力竭运动锻炼和饥饿对南方鲇静止代谢率及体重的影响

在25℃饥饿和维持日粮(1.5%体重)条件下,测定了连续15d无氧运动锻炼(追赶至力竭)及随后5d撤消运动锻炼过程中南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis)静止代谢率(VO2rest)的变化。实验以饥饿和维持日粮条件下非运动锻炼组分别作为饥饿及摄食对照组。研究发现:饥饿和摄食对照组的VO2rest在实验过程中显著下降(P<0.05),饥饿锻炼组VO2rest在锻炼的4～15d显著上升(P<0.05),而摄食锻炼组的VO2rest相对稳定;当撤消锻炼后,饥饿和摄食锻炼组VO2rest迅速下降,与对照组无显著差异。研究表明,相对于对照组,4～7d的无氧运动锻炼导致VO2rest显著上升;而撤消锻炼后,15d的锻炼影响在3～5d内完全消除。实验还提示,与维持日粮处理比较,饥饿条件下无氧运动锻炼对VO2rest的影响更为显著。     

营养状态和代谢范围对锦鲫幼鱼群体行为的影响

为考察营养状态和代谢范围对鱼类群体行为的影响,研究以锦鲫(Carassius auratus)幼鱼为实验对象,在(25.4±0.2)℃条件下先测定其摄食代谢和能量代谢(标准代谢率, SMR;最大代谢率, MMR)计算代谢范围(AS=MMR–SMR),再测定5个“营养-AS”处理组的锦鲫鱼群体中的个体空间位置、摄食量及个体特征(如个体游泳速度和加速度)和群体特征(如个体游泳速度同步性、个体间距离、最近邻距离和群体极性)。研究发现:营养状态、饥饿、代谢范围、摄食和消化对鱼群中的个体空间位置均无影响。饥饿和消化对锦鲫群体的凝聚力并无影响,但饥饿降低该种鱼群体协调性的现象仅在消化期间存在,即群体中个体食物获取能力导致消化策略并非相同,由此引发个体游泳运动同步性更加紊乱,最终导致群体协调性下降。在正常营养状态的锦鲫群体中,群体前部的空间可赋予个体获得更多食物资源的生态收益,但饥饿消除该群体中个体空间分布生态收益的异质性。对照组摄食量与摄食水平与预测剩余的AS呈负相关,饥饿组摄食量与摄食水平与预测剩余的AS不相关。研究表明:在正常营养状态的锦鲫群体中,群体前部的空间可赋予个体获得更多食物资源的生态...     

抑制剂存在下不同种群烟粉虱乙酰胆碱酯酶残余活性频率分布及其与抗药性的关系

为了探讨烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci不同种群个体乙酰胆碱酯酶敏感性差异及其与抗药性的关系, 我们选用室内饲养的烟粉虱SUD S敏感品系和6个田间抗性种群, 采用酶标板酶动力学法测定了各品系 (种群）乙酰胆碱酯酶对抑制剂的敏感性反应以及抑制剂存在时各抗性种群个体乙酰胆碱酯酶残余活性频率分布。结果表明: 在抑制剂浓度为300 μmol/L时, 敏感品系乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性基本上被完全抑制, 可以明显地区分敏感品系与田间抗性种群。在抑制剂浓度为2 000 μmol/L时, 各抗性种群个体乙酰胆碱酯酶残余活性频率分布差异明显, 其中ZZ-R种群和FZ-R种群的乙酰胆碱酯酶残余活性频率分布相似, 大部分个体的乙酰胆碱酯酶残余活性分布在1.00~1.80 mOD/min之间; SM-R种群和ND-R种群的乙酰胆碱酯酶残余活性频率分布也相似, 大部分个体的乙酰胆碱酯酶残余活性分布在0.40~1.00 mOD/min之间; LY-R和NP-R种群大部分个体的乙酰胆碱酯酶残余活性分别分布在1.00~1.60 mOD/min和0.80~1.20 mOD/min之间。各抗性种群乙酰胆碱酯酶高残余活性 (大于1.00 mOD/min）个体频率与对敌敌畏的抗性水平之间具有明显相关性, 相关系数为0.86 (P<0.05）。考虑到乙酰胆碱酯酶对抑制剂作用不敏感是一些昆虫对有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂抗性的重要机制之一, 建议可以将乙酰胆碱酯酶对敌敌畏的敏感性作为烟粉虱抗药性生化检测的一个参考指标。     

