以乳突切迹和翼钩为基点的侧颅底分区方法

目的：探讨以乳突切迹和翼钩为基点的侧颅底分区新方法。方法：在乳突切迹后缘、翼钩、枕骨大孔前缘中点和颧根四个结构间相互连线,区分侧颅底并测量连线的长度。结果：乳突切迹与侧颅底重要结构的关系密切,切迹后缘与翼钩连线和正中线将侧颅底分成内、外侧两个大的三角区,每个区再分成前后两个三角区共四个三角区,即腭和颞下三角、咽三角、关节和听三角、血管神经三角,其中血管神经三角的三边长度左右侧分别为（74.52±5.47）mm和（74.66±5.41）mm、（59.77±3.84）mm和（59.67±3.56）mm、（42.23±3.11）mm和（42.48±2.60）mm。结论：本研究提供了新的侧颅底分区方法,且血管神经三角的区域划分更为科学,为临床侧颅底手术入路和定位提供了解剖学参考。     

乳突切迹与侧颅底重要结构的解剖学观测及应用

目的:通过测量乳突切迹与侧颅底重要骨性结构的距离,为临床相关应用提供解剖学参考。方法:取成人颅骨标本50例(去颅盖标本8例,整颅42例)100侧,测量乳突切迹及其与侧颅底重要孔、裂和管的距离。结果:左右侧乳突切迹后缘距茎乳孔、颈静脉孔外侧缘、颈动脉管外口后缘、破裂孔、棘孔、卵圆孔距离分别为25.16±3.73cm和25.02±3.58cm、30.92±3.50cm和30.45±3.49cm、38.22±3.57cm和38.14±3.43cm、57.23±3.71cm和57.14±3.44cm、47.94±3.83cm和48.32±3.54cm、53.70±3.98cm和53.55±3.75cm。结论:以乳突切迹后缘做为侧颅底手术的定位标志能够为临床相关应用提供较方便、准确的定位参考。     

乳突切迹与侧颅底重要结构的解剖学观测及应用

目的：通过测量乳突切迹与侧颅底重要骨性结构的距离,为临床相关应用提供解剖学参考。方法：取成人颅骨标本50例（去颅盖标本8例,整颅42例）100侧,测量乳突切迹及其与侧颅底重要孔、裂和管的距离。结果：左右侧乳突切迹后缘距茎乳孔、颈静脉孔外侧缘、颈动脉管外口后缘、破裂孔、棘孔、卵圆孔距离分别为25.16±3.73cm和25.02±3.58cm、30.92±3.50cm和30.45±3.49cm、38.22±3.57cm和38.14±3.43cm、57.23±3.71cm和57.14±3.44cm、47.94±3.83cm和48.32±3.54cm、53.70±3.98cm和53.55±3.75cm。结论：以乳突切迹后缘做为侧颅底手术的定位标志能够为临床相关应用提供较方便、准确的定位参考。     

颧根与侧颅底重要结构的解剖学测量

目的:通过测量颧根与侧颅底各重要结构间的距离关系,为临床侧颅底外科手术治疗提供定位参考。方法:取成人颅骨标本50例(去颅盖标本8例,整颅42例)100侧,用游标卡尺、圆规和直尺测量颧根与侧颅底重要结构的距离。结果:实验测得左右侧颧根与外耳门前缘中点、乳突尖、茎突、翼突外侧板根部、舌下神经管外口、茎乳孔、颈静脉孔外缘、颈动脉管外口后缘、棘孔、卵圆孔、破裂孔的距离分别为22.30±2.84mm和22.02±3.27mm、40.37±3.21mm和40.56±3.54mm、32.53±2.78mm和32.92±2.68mm、35.13±3.14mm和35.19±2.74mm、49.29±2.88mm和48.98±2.87mm、32.92±2.44mm和33.05±2.61mm、35.15±2.86mm和34.68±3.13mm、33.17±2.78mm和33.17±2.72mm、28.83±2.62mm和28.68±2.63mm、31.15±2.76mm和31.49±2.73mm、43.67±3.32mm和44.15±3.02mm,左右侧数据无差异(P>0.05)。结论:颧根可以作为侧颅底外科手术的定位标志,为直视条件下经颞下等入路的侧颅底外科手术提供解剖学依据。     

