活性氧及膜脂过氧化在植物—病原物互作中的作用

介绍了植物-病原物互作中活性氧的产生与积累、活性氧清除系统酶活性和抗氧化物质含量的变化以及膜脂过氧化作用的发生;植物-病原物非亲和性互作与亲和性互作之间在这些方面的差异;活性氧在植物抗病反应中的作用。并对以上几个方面之间的关系进行了评述。     

模拟酸雨对乐东拟单性木兰幼苗部分生理指标的影响

采用盆栽法,研究了不同pH值的模拟酸雨胁迫对乐东拟单性木兰（Paramecia lotungensis）叶片膜损伤、抗氧化酶活性、叶绿素（Chl）含量以及气体交换参数等的变化。结果表明：在模拟酸雨胁迫下,幼苗叶片膜透性和丙二醛（MDA）含量显著增加,且两者呈现显著正相关;过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性逐渐下降,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物（POD）活性逐渐或急剧上升;Chl含量明显下降;净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Ga）、蒸腾速率（Tt）、水分利用效率（WUE）和气孔限制值（La）等指标均呈下降趋势,而胞间CO2浓度（Ci）却表现为上升趋势。表明酸雨诱导了活性氧生成,使抗氧化酶系统失调,造成活性氧产生和清除之间的不平衡,从而加速膜脂过氧化作用,破坏膜透性,降解叶绿素,导致光合作用下降。     

1,2,4-三氯苯胁迫对萌发大豆种子中活性氧的影响

以盆栽法研究了不同浓度 1,2 ,4 三氯苯 (TCB)胁迫对萌发大豆种子中活性氧代谢的影响 .结果表明 ,10 0～ 30 0 μg·g-1TCB胁迫初期 (1～ 3天 )促使萌发大豆种子呼吸强度升高及其峰值提前出现 ,超氧阴离子自由基 (O2 - )及过氧化氢 (H2 O2 )的积累显著增加 ,同时伴随丙二醛 (MDA)含量升高 ,显示发生膜脂质过氧化作用 .TCB胁迫 1～ 6天使活性氧清除酶功能紊乱 ,其中过氧化物酶 (POD)活性升高 ,超氧化物岐化酶 (SOD)活性开始上升后转为下降 .在萌发大豆种子受TCB胁迫伤害过程中 ,活性氧代谢失衡造成的膜脂质过氧化将起着重要作用 .     

木波罗种子脱水敏感性与膜脂过氧化的研究

刚采收的木波罗种子含水量为５８．６％。随着含水量下降,种子的发芽率和发芽指数迅速下降,种子对脱水非常敏感,是典型的顽拗性种。自然脱水时,种子胚轴和子叶中超氧物歧化酶的活性先上升,然后下降,丙二醛和脂质氢过氧化物的含量显著增加。其脱水敏感性的原因可能是当种子脱水时,植物酶ＳＯＤ的活性下降,膜脂过氧化作用加强,从而使膜的结构和功能受到破坏,种子生活力丧失。     

脱硫废弃物对盐碱地水稻活性氧代谢的影响

以'96-D10'水稻品种为材料,测定了不同脱硫废弃物施用量下盐碱地水稻不同生育期的抗氧化酶活性及膜脂过氧化指标的变化,以探讨脱硫废弃物对水稻生长影响的生理机制及脱硫废弃物对盐碱地改良的效果.结果表明,随着脱硫废弃物施用量的增加,水稻各生育期叶片和根系丙二醛(MDA)含量、细胞质膜相对透性、超氧阴离子自由基(t/hm2脱硫废弃物施用量处理在水稻整个生育期内抗氧化保护酶的活性最高,而活性氧的含量和膜脂过氧化作用最低.研究发现,施用22.5 t/hm2脱硫废弃物能够显著提高盐碱地水稻植株不同生育期保护酶活性,减少体内活性氧过量累积,从而增强其耐盐性.     

活性氧对大豆下胚轴线粒体结构与功能的损伤

采用百草枯、H_2O_2和Fenton反应作为外源活性氧,探讨了活性氧对大豆下胚轴离体线粒体的部分功能与结构的伤害。结果表明,活性氧O_2~-,H_2O_2和·OH都能引起线粒体结构的迅速膨胀,呼吸控制比率和氧化磷酸化效率降低,以及细胞色素氧化酶活力下降。通过对线粒体膜脂氢过氧化物和脂质共轭二烯的吸收光谱分析,阐明了活性氧对线粒体的损伤是与膜脂过氧化作用密切相关的。     

毒扁豆碱对豌豆幼苗的伤害机制

一家浓度的毒扁豆碱处理豌豆,杆株明显导致叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量下降,膜透性增加。分析表明,毒扁豆碱处理下吉片膜脂化氧化作用增强。过氧化物酶活性提高,而活性氧清除系统的超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性降低。     

