外泌体调控肿瘤侵袭转移的研究进展

外泌体(exosomes)是一种由多种类型细胞分泌的磷脂双层膜囊泡，直径在30～100 nm之间。它们存在于几乎所有体液中，如血液、脑脊液、尿液、胆汁、乳汁等。外泌体能够携带多种物质，介导细胞间通讯并反映来源细胞的状态。外泌体在肿瘤进展中发挥了重要的作用，它们可以通过促进肿瘤细胞上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)、形成转移前微环境(pre-metastatic niche,PMN)以及促进促炎症和免疫抑制微环境的形成，促进肿瘤的侵袭转移。本文综述了外泌体调控肿瘤侵袭转移的作用机制，包括外泌体介导的细胞间信号传递、外泌体调控肿瘤细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭等方面。此外，本文还探讨了外泌体在肿瘤微环境中的作用及其与免疫逃逸的关系，期望为深入研究外泌体对肿瘤的调控作用提供新的思路、为肿瘤治疗提供新的靶点和策略。     

外泌体miRNA生物标志物在肝癌中的研究进展*

外泌体广泛存在于多种体液中,携带有大量活性物质,如mRNA、miRNA、蛋白和脂质等。其中的miRNA是一类短非编码RNA,在转录后水平调节基因的表达,广泛参与个体生长发育等各生命活动。外泌体miRNA有多种生物学功能,在肿瘤的发生发展、侵袭转移、机体耐药及免疫调控等多方面发挥着重要作用。目前的研究表明,无论是作为肿瘤早筛早诊和预后评估标志物还是用于肿瘤治疗,外泌体miRNA都有很好的应用前景。本文就近年来外泌体miRNA在肝癌中的研究进展和临床应用进行综述。     

外泌体在肿瘤侵袭转移中作用的研究进展

外泌体(exosome)是多种细胞分泌的一种40~100 nm的由磷脂双层膜包裹的微囊体,其组成主要包括脂质体、蛋白质、DNA及mi RNA等。研究表明外泌体通过携带生物活性物质参与了机体许多重要的生理及病理过程,尤其是在肿瘤的侵袭及转移方面。外泌体主要通过诱导肿瘤转移的启动、促进肿瘤血管生成、参与肿瘤转移前微环境形成及肿瘤微环境的免疫调控等途径,在肿瘤侵袭转移中发挥重要作用。     

外泌体在肿瘤转移及诊疗中的研究进展

外泌体是直径为40~130 nm的纳米级囊泡结构,其中包含有大量的蛋白质、核酸和脂质等,在细胞间物质信息传递过程中发挥重要的作用。与正常细胞相比,肿瘤细胞释放更多的外泌体,并且其中所包含的一系列蛋白质和核酸组分(包括mi RNAs)在调节肿瘤微环境、促进肿瘤的转移侵袭过程中起到了关键的作用。该文重点介绍了由外泌体所介导的整合蛋白、表皮生长因子受体和mi RNAs等分子在细胞间的转运对于肿瘤转移和侵袭的影响,并展望了外泌体在肿瘤的诊断和治疗方面的应用前景。随着研究的深入,通过外泌体建立有效的早期诊断体系和诊疗方案将为肿瘤的治疗提供新的思路和方法。     

外泌体源性miRNA在肿瘤发生发展中作用的研究进展

外泌体作为细胞间信息交流的重要媒介,可携带蛋白质、脂质、核酸等多种信息物质到受体细胞中,使受体细胞产生不同的生化反应进而调节各项生命活动。近年来大量研究表明,外泌体源性miRNA广泛参与包括肿瘤在内的多种疾病的发生发展。为了更好地了解外泌体源性miRNA对肿瘤发生发展的影响,该文综述了外泌体源性miRNA在肿瘤血管生成、上皮-间质转化、免疫调节、转移前微环境、耐药等方面的作用。     

外泌体源性miRNAs在肺癌发生发展中的作用

外泌体(exosomes)是细胞分泌的纳米级细胞外囊泡.外泌体通过释放其内的生物活性大分子,比如微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)到受体细胞,从而介导细胞间交流通讯. MiRNAs作为一类主要在转录后水平负向调控靶mRNAs的非编码RNAs,其在外泌体中含量最为丰富.在肺癌中,miRNAs经肿瘤细胞分泌的外泌体转运释放而发挥重要的作用.本文主要讨论了外泌体源性miRNAs在肺癌发生发展的各个阶段,包括血管生成、细胞增殖、侵袭转移、免疫逃逸、耐药等方面的作用,以及其在作为新型肺癌诊断和预后标志物方面的临床价值.     