尖吻蝮蛇毒类凝血酶促凝作用的研究

探讨尖吻蝮蛇毒类凝血酶（ＤＡＴＬＥ）的促凝作用特点及影响其药效的有关因素。方法测定ＤＡＴＬＥ诱导的体外全血浆及吸咐血浆凝固时间,不同实验条件对ＤＡＴＬＥ及凝血酶诱导体外全血浆凝固时间（ＴＴ）、白陶土部分凝血活酶时间（ＫＰＴＴ）和凝血酶原时间（ＰＴ）的影响。结果在体外,ＤＡＴＬＥ能直接使人全血浆及吸咐血浆凝固,并呈剂量相关性,该促凝作用不受ＡＴ－Ⅲ和肝素的影响,Ｎａ＋离子抑制,而Ｃａ２＋离子能增强其促凝作用;ＤＡＴＬＥ促凝作用的最适ｐＨ值在５．０～８．５之间;ＤＡＴＬＥ在体内能增强内源性和外源性凝血作用,在０．０５～０．１ｍｇ／ｋｇ的促凝剂量下,ＤＡＴＬＥ略使血浆纤原含量减少。结论ＤＡＴＬＥ为一类凝血酶,在一定剂量范围内,主要表现为促凝作用,有不同于凝血酶的特点。     

俄罗斯鲟仔鱼初次摄食时间对生长及存活的影响

以人工繁育的俄罗斯鲟仔鱼为对象,采用实验生态学方法,研究了初次摄食时间对生长及存活的影响。结果表明：在水温17.4 ℃下,仔鱼在9～10日龄初次摄食,初次摄食前投喂对俄罗斯鲟仔鱼的生长和存活无显著性影响,延迟2 d以上初次摄食对生长影响明显,存活率在18日龄初次摄食时显著下降,24日龄时饥饿仔鱼全部死亡;23～24日龄时仔鱼如不能建立外源营养即达到饥饿不可逆点（PNR）。人工养殖条件下,俄罗斯鲟仔鱼必须在初次摄食后14 d内建立起主动摄食能力才能保证其仔鱼的正常发育、生长和存活。     

单宁酸对根田鼠断乳幼体生长和存活的影响

在食物中含10％和20％蛋白质条件下,测定了单宁酸对根田鼠幼体在断乳后20d内的生长和存活的影响。结果表明,食物中含蛋白质为10％的条件下,摄食含3％和6％单宁酸食物的试验个体生长速率分别为-0．135g/d和-0．25g/d,食物利用效率均显低于对照组,断乳后20d内平均存活天数较对照组分别下降26．23％和49．36％。在食物蛋白质为20％的条件下,摄食含3％和6％单宁酸食物的试验个体生长速率分别为0．134g/d和-0．116g／d,摄食6％单宁酸食物的试验个体食物利用效率显低于摄食3％单宁酸食物的试验个体和对照组个体,断乳后20d内的平均存活天数较对照组下降39．41％,摄食3％单宁酸食物的试验个体较对照组略有下降,但不显。上述结果验证了单宁酸能显影响植食性小哺乳动物生长和存活的假设。     

