农杆菌接种法作为一种简便的植物病毒载体的侵染方法

烟草花叶病毒(TMV)表达载体30B是一个目前广泛应用的植物病毒表达载体,但用其生产外源蛋白时,必须先将它体外转录成RNA,才能被用来接种宿主植物。由于RNA体外转录费用昂贵、操作复杂,因此限制了30B表达载体的进一步应用。针对这一不足,我们用农杆菌接种法(agroinoculation)接种该病毒载体,即将30B cDNA置于花椰菜花叶病毒(CaMV)的35S启动子和终止子之间,再将整个表达框架插入到农杆菌T-DNA的左边界和右边界之内,构建成质粒p35S-30B,将转入该质粒的农杆菌注射到植物的叶片中,30B cDNA随T-DNA进入植物细胞后,被转录成可自我复制的RNA形式,进而发生系统侵染。为了检测此接种方式的可行性,绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)报告基因被克隆到p35S-30B中,构建成p35s-30B：：GFP,用含有该质粒的农杆菌进行注射操作。证实该病毒载体可通过简便的农杆菌接种法侵染Nicotiana benthamiana,在被接种植物的系统叶中,GFP的表达量可占植物总可溶蛋白的5．2％。     

发根农杆菌附着植物细胞的离子效应

本文将光学显微镜、电镜技术和附着定量分析方法结合起来,研究了发根农杆菌各菌株附着烟草叶肉原生质体的离子效应。实验结果表明:发根农杆菌不同菌株对共培养基离子强度的敏感性有差异。菌株R1000附着植物细胞及其引起植物细胞的聚集对离子强度不敏感,而菌株A4和15834则非常敏感;农杆菌对植物细胞附着的多寡与其引起植物细胞的聚集程度有相关性;共培养基中Mg~(2 )、Mn~(2 )等二价刚离子(不包括Ca~(2 ))是农杆菌附着所必需的;植物凝集素ConA显著地促进了附着和植物细胞与细菌聚集团的形成。从菌株A4附着植物细胞的进程可以看出,附着至少是两步的过程:第一步主要是离子力的相互作用,是第二步附着发生的前提;第二步是位点专一的特异性附着,不可逆。发根农杆菌对植物细胞的附着机制不同于根癌农杆菌。     

农杆菌侵染过程中的Vir蛋白

农杆菌作为目前广泛应用的遗传转化工具,其分子机理得到广泛深入的研究,尤其是位于Ti质粒上的Vir蛋白,在整个侵染过程中起非常重要的作用。从植物信号的感应到T-DNA的运输及整合,都是在Vir蛋白和植物因子的帮助下共同完成的。简要综述了近年来有关Vir蛋白在农杆菌侵染各阶段中作用的研究进展。     

农杆菌侵染玉米芽尖导入psy基因的研究

以玉米自交系天塔五母、7922的芽尖为受体,用农杆菌介导法将psy基因转入玉米中.以植株的转化率为指标,研究了真空处理方式,真空处理时间及共培养时间对转化率的影响.结果表明,当在真空条件下侵染20min,共培养3天时转化率最高.用200mg/L的草胺膦溶液筛选,获得抗性植株经PCR检测有16株表现阳性,其中天塔五母有12株,7922有4株.RT-PCR及高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测结果表明psy基因已经整合进玉米基因组并能正常转录,转基因玉米中总类胡萝卜素含量比野生型玉米提高了25％.     

一种病毒侵染性全长cDNA克隆的快速构建方法

利用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ技术获得了含烟草花叶病毒蚕豆分离物（ＴＭＶ－Ｂ）的他长基因组ｃＤＮＡ,并克隆ｐＴ７Ｂｌｕｅ载体中。以获得的全长ｃＤＮＡ及其ＰＣＲ产物为模板分别进行体外转录,接种试验发现转录产物均具有侵染活性。比较两种方法发现以ＰＣＲ产物为模板的体外转录物的侵染效率更高。     

