennially low and the water generally turbid (‘turbid lakes’); 7 where macrophyte abundance was high in June but low in August (‘crashing’ lakes); and 12 where macrophyte abundance was high in both June and August (‘stable’ lakes). The seasonal behaviour of the crashing and turbid lakes was extremely similar with a consistent increase in nutrient concentrations and chlorophyll‐a over May–September. By contrast in the stable lakes, seasonal changes were dampened with chlorophyll‐a consistently low (<10–15 μg L^?1) over the entire summer. The crashing lakes were dominated by one or a combination of Potamogeton pusillus, Potamogeton pectinatus and Zannichellia palustris, whereas Ceratophyllum demersum and Chara spp. were more abundant in the stable lakes. 4. A long‐term loss of macrophyte species diversity has occurred in many shallow lakes affected by eutrophication. One common pathway is from a species‐rich plant community with charophytes to a species‐poor community dominated by P. pusillus, P. pectinatus and Z. palustris. Such compositional changes may often be accompanied by a substantial reduction in the seasonal duration of plant dominance and a greater tendency for incursions by phytoplankton. We hypothesise a slow‐enacting (10–100 s years) feedback loop in nutrient‐enriched shallow lakes whereby increases in algal abundance are associated with losses of macrophyte species and hence different plant seasonal strategies. In turn such changes may favour increased phytoplankton production thus placing further pressure on remaining macrophytes. This study blurs the distinction between so‐called turbid phytoplankton‐dominated and clear plant‐dominated shallow lakes and suggests that plant loss from them may be a gradual process.     

Effects of aquatic macrophytes on water quality and phytoplankton communities in shallow lakes

We investigated aquatic macrophytes, water quality, and phytoplankton biomass and species composition in three shallow lakes with different levels of vegetation cover and nutrient concentration in Kushiro Moor, during August 2000. Trapa japonica can live in a wide range of nutrient levels. This species forms an environment with a steeper extinction of light, higher concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), lower concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) near the bottom, and lower concentrations of nitrate+nitrite and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) than other vegetation types. The pH was much higher in a Polygonum amphibium community, and the DO near the bottom did not decrease compared to a T.japonica community in the summer. The relationship between chlorophyll a and the limiting nutrient (total phosphorus (TP) when total nitrogen (TN):TPis 10 and TN/10 when TN:TP is <10) significantly differed between lakes with and without submerged vegetation. The chlorophyll a concentrations at a given nutrient level were significantly lower in water with submerged macrophytes than in water without them. Correspondence analysis showed that the difference in phytoplankton community structure across sites was largely due to the presence or absence of submerged macrophytes, and the ordination of phytoplankton species in the lakes with submerged macrophytes is best explained by environmental gradients of TN, chlorophyll, pH and SRP.     

Temporal and geographical variation in lake trophic status in the English Lake District: evidence from (sub)fossil diatoms and aquatic macrophytes

1. A sediment core (representing 250–300 years) was taken from each of three lakes of conservation interest and contrasting trophic status in the English Lake District: Wastwater, Bassenthwaite Lake and Esthwaite Water. Lithostratigraphic analyses, radiometric dating and analysis of fossil diatoms were carried out.
2. Transfer functions, based on the diatoms, were used to reconstruct total phosphorus (TP) and, thus, eutrophication at the study lakes. In Wastwater, changes in lake pH were also reconstructed.
3. The lakes were also classified according to their present macrophyte flora, the latter being compared with previous records.
4. The fossil diatoms of Wastwater were continuously dominated by taxa typical of oligotrophic, circumneutral waters, indicating that the lake has not been enriched or acidified in the last 250 years. The aquatic macrophyte flora has probably remained unchanged since before the Industrial Revolution.
5. The diatom assemblages of both Bassenthwaite Lake and Esthwaite Water began to change in the mid-1800s. Further change occurred from the 1960s, at the onset of a recent period of eutrophication. These two lakes have experienced continued nutrient enrichment throughout the 1970s, 80s and 90s, largely associated with increasing phosphorus inputs from sewage effluent. There is no evidence of any recovery in response to recent reductions in external nutrient loads.
6. Only in Esthwaite Water has the change in aquatic macrophytes been pronounced.
7. Palaeolimnological reconstruction is useful in determining background conditions and natural variation in lake ecosystems.     

The possibility of submerged macrophyte recovery from a propagule bank in the eutrophic Lake Mikołajskie (North Poland)

Changes in submerged macrophyte communities in the eutrophic Lake Mikołajskie have been studied for the last 40 years. As the recent commissioning of a number of sewage treatment plants within the complex of the Mazurian Great Lakes has led to an improvement in water transparency, it was expected that species composition would start to return to the state present before intensive eutrophication. The role of seed and oospore banks in the reconstruction of submerged macrophytes is analysed on the basis of laboratory experiment. Cores of sediments (9 cm long) were collected from the littoral of Lake Mikołajskie. The cores were divided in 3 cm layers and were incubated under laboratory conditions. Five species of submerged macrophytes were germinated from the propagule banks. The richest in viable propagules was the deepest layer and poorest in active propagules was the shallowest layer of sediment. The recolonization of the littoral zone of Lake Mikołajskie by species, which occurred at a earlier period in the lake’s history is possible because viable propagules have persisted in deeper sediments.