灰葡萄孢菌致病机理研究进展

灰葡萄孢菌能引起多种双子叶植物感染灰霉病,导致农作物减产,带来巨大的经济损失。通过对灰葡萄孢菌各种致病因子的研究,为灰霉病的有效防治提供科学依据。该文阐述了灰葡萄孢菌的重要致病因子,并分析了致病因子的致病机制。灰葡萄孢菌能以菌丝、分生孢子及菌核多种感染模式侵染植物,寄主范围十分广泛。该病原菌在侵染过程中通过信号转导途径调控与致病相关的基因和蛋白表达,产生毒素,分泌胞外水解酶,共同协同作用完成致病过程。     

1株生防细菌的筛选、鉴定及其抑菌特性的初步研究

从鲜牛奶中筛选1株对番茄灰霉病菌具有拮抗作用的菌株A9,经16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定为枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。抑菌特性研究表明,该菌株代谢产物会造成番茄灰霉病菌菌丝畸形,同时抑制其孢子生长,使孢子细胞壁破裂;代谢粗提物经过DEAE-52离子交换层析及Sephadex-G50凝胶柱层析后,电泳检测到具有抑菌活性且分子量约为17ku的单一条带,经验证该抑菌物具有蛋白酶活性。     

一株新的拮抗细菌SL19及其抑菌活性物质

生防菌SL19对多种植物病原菌有抑菌活性。通过形态观察、生理生化实验和基于16S rDNA同源性序列分析构建系统发育树,鉴定该菌为Bacillus velezensis。利用对峙实验测定了该菌的抑菌谱,发现该菌对大丽轮枝菌、尖孢镰刀菌、灰葡萄孢菌、立枯丝核菌、疮痂链霉菌等多种植物病原微生物有明显的抑菌作用。利用硫酸铵盐析法分离纯化活性物质,并对其理化性质进行初步探索显示:抑菌活性物质经60°C、80°C处理20 min后的抑菌活性不变;经100°C处理20 min,活性降低为原来的75.3%;经120°C处理20 min后抑菌活性完全丧失。对胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、蛋白酶K、氯仿、紫外光均不敏感,SDS-PAGE检测发现该抑菌活性物质中含有分子量约为50 kD的蛋白质,初步推测该菌分泌的抑菌活性物质主要是蛋白质类物质。实验表明,该抗菌蛋白能够抑制大丽轮枝菌菌丝的生长及孢子的萌发,为该菌用于生物防治提供了理论基础。     

灰色链霉菌YD3309菌丝体抗菌活性成分研究

采用生物活性跟踪法,从一株灰色链霉菌菌丝体中分离得到2个具有抑菌活性的化合物,通过核磁共振波谱和质谱等技术鉴定2个化合物的结构为新刺孢霉素A(1)和N-乙酰基色氨醇(2);化合物1首次从放线菌中分离得到。抑菌活性测定结果表明:化合物1和2对番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、茄子黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliae)和辣椒枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum)等多种蔬菜病原真菌有抑制作用,其中化合物1对番茄灰霉病菌和番茄早疫病菌菌丝具有强烈的抑制作用,化合物2对茄子黄萎病菌的菌丝具有强烈的抑制作用;化合物1对番茄灰霉病菌和番茄早疫病菌菌丝生长的半抑菌浓度(IC_(50))分别为30.6和28.8 mg/L,化合物2对茄子黄萎病菌菌丝生长的半抑菌浓度(IC50)为34.3 mg/L。     

一株表面活性剂产生菌的分离及抑菌活性

【目的】研究分离得到的表面活性剂产生菌的产表面活性剂能力、分类地位和抑菌活性。【方法】采用血平板、油平板进行表面活性剂产生菌的分离,以排油圈法进行表面活性的测定;通过生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列相似性分析对BS1菌株进行初步鉴定;利用对峙培养法和菌丝生长、孢子囊形成、孢子萌发的抑制率测定研究其抑菌活性。【结果】从石油污染土壤中分离到的BS1菌株可产生表面活性剂,在分类学地位上属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)。BS1菌体、发酵上清液、挥发性物质对12种供试病原真菌均表现出一定的抑制作用。BS1菌体、发酵上清液对大豆疫霉菌(Phytophthora sojae)的抑制率最大,分别达到65.31%和95.93%。发酵上清液通过影响大豆疫霉菌菌丝生长、孢子囊形成、孢子萌发等方式抑制病原菌的正常生长,稀释20倍的发酵上清液依然具有明显的抑制作用。BS1菌株产生的挥发性物质对大豆菌核菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)的抑菌效果最好,抑制率达到84.25%。【结论】BS1菌株在产生表面活性剂的同时,还具有生物防治作用潜力。     