农杆菌介导法与基因枪轰击法结合在植物遗传转化上的应用

根癌农杆菌介导法(Agrohacterium mediated transformation)和基因枪轰击法( particle bombardment transformation)是植物遗传转化的主要方法。两种方法各有优缺点．农杆菌介导法是一种天然的植物遗传转化系统,外源基因在转基因植物中的拷贝数低,遗传稳定性好;基因枪转化法不受材料基因型的限制。通过结合两种方法的优点,发展了3种农杆菌介导和基因枪轰击法相结合的遗传转化方法,分别为农杆枪法、基因枪轰击／农杆菌感染法、金粉或钨粉包裹菌体细胞作为微弹轰击法。对3种结合转化方法的技术途径、原理、转化受体及研究进展等方面进行了综述。     

农杆菌菌株及其侵染浓度和时间对基于菜豆黄矮病毒表达载体瞬时表达外源基因的影响

以3种常见的农杆菌菌株（GV3101、EHA105、LBA4404）和基于菜豆黄矮病毒的复制型植物表达载体为材料,利用农杆菌介导的瞬时转化技术,将外源绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）基因导入本氏烟（Nicotiana benthamiana L.）叶片中实现瞬时表达,并对不同农杆菌菌株、侵染浓度及侵染时间对于瞬时表达水平的影响进行比较。结果显示,3种不同的农杆菌菌株在介导转化本氏烟叶片瞬时表达GFP积累水平之间存在显著差异,其中EHA105菌株转化效率最高,LBA4404次之,GV3101最低。此外,GV3101、EHA105和LBA4404最适侵染浓度的OD₆₀₀值分别为0.5、0.3和0.3;最佳侵染时间均为第4 d。研究结果表明农杆菌菌株染色体结构和Ti质粒的差异是影响瞬时转化过程中农杆菌侵染浓度及其外源基因瞬时表达效率的重要因素。     

农杆菌与植物细胞的相互作用

近年来,植物遗传工程的研究进入了一个飞速发展的时期。T_i质粒和R_i质粒是应用最普遍的两个基因工程的载体。它们是分别存在于根癌农杆菌(Agrobaeterium tumofaciens)和发根农杆菌(A.rhizogenes)细胞核外的一种双链环状DNA。人们将控制优良性状(如高产、抗病虫害、抗旱等)的基因通过一定方法整合到T_i或R_i质粒上的T-DNA区,然后借助于农杆菌对植物的感染,将外源基因引入植物细胞并整合     

TMV介导的外源蛋白在植物中表达

烟草花叶病毒(Tobaccomosaicvirus,TMV)为Tobamovirus代表成员,以此病毒介导的外源蛋白在植物中表达,经过了十几年的研究和不断完善,已被证实为一种有效的表达外源蛋白的途径.这项技术已经在医用活性多肽以及疫苗的研制、功能基因的鉴定、植物体内生物合成途径的研究等方面发挥越来越重要的作用.重点阐述了TMV基因组RNA的结构和分子生物学特征,并着重对重组载体的构建及其利用加以了论述.     

Tobacco mosaic virus: the first century

Tobacco Mosaic Virus: Pioneering Research for a Century, organized by The Royal Society of Edinburgh, in conjunction with The Royal Society, was held at The Royal Society of Edinburgh, UK, 7–8 August 1998.     

Homology between the proteins encoded by tobacco mosaic virus and two tricornaviruses

Summary A comparison was made of the amino acid sequences of the proteins encoded by RNAs 1 and 2 of alfalfa mosaic virus (A1MV) and brome mosaic virus (BMV), and the 126K and 183K proteins encoded by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Three blocks of extensive homology of about 200 to 350 amino acids each were observed. Two of these blocks are located in the A1MV and BMV RNA 1 encoded proteins and the TMV encoded 126K protein; they are situated at the N-terminus and C-terminus, respectively. The third block is located in the A1MV and BMV RNA 2 encoded proteins and the C-terminal part of the TMV encoded 183K protein. These homologies are discussed with respect to the functional equivalence of these putative replicase proteins and a possible evolutionary connection between A1MV, BMV and TMV.     