外泌体miR-145和miR-21在非小细胞肺癌中的研究进展

非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)是全球发病率最高的恶性肿瘤之一,大多数患者在确诊时已是中晚期,预后极差。外泌体是细胞主动分泌的直径为40～100 nm的膜小体,包含丰富的蛋白质、microRNAs(miRNAs)等物质,参与细胞间的物质交换和信息交流。非小细胞肺癌源性的外泌体miRNA参与调节肿瘤细胞的发生发展、侵袭及转移等过程,在肿瘤细胞的生理、病理过程中扮演了重要角色。本文将系统阐述外泌体的生物学特性、生物学功能以及外泌体miR-145和miR-21在调控非小细胞肺癌进展、早期诊断、治疗靶点筛选及预后中的作用,为外泌体miRNA基础研究与临床应用提供参考。     

肿瘤细胞外泌体与窖蛋白-1

外泌体作为细胞间信息交流的重要结构,不仅介导正常生理过程的调节(如细胞间的交流),还参与许多疾病的病理过程。多种细胞在正常及病理状态下均可分泌外泌体。已经发现,不同细胞来源的外泌体内含有的蛋白或miRNA等分子的作用不同,可以作为肿瘤患者预后的标志物,但详细机制并不十分清楚。窖蛋白-1作为胞膜窖的标志性蛋白,可作为肿瘤调控因子行使多种细胞功能。近年来发现,多种肿瘤的外泌体有窖蛋白-1的表达,且窖蛋白-1作为重要的功能蛋白调控外泌体的内化过程。我们简要综述了肿瘤细胞外泌体与窖蛋白-1之间的联系,以期为肿瘤的早期诊断和治疗提供新思路。     

外泌体与肿瘤关系的研究进展北大核心CSCD

外泌体(又称外秘小体,exosomes)是一种能被多种活细胞分泌,直径为30~100nm,并广泛分布于多种体液中的微囊泡结构。近10年来研究发现外泌体富含蛋白质、DNA、RNA和脂质等生物活性分子,这些物质在肿瘤转移前微环境的形成、侵袭与转移中发挥重要的作用。外泌体以其独特的方式包裹着核酸和蛋白质,在细胞间有效稳定地发挥信息交流的作用。为更好地了解外泌体促进肿瘤发生发展的机制,该文将对外泌体的结构和生物学功能,以及在肿瘤微环境中如何影响肿瘤发生发展进行综述。     

外泌体在精准医疗中的应用潜力

外泌体是一种由细胞分泌的具有双层脂质膜结构的纳米级小囊泡,携带核酸和蛋白质等多种具有生物活性的内容物,不仅能够介导细胞间信号转导和信息交流,还参与了人体内各种疾病的生理过程。肿瘤来源的外泌体能够参与调节肿瘤病理发展、转移、血管生成和免疫逃逸等,可作为肿瘤早期诊断、预后的新焦点,具有较大的潜在临床应用价值。从外泌体来源、内含物以及凯杰(苏州)的研究经验等多方面内容,阐述外泌体的特点、应用及前景,并且对外泌体在肿瘤的发生发展、转移侵袭以及作为液体活检的主要组成在肿瘤精准诊断与个体化治疗方面的进展和应用潜力进行综述。     

外泌体在宫颈癌形成及其诊疗中的作用

宫颈癌作为女性第2大恶性肿瘤,仍然是全球范围内的公共卫生问题。外泌体是活细胞主动分泌的一种具有脂质双分子层结构的纳米级囊泡,能够携带蛋白质、脂质、DNA和RNA (包括mRNA、miRNA、lncRNA和circRNA)等多种具有生物学活性的物质。作为新型的细胞间通讯分子,外泌体不仅参与细胞间正常的信息传递和物质交换等生物学进程,而且在宫颈癌的发生发展过程中发挥重要作用,例如,可通过调节肿瘤微环境来参与HPV感染、促进肿瘤细胞增殖、促进血管形成、参与免疫逃逸以及参与肿瘤的侵袭和转移。外泌体广泛分布于各种生物体液中,可由不同病变程度的宫颈细胞分泌,在阴道灌洗液和血浆中大量富集,且由于其结构的稳定性,因此有望作为一种新型液体活检标志物用于宫颈癌的早期诊断。此外,外泌体具有免疫原性低、稳定性好和穿透性强等特点,可以克服生物利用度低等多种缺点,增强药物的靶向性和药物效应,并且能够降低非靶向的细胞毒性和免疫原性,因此有潜力作为新一代药物或药物载体用于肿瘤的靶向治疗。本文将针对目前国内外关于外泌体在宫颈癌发生发展过程中的作用以及诊断治疗应用领域的最新研究进展加以综述,为临床宫颈癌的诊断和治疗中一种新型的生物标志物的研究提供依据。     