健侧C7 神经移位经椎体前通路的解剖学研究及经颈椎后入路 解剖学探讨

目的:为临床上开展健侧C7神经移位经椎体前通路治疗臂丛损伤提供解剖学基础。方法:选取10具20侧正常成人尸体颈段标本,将双侧臂丛充分显露,远端向C7神经根前后股进行干支分离,在前后股加入外侧束及后束前将其切断,近端向椎间孔处游离,测量C7神经根从椎间孔至分股处的长度及C7神经至前后股长度,测量并记录C7神经根及前后股经椎体前通路、颈前皮下通路到对侧臂丛上、下干的距离。结果:C7神经根的长度(58.62±8.70)mm,C7神经前、后股的长度(70.03±10.79)mm,(65.15±9.11)mm,C7神经根经颈前皮下、椎体前通路至对侧上下干的缺损长度分别是(98.18±10.18)mm,(107.14±9.88)mm;(32.10±11.49)mm,(37.28±10.01)mm两组相比有统计学差异。结论:从解剖学角度而言,健侧C7神经移位经椎体前通路能明显缩短移植神经长度,在临床上具有可操作性。     

颧根与侧颅底重要结构的解剖学测量

目的：通过测量颧根与侧颅底各重要结构间的距离关系,为临床侧颅底外科手术治疗提供定位参考。方法：取成人颅骨标本50例（去颅盖标本8例,整颅42例）100侧,用游标卡尺、圆规和直尺测量颧根与侧颅底重要结构的距离。结果：实验测得左右侧颧根与外耳门前缘中点、乳突尖、茎突、翼突外侧板根部、舌下神经管外口、茎乳孔、颈静脉孔外缘、颈动脉管外口后缘、棘孔、卵圆孔、破裂孔的距离分别为22.30±2.84mm和22.02±3.27mm、40.37±3.21mm和40.56±3.54mm、32.53±2.78mm和32.92±2.68mm、35.13±3.14mm和35.19±2.74mm、49.29±2.88mm和48.98±2.87mm、32.92±2.44mm和33.05±2.61mm、35.15±2.86mm和34.68±3.13mm、33.17±2.78mm和33.17±2.72mm、28.83±2.62mm和28.68±2.63mm、31.15±2.76mm和31.49±2.73mm、43.67±3.32mm和44.15±3.02mm,左右侧数据无差异（P〉0.05）。结论：颧根可以作为侧颅底外科手术的定位标志,为直视条件下经颞下等入路的侧颅底外科手术提供解剖学依据。     

经口咽入路行枕骨大孔扩大术的解剖学基础研究

目的:对枕骨斜坡骨性结构及周围毗邻关系的解剖学测量,为经口咽入路行枕骨大孔扩大术提供详尽的解剖学数据及理论依据.方法:①选取成人干燥颅骨标本40例,分别测量斜坡颅底内面、颅底外面的长度;斜坡咽结节处宽度、斜坡最小厚度、中部厚度和最大厚度;斜坡与水平面的夹角;颈动脉管外口内缘、颈静脉孔内外口内缘、破裂孔内外口内缘、舌下神经内外口内缘、寰枕关节内缘与斜坡中线的距离.②选取完整头颈部标本20例,观察斜坡与周围血管神经的毗邻关系.结果:①斜坡颅底内面长(40.1±2.5)mm,外面长(28.2±3.1)mm;斜坡中部宽度(18.8±2.5)mm,;最小厚度(6.8±2.3)mm,;中部厚度(9.8±2.2)mm,最大厚度(11.5±1.7)mm;咽结节至枕骨大孔前缘距离(12.8±1.5)mm.②斜坡与水平面的夹角(46.8±4.5)°.③颈动脉管外口内缘距1离斜坡中线(26.1±3.1)mm,颈静脉孔内口内缘距离斜坡中线(21.8±2.5)mm,颈静脉孔外口内缘距离斜坡中线(25.1±2.7)mm,破裂孔内口内缘距离斜坡中线(10.5±2.9)mm,破裂孔外口内缘距离斜坡中线(11.8±2.5)mm,舌下神经管内口内缘距离斜坡中线(13.8±2.3)mm,舌下神经管外口内缘距离斜坡中线(21.1±2.3)mm,寰枕关节内缘距离斜坡中线(10.5±2.3)mm.④斜坡上部距离后方基底动脉(7.6±1.0)mm,距离后方脑桥(8.3±1.2)mm,斜坡中部距离后方延髓脑桥沟(13.5±1.7)mm,斜坡下部距离后方延髓(6.5±0.8)mm.⑤斜坡上部与后方硬脑膜之间间隙为(1.8±0.2)mm,斜坡中部与后方硬脑膜之间间隙为(1.3±0.1)mm,斜坡下部与后方硬脑、脊膜之间间隙为(1.3±0.1)mm.⑥在斜坡开骨窗的宽度为20mm,高度为15mm,深度为6mm,可以满足经口咽入路枕骨大孔扩大术的要求,并有可靠的安全性.结论:本研究通过对斜坡骨性结构及周围毗邻关系的测量与观察,为临床斜坡区手术提供解剖学数据.     