蔗糖奖赏增强大鼠对可卡因的觅药动机北大核心CSCD

高糖、高脂食物的摄取会产生奖赏效应。研究表明,高糖食物,如蔗糖或糖水的摄食经历,会影响动物对成瘾性药物的应答,但是动物对高糖食物的摄取是否影响其对成瘾性药物的觅药动机并不清楚。本研究通过自给食踏板训练使大鼠进行蔗糖摄食,并观察蔗糖自给食经历是否影响大鼠对可卡因的觅药动机。在可卡因自给药实验中,与食物对照组相比,经历蔗糖自给食的大鼠表现出较高的踏板数和摄药量、递增比率的踏板破发点以及上移的剂量反应踏板曲线,提示对可卡因觅药动机的升高;在可卡因诱导的活动敏感性实验中,经历蔗糖自给食的大鼠表现出较高的活动敏感性;在可卡因条件性位置偏爱实验和旷场实验中,经历蔗糖自给食的大鼠对可卡因配对侧的偏爱和自主活动性与食物对照组相比无显著差异;在高架十字迷宫以及条件性恐惧记忆实验中,经历蔗糖自给食的大鼠的焦虑水平以及对声音线索引起的僵直反应与食物对照组相比没有显著变化。这些结果提示,蔗糖奖赏能够增强大鼠对可卡因的觅药动机。     

饥饿对日本沼虾摄食节律的影响

本文研究了不同饥饿时间对开本沼虾Macrobrachium nipponense摄食节律的影响.结果表明,饥饿后恢复投饵初始日本沼虾表现出强烈的摄食,摄食节律为单峰型,随着时间的延长,多峰型摄食节律出现.饥饿4 d的日本沼虾在饥饿过程中并未出现饥饿死亡现象,恢复投喂后在较短时间内(5 d)即可恢复正常的摄食节律.饥饿8 d组在饥饿的第6～8 d便可明显观察到虾体色异常并有部分死亡,说明饥饿8 d已经影响到了日本沼虾的存活.饥饿8 d组日本沼虾摄食高峰的变化无明显规律,恢复到正常摄食节律需要较长时间.     

池养条件下似刺鳊鮈早期发育阶段的摄食与生长特性

对人工培育的似刺鳊鮈（Paracanthobrama guichenoti）仔鱼、稚鱼和幼鱼的生长与摄食节律进行了研究。结果显示,在1～70日龄间,似刺鳊鮈全长平均日增长率为3．55％,体重平均日增长率为11．26％,头长／全长值随着日龄的增长而变小。全长（L,mm）与体重（M,mg）的关系式为M=O．0012L^2-0．0564L＋0．6504;体重（M,mg）与日龄（D,d）的关系式为M=O．0043e^0.0936D;全长（L,mm）和日龄（D,d）的关系式为L=0．0154D^2-0．0128D＋8．1965。在饵料充足的条件下,20日龄晚期仔鱼全天均有很高的摄食发生率,小高峰出现在8：00时;40日龄稚鱼则表现出明显的昼夜摄食节律,属于典型的白天摄食类型,日摄食率2．3376％。20日龄仔鱼和4013龄稚鱼饱食后分别经6h、5h整个消化道排空。在水温25℃及饥饿空胃状态下,10日龄仔鱼只经3d即开始出现死亡个体,经5d全部死亡;20日龄仔鱼经6d开始出现死亡个体,经9d全部死亡;40日龄稚鱼经7d才开始出现死亡个体,10d后全部个体均死亡。     

蔗糖奖赏增强大鼠对可卡因的觅药动机

高糖、高脂食物的摄取会产生奖赏效应。研究表明,高糖食物,如蔗糖或糖水的摄食经历,会影响动物对成瘾性药物的应答,但是动物对高糖食物的摄取是否影响其对成瘾性药物的觅药动机并不清楚。本研究通过自给食踏板训练使大鼠进行蔗糖摄食,并观察蔗糖自给食经历是否影响大鼠对可卡因的觅药动机。在可卡因自给药实验中,与食物对照组相比,经历蔗糖自给食的大鼠表现出较高的踏板数和摄药量、递增比率的踏板破发点以及上移的剂量反应踏板曲线,提示对可卡因觅药动机的升高;在可卡因诱导的活动敏感性实验中,经历蔗糖自给食的大鼠表现出较高的活动敏感性;在可卡因条件性位置偏爱实验和旷场实验中,经历蔗糖自给食的大鼠对可卡因配对侧的偏爱和自主活动性与食物对照组相比无显著差异;在高架十字迷宫以及条件性恐惧记忆实验中,经历蔗糖自给食的大鼠的焦虑水平以及对声音线索引起的僵直反应与食物对照组相比没有显著变化。这些结果提示,蔗糖奖赏能够增强大鼠对可卡因的觅药动机。     

