抑菌试验用于测定T-2毒素

本文从镰刀菌中提取T-2毒素,对不同的酵母菌进行抑菌试验,结果证明红酵母属(Rho-dotorula)的三个种,即红酵母(R.glutrnis)、深红酵母(R.ruber)和小红酵母(R.minuta)对T-2毒素最敏感,被定为测毒敏感菌。将抑菌试验与家兔皮肤反应试验、豌豆发芽抑制试验进行对比,结果有部分重合,但不能相互取代。由于抑菌试验具有快速、简便、准确的优点,可做为测定T-2毒素的方法之一。     

我国13种天南星科作物上的芋花叶病毒

用直接负染和免疫电镜方法从我国浙江省(杭州、奉化、温州等地)、上海、北京、福建、湖南等地的13种天南星科大田作物:芋(Colocasia esadenta)、魔芋(Amorphophallus sinesis)、药用植物:半夏(Pinellia ternata)、掌叶半夏(P. cordata)、盾叶半夏(P. pedatisecta)以及观赏植物:马蹄莲(Zantedeschia aethiopica)、海芋(Alocasia macrorrhiza)、象耳芋(Colocasia gigantea)、台果芋(Syngonium podophygum)、黄金葛(Scindapsus aureus)、广东万年青(Aglaonema modestum)、花叶芋(Caladium bicolar)、剑叶喜林芋(Philodendium oxycadium)上均检测到芋花叶病毒(Dasheen mosaicvirus, DMV)。在免疫吸附-免疫修饰电镜水平上,该病毒与DMV抗血清和PVY抗血清均有强阳性反应。在人工接种条件下,DMV各分离物均不侵染烟草等非天南星科供试植物,但接种天南星科指示植物Philodendr…     

福建锈菌初步名录

本文报告福建省的锈菌29属150种,它们包括无柄锈科(MeLampsoraceae)11属36种,柄锈科(Pucciniaceae)15属98种以及半知锈(Uredinales Imperfecti)3属16种;其中无柄锈科的拟夏孢锈属(Uredinopsis)、明痂锈属(Hyalopsora)、膨痂锈属(Puccini-astrum)、栅锈属(Melampsora)、赭痂锈属(Ochropsora)、两型锈属(Pucciniostele)和柱锈属(Cronartium),柄锈科的不眠多胞锈属(Kuehneola)、不休白双胞锈属(Leucotelium)、戟孢锈属(Hamaspora)、多胞锈属(Phragmidium)、伞锈属(Ravenelia)、不眠单胞锈属(Maravalia)和鞘柄锈属(Coleopuccinia)以及半知锈的夏孢锈属(Uredo)在福建首次发现。文中对每个种列出学名、寄主、采集地及标本号。某些种附加了讨论。所有标本保藏在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室。     

长白山地区真菌降解木质素的研究

采用Bavendamn氏反应,漆酶(Laccase)和α-酪氨酸酶反应(α-tyrosinase reacrion)呼吸率,紫外分光光度法和扫描电镜等方法,对来自长白山地区的五株真菌进行了定性、定量测定。结果表明,长白山地区存在木质素分解菌,它们分属于曲霉属(Aspergillus)、木霉属(Trtchoderma)及毛霉属(Mucor)。它们均能不同程度地降解小叶杨(Populus simonti)、龙爪柳(Salix matsydana F. fortuosa)、家榆(Ulmus pumila)、山毛桃(Persian davidiana)的碱性水溶木质素,游离木质素及细胞回复木质素。降解主要发生在第8天以后,在第12-14天时趋于稳定,其木质素的剩余量在44—74％,它们参与木质素降解的酶不同于已报道过的白腐菌的酶。     

嗜热放线菌类群分类的研究I．嗜热链霉菌的分类鉴定(二)

将我国各地的厩肥、畜粪、堆肥、土壤样品,经52屯培养,分离出耐热的链霉菌菌株,通过 分类研究,证明其中有七个新种和一个新变种,定名为热丁香色链霉菌(S.lhcrmolila“砌、热栗色链霉菌(S. thermocastaneus)、热藤黄链霉菌(S. thermolulus)、热藤黄链霉菌褐色变种(S. thormoluleus var．Fuscu,)、热蓝紫色链霉菌(S. thermocyaneoviolaceus)、热淡天蓝链霉菌(S．Thermocoerulescens)、 热蓝斑链霉菌 (S. thermocyaneomaculatus)、 热黑绿链霉菌(S.Thermoatroviridis)。     