Cauliflower mosaic virus gene VI causes growth suppression, development of necrotic spots and expression of defence-related genes in transgenic tobacco plants

Summary In order to study possible functions of the inclusion body matrix protein (IBMP) encoded by gene VI of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), the XbaI fragment containing the gene VI of a Japanese strain of CaMV (CaMV S-Japan) was transferred to tobacco plants by Ti mediated transformation. Eight out of 18 kanamycin resistant plants (40%) expressed detectable levels of IBMP. Those transgenic plants expressing IBMP produced leaves with light green color, and their growth was suppressed as compared with control plants. Symptom-like necrotic spots also appeared on the leaves and stems of the mature transgenic plants. Furthermore, in these transgenic plants, pathogenesis-related proteins 1a, 1b and 1c were highly expressed and the activity of 1,3--glucanase was increased up to eightfold. From these results, we concluded that expression of the IBMP is associated with symptom development.     

A Novel Satellite RNA of Cucumber Mosaic Virus Induces Unique Line-pattern Mosaic Symptoms in Tobacco

The CMV(YW) isolate of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) induced unique line‐pattern mosaic symptoms in systemically infected leaves of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Ky57). By northern hybridization analysis using cDNA to CMV(Y) satellite RNA as a probe, it was confirmed that CMV(YW) contained a satellite RNA. which was designated sat‐YW RNA; this was 388 nucleotides in length and did not have either a conserved domain that induces necrosis in tomato or chlorosis in tobacco. CMV(YW) free of sat‐YW RNA. which was isolated by the single lesion isolation method using Chenopodium amaranticolor, did not induce the unique line‐pattern mosaic symptom. Furthermore, the sat‐YW RNA‐mediated line‐pattern mosaic symptom was also induced by in vitro transcribed infectious sat‐YW RNA in tobaccos infected with either CMV(YW) or CMV(Y) genomic RNA. These results clearly demonstrated that sat‐YW RNA induces the unique line‐pattern mosaic symptom on CMV‐infected tobaccos.     

甘蔗花叶病毒CP基因的高效表达和抗血清制备

将甘蔗花叶病毒的CP基因克隆到表达载体pET22b( ),并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中得到高效表达,表达蛋白约占总蛋白的15％。用此蛋白制备了效价高专化性强的抗体。此方法可以解决制备马铃薯Y病毒属病毒的血清时遇到的病毒提纯产量低和寄主蛋白影响等问题。     

Quantized incorporation of RNA during assembly of tobacco mosaic virus from protein disks

Reassembly of tobacco mosaic virus from the isolated RNA and protein, supplied as a disk preparation consisting of over 75% as the disk aggregate, has been followed by the protection of the RNA from nuclease digestion. The sizes of the RNA fragments were determined on agarose/acrylamide gels.During the first few minutes the protected RNA is found to be “quantized” into discrete lengths, differing on average by about 50 or 100 nucleotides, corresponding to one or two turns of the virus helix and strongly supporting the hypothesis that elongation in the major direction, towards the 5′-hydroxyl end, is occurring by the direct addition of protein disks. Protected RNA of the full length found in tobacco mosaic virus is visible within six minutes of starting reassembly, and by 30 minutes most of the RNA is fully protected.     

Structure of the RNA in tobacco mosaic virus

A model of the RNA of tobacco mosaic virus has been built using computer model-building techniques. The model has good stereochemistry, and fits the electron density map of the virus obtained by fiber diffraction methods considerably better than did earlier models. The three sugar rings in the asymmetric unit all have the A (3′-endo) conformation, One of the bases is in the syn conformation, a conformation observed only rarely in nucleic acid structures.     

States of aggregation of the dahlemense strain of tobacco mosaic virus protein and their relation to crystal formation.

The aggregation of the protein of the dahlemense strain of tobacco mosaic virus has been studied by electron microscopy and ultracentrifugation. The aggregates formed are similar to those formed by the vulgare strain, although the particular conditions for their formation are often rather different. Helix formation by dialysis of A protein at pH 8 to acid pH is much more efficient if an intermediate step at pH 7 is introduced. The 20 S particle or two-layer disk is stable over a wide range of pH and ionic strength values. There is no tendency to form short stacks of disks at high ionic strength; instead, 30 S particles are formed that correspond to a pair of interlocked disks giving a “figure-of-eight” appearance in electron micrographs. These particles appear to be the “building blocks” of the protein crystal.