高纤维食物对黄毛鼠摄食和消化的影响

动物的消化生理特征和消化对策可决定其营养生态位。为揭示黄毛鼠适应高纤维食物的消化对策,在高纤维食物饲喂10 d和20 d时,以食物平衡法测定摄食量、粪便量及相应的能量学参数。在取食高纤维食物10 d时,摄食量无显著变化,但粪便量显著增加,消化率显著下降;至20 d时,摄食量显著增加,消化率仍低于对照组,但消化能与对照组无差异。高纤维组动物的体重在第10 d时显著下降,但在第20 d时未进一步下降。该结果表明,黄毛鼠能够通过增加摄食量和降低消化率的消化对策适应高纤维食物,此外,降低体重使总能量需求减少,也是其适应低质量食物的对策之一。     

大熊猫酸性核糖体磷酸蛋白P1 基因cDNA 克隆及序列分析

运用RT-PCR 技术,从大熊猫的肌肉组织总RNA 中成功克隆了酸性核糖体磷酸蛋白P1 (RPLP1)基因的表达序列,并对其进行了测序及初步分析。结果表明:大熊猫RPLP1 基因的表达序列全长为448 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为344 bp,编码114 个氨基酸的蛋白质,该蛋白的分子量为11.566 kDa,pI 为4.4,含有3 个酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ磷酸化位点和2 个N - 酰基化位点。进一步分析发现,大熊猫RPLP1 基因的表达序列及其编码的氨基酸序列与已报道的部分哺乳动物具有很高的相似性。      

Inheritance of resistance to pyriproxyfen in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) males and females (B biotype)

We evaluated effects of the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen on Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (B biotype) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) males and females in laboratory bioassays. Insects were treated with pyriproxyfen as either eggs or nymphs. In all tests, the LC50 for a laboratory-selected resistant strain was at least 620 times greater than for an unselected susceptible strain. When insects were treated as eggs, survival did not differ between males and females of either strain. When insects were treated as nymphs, survival did not differ between susceptible males and susceptible females, but resistant males had higher mortality than resistant females. The dominance of resistance decreased as pyriproxyfen concentration increased. Resistance was partially or completely dominant at the lowest concentration tested and completely recessive at the highest concentration tested. Hybrid female progeny from reciprocal crosses between the susceptible and resistant strains responded alike in bioassays; thus, maternal effects were not evident. Rapid evolution of resistance to pyriproxyfen could occur if individuals in field populations had resistance with traits similar to those of the laboratory-selected strain examined here.     

Altered mating behaviour in a Cry1Ac-resistant strain of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Randomness of mating between susceptible and resistant individuals is a major factor that closely relates to the refuge strategy of resistance management for Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) to Bacillus thuringiensis cotton. The mating behaviour of Cry1Ac‐susceptible and Cry1Ac‐resistant strains of H. armigera was compared to investigate the randomness of their mating. The percentage of mating was lower for Cry1Ac‐resistant H. armigera compared with that of the susceptible strain under both no‐choice and multiple‐choice conditions. The low percentage of mating in the resistant strain indicates a reduced incidence of successful mating. The percentage of spermatophore‐containing mated female H. armigera in the crossing of susceptible females × resistant males was significantly lower than in the crossing of resistant females × susceptible males, but the observed mating frequencies of these two types of cross were similar to each other. This indicates that resistant males reduce the incidence of mating paternity more than they do their mating frequency. The percentages of heterogametic matings (susceptible females × resistant males, resistant females × susceptible males) in the multiple‐choice experiment were lower than those of homogametic matings (susceptible × susceptible, resistant × resistant) on peak mating nights. However, the difference between heterogametic and homogametic mating was not significant, indicating that there was a random mating between susceptible and resistant strains. The results presented here do not reflect reality in mating associated with Cry1Ac resistance but can provide insight into variable expression.     