以形态、细胞壁和醌化学组份鉴别放线菌的属

将经典的形态分类法与化学分类法(细胞壁与醌的化学分析)相结合,对从我国不同地区分离到的22株放线菌进行了分类鉴定。它们分别属于类诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)、拟诺卡氏菌属(Nocardiopsis)、小多孢菌属(Micropolyspora)、马杜拉放线菌属(Actinomadura)、游动放线菌属(Actinoplanes)和小单孢菌属(Micromonospora)等6个属,13个种。     

我国北方地区裸胞壳属(Emericeila)的种

对1402份来自于东北,华北及西北地区的土样进行裸胞壳属(Emericella)菌的分离．结合菌落形态及扫描电镜下子囊孢子的形态将各菌鉴定到种。结果表明我国北方地区分布有8个种,1个变种,分别是无冠裸胞壳(Emericella acristata)、皱折裸胞壳(Emericellacorrugata)、茴香裸胞壳(Ernericella foeniculicola)、宫治裸胞壳(Emericella miyajii)、构巢裸胞壳(Emericella nidulans vat．．Nidulans)、构巢裸胞壳宽脊变种(Emericella nidulans vat．Tara)、四脊裸胞壳(Emericella quadrilineata)、褶皱裸胞壳(Emericella rugulosa)及波状裸胞壳(Emericella undulata)。除银川地区以Emericella acristata为优势菌外,各地区以Emericella nidulans最为常见．文中对常见菌种进行了简要的概述,对在我国较少见的种进行了详细的描述和讨论。     

中国小麦赤霉病菌优势种——禾谷镰刀菌产毒素能力的研究

试验测定了分离自中国小麦赤霉病常发生地区病麦穗上的47个禾谷镰刀菌(Fusariumgraminearum)菌株的产毒紊能力。结果表明,它们可以产生25种包括单端孢霉烯族化合物(Trichothecenes)、倍半萜类化合物(sesquiterpenes)、赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone)和丁烯羟酸内酯(Butenolide)等类的已知次生代谢物。这些菌株属于化学型 I,其中,来自我国温暖麦区的菌株都属化学型IA (deoxynivalenol,3-acetyl),并在气候冷凉地区发现化学型IB(de-oxynivalenol,15-acetyl)菌株。     

滇重楼寄生菌的研究

从滇重楼(Paris polyphylla var.yunnanensis)地下茎中分离和鉴定出两种细菌——蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)和产碱假单胞菌(Pseudomonas alcaligenes),以及三种真菌——黑团孢霉(Periconia sp.)、白色厚顶孢霉(Pachnocybe albida)和重楼索霉(Hormomyces paridiphilus)。对蜡状芽孢杆菌、产碱假单胞菌和重楼索霉进行了液体培养并测定了胞外多糖含量,结果表明重楼索霉可分泌大量胞外多糖,这可能是导致滇重楼地下茎胶质化和多糖含量增加的原因。     

降解直链烷基苯磺酸钠真菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从直链烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)污染土壤中分离到12株能降解LAS的真菌。经鉴定,它们分属于青霉属(Prnicillium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、帚霉属(Scopulariopsis)和头孢霉属(Cephalosporium)。研究了Aspergillus f-11降解LAS酶活诱导生成的条件及降解LAS的特点。还利用液相色谱对真菌和细菌降解LAS的产物进行了比较。     

In-vitro antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Sardinian Thymus essential oils

Essential oils and their components are becoming increasingly popular as naturally occurring antimicrobial agents. In this work the chemical composition and the antimicrobial properties of Thymus essential oils and of their main components were determined. Three essential oils obtained from different species of Thymus growing wild in Sardinia and a commercial sample of Thymus capitatus oil were analysed. The essential oil components were identified by GC/MS analysis. The antimicrobial activity of the oils and components was determined against a panel of standard reference strains and multiple strains of food-derived spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, using a broth microdilution method. The GC/MS analysis showed that the major constituents of the oils were monoterpene hydrocarbons and phenolic monoterpenes, but the concentration of these compounds varied greatly among the oils examined. The results of the antimicrobial assay showed that essential oils extracted from Sardinian Thymus species have an antimicrobial activity comparable to the one observed in other thyme oils. It seems also confirmed that the antimicrobial properties of thyme essential oils are mainly related to their high phenolic content. Among the single compounds tested carvacrol and thymol turned out to be the most efficient against both reference strains and food-derived bacteria. The results of this study confirmed the possibility of using thyme essential oils or some of their components in food systems to prevent the growth of foodborne bacteria and extend the shelf-life of processed foods.     