357细菌及其拮抗物质对植物病原真菌的抑制

Bacillus cereus357细菌及其分泌的拮抗物质对水稻纹枯病菌和草莓灰霉病菌有较好的拮抗作用。它们可抑制或杀死这两种病原菌的菌丝,可使菌丝枯萎和产生畸形。357细菌分泌的拮抗物质还可抑制草莓灰霉病菌孢子的萌发和孢子的形成。该拮抗物质对热、酸、碱等有较高的稳定性。     

利迪链霉菌K2对灰霉病菌的抑菌效果及抑菌物质鉴定

灰霉病是多种经济作物生产过程以及果蔬储藏运输中常见的病害,链霉菌能产生丰富的次级代谢产物,对灰霉病菌具有较好的抑制效果。【目的】筛选出更高效、功能更多的链霉菌,为针对灰霉病的生防菌剂的研发提供优良菌种。【方法】采用管碟法对菌株K2进行液体培养基的筛选及培养液活性的测定;双皿对峙等2种方法进行产挥发性物质对灰霉病菌的抑菌活性测定;通过16S rRNA基因序列分析进行菌株K2鉴定;高效液相色谱及液相色谱-质谱2种方法对培养液活性成分进行定性验证;顶空固相微萃取-气质联用对菌株K2产生的挥发性物质成分进行检测及鉴定。【结果】菌株K2在液体培养基A中产生的次级代谢物对苹果腐烂病菌、苹果轮纹病菌、核盘菌、杨树溃疡病菌和烟草赤星病菌等多种植物病原真菌均具有较强的抑制作用;K2产生的挥发性物质对灰霉病菌的抑制率达100%,且抑制效果与挥发性物质的量有关;菌株K2与利迪链霉菌(Streptomyces lydicus)亲缘关系非常接近,相似性为99%;培养液活性成分中含有谷氏菌素、丰加霉素和纳他霉素;在挥发性物质成分中发现了烯类、醇类、酯类及烷烃类等30种挥发性物质,其中含量较多的物质分别是2-met...     

357细菌及其拮抗物质对植物病原真菌的抑制*

Bacilluscereus 357细菌及其分泌的拮抗物质对水稻纹枯病菌和草莓灰霉病菌有较好的拮抗作用。它们可抑制或杀死这两种病原菌的菌丝 ,可使菌丝枯萎和产生畸形。 357细菌分泌的拮抗物质还可抑制草莓灰霉病菌孢子的萌发和孢子的形成。该拮抗物质对热、酸、碱等有较高的稳定性。     

渤海湾仿刺参养殖圈内贝莱斯芽胞杆菌B-VE的分离鉴定及其产抗菌脂肽的研究

为分离筛选具有广谱抑菌作用的细菌并研究其抗菌物质,实验利用琼脂扩散法和牛津杯法,以溶壁微球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞杆菌、大肠埃希菌为指示菌,从渤海湾大连海域仿刺参养殖圈中分离筛选出9株活性菌,2株具有广谱抑菌效果,其中1株抑菌效果最强。通过形态学和分子生物学检测分析,鉴定该菌株为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌(Bacillus velezensis),命名为B-VE。通过酸沉法分离发酵液中的抑菌物质,利用飞行时间质谱对其分子量进行检测,初步确定其隶属于抗菌脂肽类物质,抑菌物质包括的三种物质分别为伊枯草菌素(Iturin)、芬荠素(Fengycin A)和杆菌霉素(Bacillomycin D)。实验发现该抗菌脂肽类粗提物具有较强的pH和温度耐受性,可以耐受多种蛋白的酶解作用,且在多种有机溶剂中可以保持较强的抑菌效果。利用扫描电镜检测发现其主要通过破坏细菌的细胞膜对溶壁微球菌产生抑菌作用。结果表明,贝莱斯芽胞杆菌B-VE广谱抑菌,所产抗菌脂肽对细菌具有较强的破膜作用,且理化性质稳定,具有较好的开发利用价值。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对几种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性