围栏条件下捕食风险对岩松鼠贮藏核桃种子行为的影响

面对捕食风险,贮藏植物种子的啮齿动物如何通过调整其贮藏行为,权衡捕食风险和贮食效益,需要深入研究。2006 年9 月,在北京东灵山地区,以黄鼬作为捕食风险源,在半自然围栏内比较了有无捕食风险源时,岩松鼠贮藏的核桃种子的状态,以及埋藏种子在实验围栏内的分布、微生境和搬运距离,以探讨捕食风险对岩松鼠贮藏种子行为的影响。结果表明,捕食风险源存在时,搬运和埋藏种子的比例都显著减少,弃置地表种子的比例无显著差异;埋藏于高风险区的种子比例减少,中风险区和低风险区的埋藏种子比例增加,但差异都不显著;位于裸地和草下的埋藏种子比例减少,位于墙基的埋藏种子比例增加,但差异都不显著;此外,埋藏种子的搬运距离也没有显著差异。可见,捕食风险源存在时,岩松鼠显著减少了搬运和埋藏种子的比例,但对埋藏种子时的埋藏区域和微生境选择,以及搬运距离无显著影响。差异不显著可能与围栏效应有关。     

桔小实蝇抗性个体流动对抗性个体频率的影响

为了解害虫个体的迁移对害虫群体抗药性发展的影响, 本研究利用实验室内建立的桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis对敌百虫和高效氯氰菊酯两种抗性品系以及相对敏感品系, 设计5%~25%个体的迁移比例, 研究桔小实蝇抗、 感个体流动对原始种群抗性个体频率的影响。结果表明: 桔小实蝇抗性个体迁入敏感种群, 使得敏感种群抗性个体频率增加, 在抗性个体迁移率为25%时, 影响敏感种群敌百虫和高效氯氰菊酯抗性个体频率的变化值分别为20.04%和41.75%; 同样随着敏感个体迁入比例的增加, 抗性种群中抗性个体频率降低程度越大, 在敏感个体迁移率为25%时, 抗性种群敌百虫和高效氯氰菊酯抗性个体频率的变化值分别为56.20%和25.88%。利用抗性个体频率变化值与相应迁移率的比值来表示迁移的相对效率, 在抗性个体迁移率为5%时, 影响敏感种群抗性个体频率变化的相对效率最高; 在敏感个体迁移率分别为5%和10%时, 影响敌百虫抗性种群和高效氯氰菊酯抗性种群抗性个体频率变化的相对效率最高。以抗、 感个体迁移引起的抗性个体频率变化值进行趋势拟合, 发现抗敌百虫与抗高效氯氰菊酯桔小实蝇品系不同迁移比例下的抗性个体频率变化趋势分别符合密度模型(density model)和房屋模型(housing model), 相关系数分别是0.9696和0.9647。研究结果表明通过合理地设计抗、 感迁移比例能有效地延缓桔小实蝇抗性水平的上升, 达到抗性治理的目的。     

Susceptibility/resistance to mouse hepatitis virus strain 3 and macrophage procoagulant activity are genetically linked and controlled by two non-H-2-linked genes

The mode of inheritance of susceptibility/resistance to mouse hepatitis strain 3 (MHV-3) was determined by typing the set of AXB/BXA recombinant inbred (RI) strains derived from resistant A/J (A) and susceptible C57BL/6J (B) progenitors for susceptibility to infection as determined by the severity of liver pathology. The strain distribution pattern for susceptibility showed a discontinuous variation: one strain was fully resistant (A-like), four strains were fully susceptible (B-like), and 16 strains showed an intermediate degree of susceptibility. The fully susceptible strains developed fulminant hepatitis and died; the fully resistant strain developed no liver disease, whereas a range of disease ranging from mild focal hepatitis to widespread hepatocellular necrosis was seen in the semisusceptible strains. This SDP best fits the two-recessive-gene model of inheritance, and neither of these two loci is linked to the H-2 complex. Macrophage procoagulant activity (PCA) segregated among the RI strains in a strain distribution pattern identical to that of susceptibility/resistance. PCA levels were greater than sevenfold elevated in fully susceptible RI mice and fourfold elevated in semisusceptible mice with no increase in resistant mice. These observations suggest genetic linkage of susceptibility/resistance to MHV-3 infection and macrophage PCA.     