Antimicrobial activities of various essential oils against foodborne pathogenic or spoilage moulds

The use of essential oils in the food industry, as natural sanitizing agents, requires the definition of optimal conditions. The aim of the present work was to evaluate some antimicrobial activity parameters as mycelial growth inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of six essential oils against Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus,Chaetomium globosum, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium pinophilum, Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride. The antimicrobial activity of essential oils was monitored by the macrodiluition technique. The mycelial growth inhibition, fungistatic and fungicidal concentrations were recorded for each strain that showed sensitivity to the essential oils. The essential oils of catnip, cinnamon, tea tree and thyme essential oils exhibited a large spectrum antimicrobial activities; those of clary sage and laurel inhibited the mycelial growth in a few fungal strains. The essential oils of cinnamon and thyme had the lowest MIC and MFC values against all the fungi assayed, followed by catnip, tea tree, clary sage and laurel. The use of these natural products rather than, the currently used antifungal chemicals, may be of interest given that: i) essential oils are of natural origin which means they are safer for human health and the environment and ii) there is less chance that the pathogenic microorganisms will develop resistance.     

Thyme essential oil for antimicrobial protection of natural textiles

The study was aimed at increasing the resistance of lignocellulosic textiles to bacteria and mould action using a biocide of plant origin. The biocide used in the study was thyme essential oil. This kind of oil is characterized by low toxicity for humans and the environment. The antimicrobial efficiency of thyme essential oil applied to linen–cotton blended fabric and linen fabric was evaluated by determining bacterial growth, degree of mould growth, and their impact on fabric strength. Thyme essential oil applied as 8% concentration in methanol to linen–cotton blended fabric showed very high antibacterial and antifungal activity – no mould growth and no significant loss of breaking force were observed. Microscopic evaluation of the tested fabrics was also performed by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Applying the eco-friendly biocide to fabrics containing natural fibres in the finishing process produces antimicrobial barrier properties.     

Antimicrobial activity of Pelargonium essential oils added to a quiche filling as a model food system

Eight essential oils obtained by steam distillation from the scented leaves of Pelargonium species and cultivars were added at 250, 500 and 1000 ppm to a quiche filling, inoculated with either Saccharomyces ludwigii or Zygosaccharomyces bailii (at 10⁸ cfu g⁻¹), Salmonella enteriditis or Listeria innocua (at 10⁹ cfu g⁻¹). The quiche fillings were then kept at 25 °C for 24 h and the residual number of micro-organisms determined using the pour plate technique. There was an effective antimicrobial activity by the Pelargonium essential oils at 250 ppm, comparable with that of commercial thyme oil, an excellent antimicrobial agent, against Saccharomyces ludwigii and Zygosaccharomyces bailii , and a lesser inhibition compared with commercial thyme against Salm. enteriditis. There was a greater diversity of activity against L. innocua, which was in some cases more effective than commercial thyme oil. At 500 ppm, there was a greatly increased inhibition of microbial growth using the Pelargonium essential oils, which was comparable with that of commercial thyme, clove, geranium and coriander oils. As there is no evidence for the toxicity of any of these novel Pelargonium oils, and their odour does not make the delicately flavoured quiche filling unpalatable, there is a strong potential for their use in food processing.     

Investigation of in vitro antimicrobial activity of honey.

Apitherapy or therapy with bee products as honey is an old tradition. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of 84 honey samples were investigated against 8 bacteria potential pathogens and 2 fungi. Honey samples were obtained from 10 different floral sources. The findings indicate that honey samples with thyme, thyme + acorn, pine + carob, pine + carob + anis and pine + chestnut are more effective than the other honey of floral sources. The results of the survey show that most of honey samples at 50% (w/v) can completely inhibit the growth of all of the tested bacteria. The fungi were less sensitive than the bacteria to the antimicrobial activity of honey. The sensitivity of microorganisms to sugar solutions with similar sugar contents as some honey samples which have high antimicrobial activity were also assayed. This sugar solutions inhibited a narrow range of bacteria and did not inhibit any of the fungi tested. In conclusion, these results encourage further studies to investigate possible benefits of the use of honey among therapies in the treatment of bacterial infections.     

Antimicrobial activity of plant essential oils against bacterial and fungal species involved in food poisoning and/or food decay

The currative properties of aromatic and medicinal plants have been recognized since ancient times and, more recently, the antimicrobial activity of plant essential oils has been used in several applications, including food preservation. The purpose of this study was to create directly comparable, quantitative data on the antimicrobial activity of some plant essential oils prepared in the National Institute of Research-Development for Chemistry and Petrochemistry, Bucharest to be used for the further development of food packaging technology, based on their antibacterial and antifungal activity. The essential oils extracted from thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.), spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) and carraway (Carum carvi L.) were investigated for their antimicrobial activity against eleven different bacterial and three fungal strains belonging to species reported to be involved in food poisoning and/or food decay: S. aureus ATCC 25923, S. aureus ATCC 6538, S. aureus ATCC 25913, E. coli ATCC 25922, E. coli ATCC 35218, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis Cantacuzino Institute Culture Collection (CICC) 10878, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19112, Bacillus cereus CIP 5127, Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404, Penicillium spp. CICC 251 and two E. coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis clinical isolates. The majority of the tested essential oils exibited considerable inhibitory capacity against all the organisms tested, as supported by growth inhibition zone diameters, MICs and MBC's. Thyme, coriander and basil oils proved the best antibacterial activity, while thyme and spearmint oils better inhibited the fungal species.     