外泌体在白血病中的重要调控作用

目前,白血病复发是患者死亡的主要原因之一。肿瘤细胞和微环境的相互作用,以及隐匿在骨髓中的肿瘤干细胞,促进了白血病的复发和向淋巴组织的转移,因此白血病的治疗、转移和复发问题受到广泛关注。外泌体是由绝大多数细胞分泌的双层脂质膜囊泡,可以调控细胞间的交流和信息传递。在白血病细胞、基质细胞和内皮细胞之间的相互联系中都涉及到外泌体,白血病细胞来源的外泌体存在于白血病患者的血浆中,能把其携带的白血病相关抗原及微小RNA呈递给靶细胞,促进白血病肿瘤细胞的增殖,有助于肿瘤细胞实现免疫逃避,保护白血病细胞抵抗化疗药物导致的细胞毒性作用,促进血管生成及肿瘤细胞的迁移。因此,外泌体与白血病的转移、治疗及预后密切相关,可以用来检测和监测白血病的进展。本文综述了外泌体的来源、形成与分泌机制,以及外泌体在白血病发生前、发展中、预后和免疫治疗中所扮演的重要角色。     

Role of exosomal microRNAs in lung cancer biology and clinical applications

Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles ranging from 30 to 150 nm, are secreted by various cell types, including tumour cells. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) were identified to be encapsulated and hence protected from degradation within exosomes. These exosomal miRNAs can be horizontally transferred to target cells, in which they subsequently modulate biological processes. Increasing evidence indicates that exosomal miRNAs play a critical role in modifying the microenvironment of lung cancers, possibly facilitating progression, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis and drug resistance. In this review, we summarize the novel findings on exosomal miRNA functions during lung cancer initiation and progression. In addition, we highlight their potential role and challenges as biomarkers in lung cancer diagnosis, prognosis and drug resistance and as therapeutic agents.     

Exosome-mediated transduction of mechanical force regulates prostate cancer migration via microRNA

Physical cues in the extracellular microenvironment regulate cancer cell metastasis. Functional microRNA (miRNA) carried by cancer derived exosomes play a critical role in extracellular communication between cells and the extracellular microenvironment. However, little is known about the role of exosomes loaded miRNAs in the mechanical force transmission between cancer cells and extracellular microenvironment. Herein, our results suggest that stiff extracellular matrix (ECM) induced exosomes promote cancer cell migration. The ECM mechanical force regulated the exosome miRNA cargo of prostate cancer cells. Exosome miRNAs regulated by the ECM mechanical force modulated cancer cell metastasis by regulating cell motility, ECM remodeling and the interaction between cancer cells and nerves. Focal adhesion kinase mediated-ECM mechanical force regulated the intracellular miRNA expression, and F-actin mediate-ECM mechanical force regulated miRNA packaging into exosomes. The above results demonstrated that the exosome miRNA cargo promoted cancer metastasis by transmitting the ECM mechanical force. The ECM mechanical force may play multiple roles in maintaining the microenvironment of cancer metastasis through the exosome miRNA cargo.     

Exosomes: New insights into cancer mechanisms

Exosomes are mobile extracellular vesicles with a diameter 40 to 150 nm. They play a critical role in several processes such as the development of cancers, intercellular signaling, drug resistance mechanisms, and cell-to-cell communication by fusion onto the cell membrane of recipient cells. These vesicles contain endogenous proteins and both noncoding and coding RNAs (microRNA and messenger RNAs) that can be delivered to various types of cells. Furthermore, exosomes exist in body fluids such as plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine. Therefore, they could be used as a novel carrier to deliver therapeutic nucleic-acid drugs for cancer therapy. It was recently documented that, hypoxia promotes exosomes secretion in different tumor types leading to the activation of vascular cells and angiogenesis. Cancer cell-derived exosomes (CCEs) have been used as prognostic and diagnostic markers in many types of cancers because exosomes are stable at 4°C and −70°C. CCEs have many functional roles in tumorigenesis, metastasis, and invasion. Consequently, this review presents the data about the therapeutic application of exosomes and the role of CCEs in cancer invasion, drug resistance, and metastasis.     