现代中国人颞骨乳突后部的形态变异

人类颞骨因其复杂的表面及内部结构成为演化研究的重要解剖部位之一,然而由于缺乏对现代人颞骨形态与变异的细致研究及对比数据,对颞骨一些特征的定义和鉴定价值还存在争议。迄今为止,尚无学者对现代中国人群颞骨形态与变异做过专门研究。有鉴于此,本文对颞骨乳突后部一些典型性状的形态变异在现代中国人及部分古人类的表现情况进行了研究。研究结果表明:1)除乳突旁隆起的发育水平存在性别差异外(不受地区差异影响),乳突切迹、枕乳嵴、枕动脉沟的出现率和发育水平既不受地区差异影响,又无性别差异。2)现代中国人乳突后部形态总体表现为窄而深的乳突切迹、明显的乳突旁隆起、以及发育程度较弱的枕动脉沟和枕乳嵴;3)在本文所研究的性状中,乳突切迹、乳突切迹前端隆起、乳突旁隆起、枕乳嵴和枕动脉沟均呈现不同程度的个体变异;4)一些被认为属于尼安德特人衍生特征的性状在中国古人类和现代中国人的乳突后部都有出现;5)本文研究的颞骨乳突后部形态特征在中国更新世晚期人类的表现与现代中国人接近。     

心脏血管三角的应用解剖学研究

目的:探讨心脏血管三角的形态学特点,为心脏手术提供形态学资料。方法:取正常成人心脏60例,10%甲醛溶液固定;取新鲜成人心脏10例,制作出心脏的血管铸型标本。定点解剖显示左冠状动脉及其分支的形态、位置、数目、直径及角度,心大静脉的形态、位置,进行观测。比较前室间支、左旋支与心大静脉围成的三角的特点。结果:左冠状动脉起始处与终末处的外径分别为4．18±1．36mm、4．79±1．53mm,主干长度8．99±1．26mm;左旋支、前室间支起始处的外径分别为3．30±1．02mm、3．31±1．03mm;左冠状动脉分别与前室间支、左旋支形成的夹角为173°±5．3°,117°±4．6°。对角支起于心血管三角的上角,有1-3支不等,其起始处的外径为1．78±0．32mm,长度为20．12±0．42mm。心大静脉与前室间动脉、左旋支呈深、浅相交,静脉行于动脉表面占56%、静脉行于动脉深面占44%。心大静脉、前室间支、左旋支两两相交形成心血管三角的三角与三边,其夹角分别为41．97°±11．9°, 65．05°±14．5°,70．17°±16．5°,前室间支的起始处与心大静脉相交处的距离23．04±5．36mm,旋支的起始处与心大静脉相交处的距离15．24±4．23mm,心大静脉横跨前室间支与左旋支的距离为26．28±6．31mm。结论:前室间支、左旋支与心大静脉在左心室前上部围成一闭合、开放、半闭合半开放、山峰四型血管三角。三血管以不同的角度两两相交,三角形的形状可分为A、B、C类。三角形内有数目不等的对角支及左心室前支,对角支分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型。左冠状动脉介入治疗,心二尖瓣,主动脉瓣置换应充分考虑心血管三角的形态特点,尽可能避免血管的损伤。     