枯草芽孢杆菌是目前国内外比较具有应用潜力的生防菌种之一。本文主要研究了枯草芽孢杆菌菌液对几种植物病原菌的菌丝抑制试验、菌丝形态影响试验以及分生孢子萌发抑制试验,了解枯草芽孢杆菌菌液对尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型、灰葡萄孢、茄病镰刀菌、大丽轮枝菌、麦根腐平脐蠕孢、尖孢镰刀菌的抑制作用及抑菌机理。结果显示:枯草芽孢杆菌菌液对6种病原真菌的菌丝形态、菌丝生长、产孢和分生孢子萌发都有明显的破坏或抑制作用。用枯草芽孢杆菌菌液处理尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型、灰葡萄孢、茄病镰刀菌、大丽轮枝菌、麦根腐平脐蠕孢、尖孢镰刀菌后,在PDA培养基上均形成了明显的抑菌圈,直径达3. 00 cm左右;菌液处理后分生孢子的萌发率仅30%左右。显微镜观察发现,处理组菌丝生长异常,体表凹凸不平,局部膨大,分枝变多,原生质体外泄。研究表明枯草芽孢杆菌菌株对尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型、灰葡萄孢、茄病镰刀菌、大丽轮枝菌、麦根腐平脐蠕孢和尖孢镰刀菌有良好的抑制作用,并且可以有效控制尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型、灰葡萄孢、茄病镰刀菌、大丽轮枝菌、麦根腐平脐蠕孢和尖孢镰刀菌病害的发生。     

Growth and extracellular enzyme production by strains of Bacillus species isolated from fermenting African locust bean, iru

A deiubigbe , E.Y. & O dunfa , S.A. 1990. Growth and extracellular enzyme production by strains of Bacillus species isolated from fermenting African locust bean, iru. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 69 , 662–671.
Seven strains of Bacillus subtilis group, isolated from fermented African locust bean (iru), were screened for proteolytic activity. Three strains (BS2, BL2 and BP2), which were found to be highly proteolytic, were compared on the basis of growth and extracellular enzyme production in media with and without locust bean. AH had their optimum pH for growth between 7.0 and 9.0.
The three strains produced varied amounts of amylase, polygalacturonase, galac-lanase and sucrase. The amounts of amylase and polygalacturonases produced by strain BS2 were significantly higher (at α= 0.5) than those of strains BL2 and BP2. None of the strains produced pectinmethylesterase in nutrient broth with or without African locust bean. Although the three strains were lipolytic on tributyrin agar plates, only trace amounts of lipase were detected titrimetrically in broth medium containing African locust bean. The three strains produced varying levels of sucrase and galactanases. Phytase activity was not detected in the broth culture of strain BS2. The presence of African locust bean in culture medium generally enhanced the production of extracellular enzymes significantly (at α= 0.05) in the three strains.     

番茄灰霉病拮抗内生细菌的筛选、鉴定及其活性

对安徽省淮北市番茄植株根、茎、叶中内生细菌及其数量进行了调查和筛选,并测定了其抑菌活性。结果表明,番茄根、茎和叶中的内生细菌的数量分别为5.69×105、5.16×105和2.83×105CFU.g-1鲜重。根据分离部位和表型特征,从健康番茄植株体内分离到267株内生细菌,通过对峙实验,筛选到11株对番茄灰霉病菌有拮抗作用的菌株,占所分离内生细菌总数的4.12%。来自茎组织中的菌株XF136的抑菌效果最佳,抑菌带宽度达32.2mm。根据形态特征、生理生化特性、(G+C)mol%和16SrDNA序列分析,将菌株XF136鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)。室内测定菌株XF136发酵滤液对灰霉病菌菌丝生长及分生孢子萌发的抑制作用,结果表明,菌株XF136发酵滤液可以抑制灰霉病菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发,且浓度越高,抑制能力越强;当发酵滤液浓度为20%时则完全抑制灰霉病菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发。盆栽防效试验结果表明,10%菌株XF136发酵滤液对番茄灰霉病防治效果与50%多菌灵600倍液相当,20%发酵滤液对番茄灰霉病的防治效果高于50%多菌灵600倍液。本研究表明,菌株XF136是防治番茄灰霉病潜在的优良生防菌株,具有良好的开发应用价值。     