模拟酸雨及其酸化土壤对小麦幼苗膜脂过氧化水平的影响

以小麦为试材,采用盆栽的方法研究了模拟酸雨及其酸化土壤对小麦幼苗膜脂过氧化水平的影响。结果表明以黄棕壤为材料通过模拟酸雨的淋溶,引起了土壤酸化和盐基流失。当模拟酸雨的pH值由5.6下降到2.5时,土壤pH值由6.06下降到3.41,土壤中交换性盐基总量便从56.5mmol/kg下降到41.1mmol/kg。将小麦幼苗栽培在该酸化土壤上,并分别用5种不同pH值的模拟酸雨喷淋地上器官,导致小麦幼苗体内的膜脂过氧化水平增高和保护酶的活性变化。其中模拟酸雨喷淋小麦幼苗对叶片中的膜脂过氧化水平及保护酶活性的影响大于酸化土壤对其产生的影响。而酸化土壤对小麦幼苗根系中的膜脂过氧化水平和保护酶活性的影响大于模拟酸雨喷淋对其产生的影响。同时,pH≤3.0的高强度酸雨以及由其产生的酸化土壤(T4、T5土壤)对小麦幼苗的膜脂过氧化水平和保护酶的活性产生了严重的影响。     

Cu2+作用下辣椒膜脂过氧化及倍半萜环化酶基因转录

分析了在CuCl2作用下辣椒叶片倍半萜环化酶活性,倍半萜环化酶mRNA表达,细胞GSH和GSSG代谢及膜脂过氧化,结果表明,Cu^2 能诱导辣椒叶片表达倍半萜环化酶活性,酶活性的表达与相应的基因转录有关,辣椒叶片在CuCl2作用下合成了含－SH的螯合肽,相应地GSH含量下降,GSSG的含量有所上升,细胞膜过氧化作用加剧,推测细胞膜脂过氧化产物或GSH氧化产物可能参与了CuCl2诱导辣椒倍半萜环化酶基因表达的信号传递作用。     

冷锻炼对低温胁迫下夏威夷椰子膜脂过氧化及保护酶活性的影响

在－5℃低温胁迫下,夏威夷椰子（Pritchardia gaudichaudii H.Wendl.)幼苗叶片的丙二醛（MDA）含量逐渐增加,表明膜脂过氧化作用逐渐增强;含水量不断下降;细胞保护酶中的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD) 过氧化氢酶（CAT）酶活性均先升高,然后下降。冷锻炼处理可以减缓夏威夷椰子膜脂过氧化作用的增强,促进SOD酶活性的提高,同时抑制POD和CAT酶活性的变化,因而使夏威夷椰子幼苗的抗寒性得以提高,在－5℃低温胁迫下的半致死时间从1.6d延长到2.2d。     

The role of calcium in improving photosynthesis and related physiological and biochemical attributes of spring wheat subjected to simulated acid rain

The response of photosynthesis parameters, catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity, malondialdehyde, proline, chlorophyll, yield and yield components to foliar application of calcium and simulated acid rain in wheat were investigated. Foliar treatment of calcium led to significant increases in the photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, proline, chlorophyll, yield and yield components in plants subjected to acid rain. Antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation in the wheat leaves decreased because of calcium foliar application. Calcium hindered degradation of the rubisco subunits under acid rain treatment compared with water-treated plants. Results suggest that acid rain induces the production of free radicals resulting in lipid peroxidation of the cell membrane so that significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activity was observed. In addition, photosynthetic parameters i.e. photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were drastically suppressed by acid rain. The cellular damage caused by free radicals might be reduced or prevented by a protective metabolism including antioxidative enzymes and calcium. We report that foliar application of calcium before acid rain may ameliorate the adverse effects of acid rain in wheat plants.     

激动素对韭菜叶片衰老的影响与活性氧代谢的关系

本文研究了激动素对韭菜离体叶片衰老的影响与活性氧代谢的关系。结果表明,在暗诱导衰老过程中抗坏血酸、谷胱甘肽含量和超氧物岐化酶、过氧化氢酶活性均呈下降趋势。激动素在延缓衰老的同时,明显抑制了抗坏血酸、谷胱甘肽含量和超氧物岐化酶、过氧化氢酶活性的下降以及膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛的积累。证明激动素延缓衰老的作用是通过调节活性氧代谢来实现的。     

Effect of aluminium on lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase activities in root tips of soybean (Glycine max)