In-vitro anti-<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vibrio</Emphasis> spp. activity and chemical composition of some Tunisian aromatic plants

The chemical composition of five aromatic plants (Mentha longifolia, M. pulegium, Eugenia caryophyllata, Thymus vulgaris and Rosmarinus officinalis) frequently used in food preparation in Tunisia was analysed by GC-MS. The antimicrobial effect of the essential oils obtained from these plants was tested against Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio fluvialis strains. Thyme oil exhibited a high level of antimicrobial activities against Vibrio spp. strains. The diameter of the zones of growth inhibition for V. parahaemolyticus species was interestingly high (ranging from 14.66 to 28 mm). The MIC and MBC values were interestingly low for thyme oil (MIC 0.078–0.156 mg/ml) and (MBC >0.31–1.25 mg/ml). These results showed that these plants especially thyme and clove, can be to be used for seafood preparation to protect against contamination by Vibrio spp. strains. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Thyme and suico essential oils: promising natural tools for potato common scab control

• Potato common scab is a worldwide disease mainly caused by Streptomyces scabiei. It seriously affects potato crops by decreasing tuber quality. Essential oils (EO) are natural products with recognised antimicrobial properties. In this research, the antibacterial activities of thyme, oregano, suico and mint EO against S. scabiei were analysed.
• Infected tubers and soil samples were used for bacterial isolation; the obtained isolates were genetically identified. The chemical composition of the EO was determined by GC‐MS. The broth microdilution method was used to analyse antibacterial properties of EO.
• Thirty‐one bacterial isolates were obtained. The isolate chosen for antibacterial assays was morpho‐physiologically and genetically identified as S. scabiei. Thyme EO was mainly composed of thymol and o‐cymene; suico EO of dihydrotagetone, trans‐tagetone and verbenone; oregano EO of trans‐sabinene hydrate, thymol and ?‐terpinene; and mint EO of menthone and menthol. All the EO tested were effective against S. scabiei, but thyme and suico EO were the most successful, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.068 g·l^?1 and 0.147 g·l^?1, respectively, and a minimum bactericidal concentration of 0.137 g·l^?1 and 0.147 g·l^?1, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy showed similar damage caused by both thyme and suico EO to the bacterial envelope. Total phenolic content of EO was not related to their antibacterial activity.
• Thyme and suico EO are effective antibacterial agents against S. scabiei, impeding bacterial viability and disturbing the bacterial cell envelope. These EO are promising tools for control of potato common scab.

     

Antibacterial activity of different honeys against pathogenic bacteria

To study the antimicrobial activity of honey, 60 samples of various botanical origin were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities against 16 clinical pathogens and their respective reference strains. The microbiological quality of honeys and the antibiotic susceptibility of the various isolates were also examined. The bioassay applied for determining the antimicrobial effect employs the well-agar diffusion method and the estimation of minimum active dilution which produces a 1 mm diameter inhibition zone. All honey samples, despite their origin (coniferous, citrus, thyme or polyfloral), showed antibacterial activity against the pathogenic and their respective reference strains at variable levels. Coniferous and thyme honeys showed the highest activity with an average minimum dilution of 17.4 and 19.2% (w/v) followed by citrus and polyfloral honeys with 20.8 and 23.8% respectively. Clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis were proven to be up to 60% more resistant than their equal reference strains thus emphasizing the variability in the antibacterial effect of honey and the need for further research.     

肝病住院患者抗菌药物使用调查

目的了解肝病住院患者抗菌药物的使用情况。方法对62例肝病住院患者抗菌药物的应用进行调查。结果抗菌药物的使用率为25.81％;单用占75．00％;主要抗菌药物为哌拉西林、阿莫西林和头孢曲松;用药途径以静脉以及口服 静脉为主;以治疗性用药为主,预防用药在住院患者中的总使用率为4．84％;细菌标本送检率仅为6．25％。结论减少预防性用药,严格掌握抗菌药物的使用可降低抗菌药物的应用率;对于复数耐药菌感染应采取联合用药;提高细菌标本的送检率对于抗菌药物的合理应用十分重要;加强临床医师的抗菌药物知识更新和公众普及教育。