Degradation of Extracellular beta-(1,3)(1,6)-d-Glucan by Botrytis cinerea

During growth on glucose, Botrytis cinerea produced extracellular beta-(1,3)(1,6)-d-glucan (cinerean), which formed an adhering capsule and slime. After glucose was exhausted from the medium, cinereanase activity increased from <0.4 to 30 U/liter, effecting a striking loss in the viscosity of the culture. Cinerean was cleaved into glucose and gentiobiose. Gentiobiose was then hydrolyzed to glucose. While cinereanase activity was strongest in the culture supernatant, gentiobiase activity was located mainly in the cell wall fraction. The addition of extra glucose or cycloheximide prevented the cinerean degradation caused by an effect on cinereanase formation. Cinerean degradation was accompanied by microconidiation and sclerotium formation. B. cinerea was found to grow on cinerean with the latter as its single carbon and energy source. In this case, cinerean degradation occurred during hyphal growth, and no microconidiation or sclerotium formation was observed. Growth experiments with various carbon sources indicated that cinerean had a positive effect on the formation of cinerean-degrading enzymes.     

Antagonistic activity of a natural fungal population towards pathogenic bacteria. An in vitro study.

In the present work, we performed in vitro testing of 33 species of fungi of the subdivision Deuteromycotina isolated from water and sediment of the Kolubara River for antagonistic action towards 11 species of pathogenic bacteria. Of gram-negative bacteria, the species most sensitive to metabolic fluid of the fungi were Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella enteritidis, and Shigella sonnei, while the most resistant were Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhimurium. Of gram-positive bacteria, the most sensitive species was Staphylococcus aureus, while the most resistant was Enterococcus faecalis. Of the tested fungi, Penicillium canescens, P. simplicissimum, P. thomii, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. ochraceus, and Fusarium culmorum exerted inhibitory action on the greatest number of species of pathogenic bacteria, while Verticillium lateritium, V. tenerum, Phoma humicola, and Botrytis cinerea had an inhibiting effect on the least number of species.     

Fungal ABC transporters and microbial interactions in natural environments

In natural environments, microorganisms are exposed to a wide variety of antibiotic compounds produced by competing organisms. Target organisms have evolved various mechanisms of natural resistance to these metabolites. In this study, the role of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in interactions between the plant-pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea and antibiotic-producing Pseudomonas bacteria was investigated in detail. We discovered that 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, phenazine-1-carboxylic acid and phenazine-1-carboxamide (PCN), broad-spectrum antibiotics produced by Pseudomonas spp., induced expression of several ABC transporter genes in B. cinerea. Phenazines strongly induced expression of BcatrB, and deltaBcatrB mutants were significantly more sensitive to these antibiotics than their parental strain. Treatment of B. cinerea germlings with PCN strongly affected the accumulation of [14C]fludioxonil, a phenylpyrrole fungicide known to be transported by BcatrB, indicating that phenazines also are transported by BcatrB. Pseudomonas strains producing phenazines displayed a stronger antagonistic activity in vitro toward ABcatrB mutants than to the parental B. cinerea strain. On tomato leaves, phenazine-producing Pseudomonas strains were significantly more effective in reducing gray mold symptoms incited by a ABcatrB mutant than by the parental strain. We conclude that the ABC transporter BcatrB provides protection to B. cinerea in phenazine-mediated interactions with Pseudomonas spp. Collectively, these results indicate that fungal ABC transporters can play an important role in antibiotic-mediated interactions between bacteria and fungi in plant-associated environments. The implications of these findings for the implementation and sustainability of crop protection by antagonistic microorganisms are discussed.     

番茄灰霉病生防链霉菌筛选及鉴定

【背景】由灰葡萄孢侵染所致的番茄灰霉病是一类重要的真菌病害,生物防治具有环境友好、病原菌不易产生抗药性等特点,是果蔬灰霉病绿色防控的有效措施。【目的】筛选对番茄灰霉病具有防病作用且能促进番茄种子发芽的广谱拮抗性链霉菌,并明确该菌株种级分类地位。【方法】采用琼脂块法筛选拮抗番茄灰霉病菌的链霉菌菌株,采用对峙培养法和生长速率法检测菌株T22抑菌谱,通过产胞外酶活性检测、离体叶片防效和种子发芽试验明确该菌株的防病促生相关特性,根据形态学特征、生理生化特性和分子生物学方法对该菌株进行种类鉴定。【结果】从分离的56株放线菌中筛选到14株对番茄灰霉病菌具有拮抗效果的放线菌菌株,其中链霉菌T22对番茄灰霉病菌抑制作用最强,且具有较广抑菌谱,同时菌株T22具有产生纤维素酶和几丁质酶的能力。菌株T22无菌发酵滤液对番茄灰霉病菌、桃褐腐病菌、黄瓜枯萎病菌抑菌率分别为84.6%、81.5%和79.1%;其无菌发酵滤液原液对番茄灰霉病离体防效为55.1%;100倍稀释液处理番茄种子,胚轴、胚根和种子活力指数分别增加15.1%、29.7%和43.9%。根据形态学特征、生理生化特性和多基因聚类分析将链霉菌T22鉴定为白黑链霉菌(Streptomycesalboniger)。【结论】白黑链霉菌T22具有较强的抗真菌、产胞外酶、防病和促生活性,在番茄灰霉病生物防治中具有较好的开发应用潜力。     