Inhibition of root elongation and modification of membrane properties are sensitive responses of plants to aluminium. The present paper reports on the effect of AI on lipid peroxidation and activities of enzymes related to production of activated oxygen species. Soybean seedlings (Glycine max L. cv. Sito) were precultured in solution culture for 3–5 days and then treated for 1–72 h with Al (AICI₃) concentrations ranging from 10 to 75 μM at a constant pH of 4.1. In response to Al supply, lipid peroxidation in the root tips (< 2 cm) was enhanced only after longer durations of treatment. Aluminium-dependent increase in lipid peroxidation was intensified by Fe²⁺ (FeSO₄). A close relationship existed between lipid peroxidation and inhibition of root-elongation rate induced by Al and/or Fe toxicity and/or Ca deficiency. Besides enhancement of lipid peroxidation in the crude extracts of root tips due to Al, the activities of superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) and peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) increased, whereas catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) activity decreased. This indicates a greater generation of oxygen free radicals and related tissue damage. The results suggest that lipid peroxidation is part of the overall expression of Al toxicity in roots and that enhanced lipid peroxidation by oxygen free radicals is a consequence of primary effects of Al on membrane structure.     

Changes of CYP1A1, GST, and ALDH3 enzymes in hepatoma cell lines undergoing enhanced lipid peroxidation

Hepatoma cells show alterations in the response to oxidative stress (decreased lipid peroxidation) and in xenobiotic metabolism enzymes (decreased P450, increased GST and ALDH3). This study examined the effect of lipid peroxidation on the expression of the above enzymes in two rat hepatoma cell lines (MH(1)C(1) and 7777). To induce oxidative stress, cells were exposed to arachidonic acid (to increase lipid peroxidation substrate) and/or to beta-naphthoflavone (to increase CYP450), and treated with one dose of iron/histidine. The cells, that were still viable after the challenge, were refed with the culture medium and CYP1A1, GST, and ALDH3 enzymes monitored for 1, 6, 12, and 24 h. Treatments that increased markers indicative of lipid peroxidation are associated with a decrease in enzyme activities, which was permanent for CYP1A1 and transient for the other enzymes. We speculate from these data that aldehydic byproducts of lipid peroxidation may be responsible for these effects. Thus, restoration of lipid peroxidation in hepatoma cells seems to induce a rapid adaptation to oxidative stress, which is achieved by a simultaneous decrease of reactive oxygen species production and an increase in the two main enzymes involved in the removal of the aldehydic products of lipid peroxidation.     

增强UV-B辐射对小麦叶中CAT、POX和SOD活性的影响

研究了０（ＣＫ）,８．８２ｋＪ／ｍ＾２（Ｔ１）及１２．６ｋＪ／ｍ＾２（Ｔ２）三种剂量的紫外线Ｂ（ＵＶ－Ｂ,２８０～３２０ｎｍ）辐射对温室种植的小麦膜伤害的机理,试验结果表明,在增强ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射下,与对照相比,膜脂过氧化物产－丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量明显升高,同时膜脂脂肪酸组成配比改变,不饱和度指数（ＩＵＦＡ）有所下降,并具剂量效应,过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）,过氧化物酶（ＰＯＸ）活性显著升高,而超氧歧化酶（     

波浪冠层栽培模式对高油大豆叶片活性氧代谢和膜脂过氧化的影响

 为探明波浪冠层栽培模式增产增效的机理,为其推广应用提供理论依据,2005～2006年以高油大豆(Glycine max）品种‘鲁豆9号’为试验材料 ,采用大田试验和室内生理生化测定相结合的方法,研究了波浪冠层栽培模式对高油大豆叶片活性氧代谢和膜脂过氧化的影响。结果表明,波浪 冠层群体与对照CK相比,可溶性蛋白质含量平均增加1.56 mg·g^-1,增加0.034％,其中结荚期最多,为9.43 mg·g^-1,增加1.35％,差异达到极 显著水平;可溶性糖含量平均增加了3.82 mg·g^-1,增加7.18％,其中开花期最多,为12.51 mg·g^-1,高达48.41％,差异达到极显著水平。可 溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量的变化更利于C、N代 谢和源、库、流的协调,其中,C代谢改善和提高的水平高于N代谢。保护性酶过氧化物酶 （Peroxidase, POD）活性平均增高20.13％,在结荚期最多,高达46.53%,差异达到极显著水平,POD是关键保护性酶,其保护作用强于超氧化 物歧化酶（Superoxide dismutase, SOD）和过氧化氢酶（Catalase, CAT）;SOD活性平均增高2.28％;CAT活性平均增高0.48％;膜脂过氧化 产物丙二醛（Malondialdehype, MDA）含量降低。保护性酶POD、SOD和CAT活性升高,MDA含量降低,作物清除活性氧的能力增强,延缓衰老。 波浪冠层群体与对照保护性酶变化规律一致,即SOD活性高峰出现时期最早,CAT次之,POD最晚,这表明在大豆不同的生育期,不同保护酶分别 发挥着不同程度的保护作用。因此,该栽培模式对大豆活性氧代谢和膜脂过氧化的影响明显,有利于作物高产优质高效目标的实现。     