Pro-angiogenic effect of PC-3 exosomes in endothelial cells in vitro

The progression to a castration-resistant prostate cancer can occur after treatment with androgen deprivation therapy, resulting in poor prognosis and ineffective therapy response. Hormone dependence transition has been associated with increased tumor vascularization. Considering that exosomes are important components in communication between tumor cells and the microenvironment, we examined the angiogenic potential of exosomes released from Pca cell lines with distinctive profiles of androgen response through exosomes isolation, microscopy and uptake, functional assays follow up by microarray, RT-qPCR and bioinformatics analysis. HUVEC cells treated with PC-3 exosomes (androgen independent) showed increased invasion and tube formation ability. In order to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) related to the angiogenic response, the characterization of exosomal miRNA profile was performed. As result we suggest that the miR-27a-3p could be involved in the pro-angiogenic effect of PC-3 exosomes.     

Blockade of invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells via targeting CXCR4 with an artificial microRNA

miRNAs have been shown to function as regulatory molecules and to play an important role in cancer progression. Very little is currently known about the increasing invasion and metastasis of breast cancer due to the loss of expressive levels of certain miRNAs in breast tumor cells. In order to determine whether the CXCR4/SDF-1 pathway is regulated by expression of miRNAs, we designed and synthesized pre-miRNA against CXCR4. This double-stranded miRNA gene was ligated with a miR-155-based Block-iT Pol II miR RNAi Expression Vector (Invitrogen). Expression levels of CXCR4 in CXCR4-miRNA-transfected breast tumor cells had significantly declined. These cells exhibited reduced migration and invasion in vitro. Furthermore, they formed fewer lung metastases in vivo compared to ctrl-miRNA-transfected cells. These data support the conclusion that miRNA against CXCR4 can serve as an alterative means of therapy to lower CXCR4 expression and to block the invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells.     

microRNA-214在恶性肿瘤中的表达及相关性的研究进展

微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)是广泛存在于动植物中的一类不编码蛋白质的短小的单链RNA分子,一般由22个核苷酸组成,它们可以特异性地结合mRNA并通过降解或抑制其翻译而在转录后水平调控基因表达。miRNA的表达及功能可影响许多表观遗传学特征,其功能涉及细胞的发生、生长、发育、分化和凋亡过程,在肿瘤的形成和进展过程中扮演重要角色。microRNA-214(miRNA-214,miR-214)参与肝癌、乳腺癌、宫颈癌、卵巢癌、恶性黑色素瘤、胃癌、胶质瘤、儿童骨肉瘤等恶性肿瘤的发生发展,以及与肿瘤细胞的侵袭及转移密切相关。miRNA-214在不同的肿瘤中表达水平并不相同,miRNA-214在不同肿瘤中的差异表达是通过调控某个或者某些癌基因及抑癌基因而实现其参与肿瘤的发生发展、侵袭及转移的作用。因此,本文主要通过阅读大量国内外文献,总结和概括了miRNA-214参与部分恶性肿瘤发生发展的机制。虽然目前对于miRNA的理论研究已经日渐完善和成熟,但是怎样将这些研究结果应用于临床,怎样能够更准确、更便捷的通过对miRNA的检测达到对疾病的诊断、治疗以及预后评估,想必一定会成为将来研究的热点,我们期待一种新型的恶性肿瘤的分子标志物会使越来越多的肿瘤患者获益。     

Loss of exosomal miR-148b from cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes endometrial cancer cell invasion and cancer metastasis

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play crucial roles in tumor progression, given the dependence of cancer cells on stromal support. Therefore, understanding how CAFs communicate with endometrial cancer cell in tumor environment is important for endometrial cancer therapy. Exosomes, which contain proteins and noncoding RNA, are identified as an important mediator of cell–cell communication. However, the function of exosomes in endometrial cancer metastasis remains poorly understood. In the current study we found that CAF-derived exosomes significantly promoted endometrial cancer cell invasion comparing to those from normal fibroblasts (NFs). We identified a significant decrease of miR-148b in CAFs and CAFs-derived exosomes. By exogenously transfect microRNAs, we demonstrated that miR-148b could be transferred from CAFs to endometrial cancer cell through exosomes. In vitro and in vivo studies further revealed that miR-148b functioned as a tumor suppressor by directly binding to its downstream target gene, DNMT1 to suppress endometrial cancer metastasis. In endometrial cancer DNMT1 presented a potential role in enhancing cancer cell metastasis by inducing epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Therefore, downregulated miR-148b induced EMT of endometrial cancer cell as a result of relieving the suppression of DNMT1. Taken together, these results suggest that CAFs-mediated endometrial cancer progression is partially related to the loss of miR-148b in the exosomes of CAFs and promoting the transfer of stromal cell-derived miR-148b might be a potential treatment to prevent endometrial cancer progression.