几种耐热戴氏霉对秸秆的降解效果

【目的】测定6株戴氏霉(Taifanglania)的生长温度特性及其对秸秆的降解效果。【方法】通过定时测定不同培养温度下的菌落直径绘制6株戴氏霉菌株的生长曲线;采用苯胺蓝法、愈创木酚法和木质素磺酸钙降解试验测定其木质素降解能力;用羧甲基纤维素钠水解圈测定法和胞外酶活测定法判定其对纤维素的降解能力;以失重法和范氏洗涤剂法检测其对水稻秸秆的降解效果。【结果】所试的耐热戴氏霉菌株均能耐受50 °C的高温,并能产生纤维素酶,但不同菌株产生的木质素降解酶有所差异;均具有降解秸秆的能力,其中合川戴氏霉(T. hechuanensis) H08.1菌株降解能力最强,其次是灰戴氏霉(T. cinerea) H57.1菌株,其秸秆降解率分别为50.2%和42.2%。【结论】合川戴氏霉H08.1菌株和灰戴氏霉H57.1菌株在秸秆的降解利用上具有潜在开发价值。     

Antifungal activity of extracellular metabolites produced by Sporothrix flocculosa

The antifungal properties of extracellular compounds produced by the epiphytic fungus Sporothrix flocculosa were bioassayed against phytopathogenie fungi on the basis of inhibition of spore germination, and mycelial growth and induction of cellular leakage. Following incubation in stationary culture, S. flocculosa released antifungal metabolites into the culture medium which were extractable with méthylene chloride. When separated by thin layer chromatography, extracted metabolites yielded a compound(s) at R_f0.65 which inhibited development of Cladosporium cucumerinum and several other phytopathogenic fungi. Treatment of Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis‐lycopersici (FORL) with the same compound(s) greatly reduced spore germination and biomass growth of both fungi. Additionally, both B. cinerea and FORL leaked electrolytes and proteins when grown in presence of the metabolites. Observations under electron microscopy revealed that FORL reacted to the presence of S. flocculosa metabolites by retraction of the plasmalemma and rapid disintegration of the cytoplasm. These reactions were similar to the ones induced by conidia of S. flocculosa when applied on powdery mildew fungi. These results provide strong evidence of the production of antifungal compounds in vivo and of their role in the antagonistic properties of S. flocculosa.     

苦豆子根瘤内生细菌分离及其对棉花枯萎病的生物防治效果测定

对从塔里木盆地苦豆子中分离得到的内生细菌进行皿内涂布拮抗实验、对峙培养法拮抗实验、胞外分泌物拮抗性测定和盆栽控病实验等研究,结果表明塔里木盆地苦豆子根瘤中存在大量的棉花枯萎病菌拮抗性内生细菌。皿内涂布法筛选结果表明60株苦豆子根瘤内生细菌中有48株相对抑菌率超过50%。对峙培养法对48株拮抗性内生细菌进一步筛选的结果表明,对棉花枯萎病菌抑菌距离超过20 mm的菌株有40株。40株拮抗性内生细菌胞外分泌物对棉花枯萎病菌的抑菌距离超过5 mm的有26株。KDRE12和KDRE41对棉花枯萎病的盆栽控病平均防效分别为67.11%和72.65%,具有应用潜力。     

Antagonistic effect of Erwinia herbicola on in vitro spore germination and germ tube elongation of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum

Interaction between Erwinia herbicola and Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum was studied in liquid culture. The results show that the bacteria directly inhibited spore germination of both fungi, especially during the first hours of the paired cultivation. The distinct taxis of bacteria to spores and germ tubes was frequently followed by their lysis. It is likely that bacteria act also by competition for nutrients. The rate of antagonistic activity of the bacteria against both fungi depended on their concentration in the mixture. Formation of chlamydospore-like structures at the apical end of B. cinerea germ tube suggests induction of a defence mechanism of this fungus while in unfavourable conditions.