Loss of latent activity of liver microsomal membrane enzymes evoked by lipid peroxidation. Studies of nucleoside diphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and UDP glucuronyltransferase

The effects of lipid peroxidation on latent microsomal enzyme activities were examined in NADPH-reduced microsomes from phenobarbital-pretreated male rats. Lipid peroxidation, stimulated by iron or carbon tetrachloride, was assayed as malondialdehyde formation. Independent of the stimulating agent of lipid peroxidation, latency of microsomal nucleoside diphosphatase activity remained unaffected up to microsomal peroxidation equivalent to the formation of about 12 nmol malondialdehyde/mg microsomal protein. However, above this threshold a close correlation was found between lipid peroxidation and loss of latent enzyme activity. The loss of latency evoked by lipid peroxidation was comparable to the loss of latency attainable by disrupting the microsomal membrane by detergent. Loss of latent enzyme activity produced by lipid peroxidation was also observed for microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase and UDPglucuronyltransferase. In contrast to nucleoside diphosphatase, however, both enzymes were inactivated by lipid peroxidation, as indicated by pronounced decreases of their activities in detergent-treated microsomes. According to the respective optimal oxygen partial pressure (po2) for lipid peroxidation, the iron-mediated effects on enzyme activities were maximal at a po2 of 80 mmHg and the one mediated by carbon tetrachloride at a po2 of 5 mmHg. Under anaerobic conditions no alterations of enzyme activities were detected. These results demonstrate that loss of microsomal latency only occurs when peroxidation of the microsomal membrane has reached a certain extent, and that beyond this threshold lipid peroxidation leads to severe disintegration of the microsomal membrane resulting in a loss of its selective permeability, a damage which should be of pathological consequences for the liver cell. Because of its resistance against lipid peroxidation nucleoside diphosphatase is a well-suited intrinsic microsomal parameter to estimate this effect of lipid peroxidation on the microsomal membrane.     

海滨沙滩单叶蔓荆对沙埋的生理响应特征

海滨沙滩单叶蔓荆(Vitex trifolia L.var.simplicifolia)是优良的抗沙埋地被植物.以烟台海岸沙地单叶蔓荆为材料,通过不同厚度沙埋过程中沙上和沙下叶片抗逆生理指标的测定以揭示其抗沙埋生理调控机制.结果表明,轻度和中度沙埋5d,成株和幼株整株叶片细胞膜透性增大、POD和SOD活力增高、MDA和脯氨酸含量和叶片相对含水量(RWC)增加、可溶性糖含量下降.但同株沙上叶片细胞膜透性、MDA含量、SOD和POD活力和可溶性糖含量均高于沙下,而沙上叶片脯氨酸含量低于沙下叶片.在轻度和中度沙埋lOd,沙上叶片细胞膜透性、MDA和可溶性糖含量、叶片POD活力降低,叶片SOD活力仍有小幅度增高,但脯氨酸含量增加,沙上叶片生长旺盛.研究表明,沙埋下叶片抗氧化酶活力和脯氨酸含量与细胞膜透性和膜脂过氧化成正相关.沙埋使植株上部叶片接近沙表面而经受干旱和地面热辐射胁迫引起细胞膜脂过氧化加剧和细胞膜透性加大.同时沙埋也使沙下叶片遭遇黑暗和缺氧胁迫诱导细胞内膜脂过氧化,但也激活了叶片抗氧化酶保护系统和叶片脯氨酸的积累抑制细胞膜脂过氧化维护细胞膜的稳定.因此在沙埋过程中,叶片快速响应沙埋胁迫激活叶片抗氧化酶系统抑制膜脂过氧化作用维持氧自由基和抗氧化酶系统的动态平衡在单叶蔓荆适应轻度和中度沙埋,维护沙上叶片旺盛生长中起重要作用,也是重度全埋下沙下植株茎顶端能快速延伸弯曲生长最后顶出沙面再生的主要生理保护原因.     

成花光敏感的雌雄性不育苎麻活性氧代谢研究

为研究成花光敏感雌雄不育苎麻(Floral initiation photo-sensitive male and female sertile ramie,SMSFS)的败育与活性氧代谢的关系,对SMSFS及其回复突变株SMSFS(R)花器官的活性氧(ROS)清除酶活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量测定．结果表明：SMSFS蕾的过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性明显高于可育株SMSFS(R),而膜脂过氧化产物MDA的含量低于SMSFS(R);与蕾期相比,败育期SMSFS雌雄花除POD活性有所上升,而SOD和CAT活性则显著下降,MDA含量升高并高于开花期可育株．可见活性氧代谢的失衡引起了的膜脂过氧化,与SMSFS雌雄性败育明显相关．