Characteristics of resistance in rice to rice hoja blanca virus (RHBV) and its vector, Tagosodes orizicolus (Muir)

This paper characterises resistance to rice hoja blanca virus (RHBV) which is transmitted by the planthopper Tagosodes orizicolus (Muir). Resistance is expressed as decreased proportion of plants infected compared to susceptible lines, although severity of symptom expression is similar in both types. This resistance is not due to differences in vector feeding behaviour. Vectors reared eight generations on resistant plants showed no increased ability to transmit to resistant lines or decreased ability to transmit to susceptible ones. Longevity of vectors was similar when reared either on virus-resistant or susceptible plants. Incubation period of the virus in resistant plants are significantly longer than in susceptible plants. Resistance increased with plant age in resistant and susceptible cultivars. Increased virus dosage, as determined by increased number of viru-liferous vectors per inoculated plant, caused an increase in transmission to both resistant and susceptible cultivars. However, the ranking of resistant and susceptible remained the same across the experimental range of dosage and plant age. It is concluded that the resistance studied is to virus infection and there is little risk of “breakdown” occurring as a result of genetic or behavioural changes in the vector population. This will permit the use of economic thresholds to planthopper feeding damage with little risk of RHBV epidemic outbreak.     

Imatinib mesylate (STI571) abrogates the resistance to doxorubicin in human K562 chronic myeloid leukemia cells by inhibition of BCR/ABL kinase-mediated DNA repair

Imatinib mesylate (STI571), a specific inhibitor of BCR/ABL tyrosine kinase, exhibits potent antileukemic effects in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). However, the precise mechanism by which inhibition of BCR/ABL activity results in pharmacological responses remains unknown. BCR/ABL-positive human K562 CML cells resistant to doxorubicin (K562DoxR) and their sensitive counterparts (K562DoxS) were used to determine the mechanism by which the STI571 inhibitor may overcome drug resistance. K562 wild type cells and CCRF-CEM lymphoblastic leukemia cells without BCR/ABL were used as controls. The STI571 specificity was examined by use of murine pro-B lymphoid Baf3 cells with or without BCR/ABL kinase expression. We examined kinetics of DNA repair after cell treatment with doxorubicin in the presence or absence of STI571 by the alkaline comet assay. The MTT assay was used to estimate resistance against doxorubicin and Western blot analysis with Crk-L antibody was performed to evaluate BCR/ABL kinase inhibition by STI571. We provide evidence that treatment of CML-derived BCR/ABL-expressing leukemia K562 cells with STI571 results in the inhibition of DNA repair and abrogation of the resistance of these cells to doxorubicin. We found that doxorubicin-resistant K562DoxR cells exhibited accelerated kinetics of DNA repair compared with doxorubicin-sensitive K562DoxS cells. Inhibition of BCR/ABL kinase in K562DoxR cells with 1 microM STI571 decreased the kinetics of DNA repair and abrogated drug resistance. The results suggest that STI571-mediated inhibition of BCR/ABL kinase activity can affect the effectiveness of the DNA-repair pathways, which in turn may enhance drug sensitivity of leukemia cells.     

Genetics of resistance to the rust fungus Coleosporium ipomoeae in three species of morning glory (Ipomoea)

We examined the genetic basis of resistance to the rust pathogen Coleosporium ipomoea in three host species: Ipomoea purpurea, I. hederacea, and I. coccinea (Convolvulaceae). In crosses between resistant and susceptible individuals, second-generation selfed offspring segregated in ratios that did not differ statistically from the 3:1 ratio indicative of single-gene resistance with the resistant allele dominant. One out of three crosses between resistant individuals from two different populations revealed that resistance loci differed in the two populations, as evidenced by the production of susceptible individuals among the S(2) generation. These results suggest that gene-for-gene interactions contribute substantially to the dynamics of coevolution in this natural pathosystem. They also suggest that evolution of resistance to the same pathogen strain may involve different loci in different Ipomoea populations.