CTA联合CEUS在锁骨上皮瓣术前设计中的应用

目的:探讨计算机断层扫描血管造影(CTA)联合对比增强超声(CEUS)在锁骨上皮瓣术前设计中的应用价值。方法:将2016年1月2018年12月本院收治的15例锁骨上皮瓣术前患者作为研究对象。所有患者术前进行CTA和CEUS联合检查以观察锁骨上动脉穿支解剖变异及走行,应用于锁骨上皮瓣术前的辅助设计,评估该方法的成功率和并发症的发生情况。结果:15例患者的锁骨上动脉来源于颈横动脉,其中5例(33.33%)来自甲状颈干,10例(66.67%)来自锁骨下动脉。CTA检查中,10例识别出右锁骨上动脉,血管平均长度为(38.25±11.08)mm,血管平均直径(1.52±0.45)mm;13例确定了左锁骨上动脉,血管平均长度为(38.14±11.05)mm,血管平均直径(1.52±0.51)mm。CEUS检查的15个皮瓣中,发现27个胸锁骨上动脉的胸廓分支(TBSA),平均口径为(0.8±0.2)mm,平均收缩期峰值流速(PSV)为(11.95±2.08)cm/s。所有病例(100%)术中观察皮瓣血管数量、走形等情况与术前影像学相一致的手术结果。与造影剂有关的并发症发生率为6.67%。所有患者均随访1年以上,无进一步并发症,手术效果满意。结论:将CTA和CEUS相结合用于锁骨上皮瓣术前的辅助设计,可互为补充,尤其适用于锁骨上皮瓣(SCF)存在血管解剖变异而且管径细小的皮瓣术前设计。     

四川自贡晚侏罗世西蜀鳄一新种

记述了四川省自贡市汇东新区自贡市乳品厂发现的西蜀鳄一新种——周氏西蜀鳄(Hsisosuchus chowi sp.nov.)。新种区别于西蜀鳄已知种的特征是:鼻骨后部沿缝合线有一浅的纵凹,额骨的眶缘向上凸起成嵴,沿额骨缝合线也隆起成一微弱的纵嵴,上颞窝的内侧缘向上凸起呈明显的嵴,顶骨具一前中突,侧视颧骨腹缘呈明显的波曲状,眶后骨前侧角约90°,鳞骨后侧突特别拉长,向侧下后方伸展,使鳞骨侧缘明显向内侧弓曲,左右外枕骨的枕髁部分不相接,翼骨的腹中嵴源于翼骨主体部分,内鼻孔位置比较靠前。此外,齿骨外面和夹板骨腹面具有发达的沟和嵴状雕饰,夹板骨参与下颌联合的部分比较长,肩胛片异常扩展,乌喙骨远端宽于近端,肱骨头增厚并强烈向内侧扩展,三角肌嵴发达,桡侧腕骨具发达的尺骨突,尺侧腕骨远端宽于近端,6列荐前部腹部骨板和3列尾部腹部骨板,也可能是周氏西蜀鳄的衍生特征,但这些性状在大山铺西蜀鳄中情况不明,有待更多的材料来证实。杨钟健、周明镇(1953)在建立西蜀鳄属之初就已注意到西蜀鳄是一种特化的鳄类,认为西蜀鳄不仅将原始特征和进步特征混存于一身,而且还具有一些一般鳄类所没有的独特性质。以此为基础,他们建立了西蜀鳄科。目前西蜀鳄类动物发现并不多,仅有1属2种,即重庆西蜀鳄和大山铺西蜀鳄,而且材料不完整,特别是头后骨骼保存不理想。周氏西蜀鳄的发现不仅扩大了西蜀鳄类的分布范围,而且还增加了我们对这一特化鳄类的认识。     

A NEW TEMNOSPONDYL FROM THE PERMO-TRIASSIC BUENA VISTA FORMATION OF URUGUAY

Abstract:  A partial skull recovered from conglomerates of the Permo-Triassic Buena Vista Formation in Uruguay belongs to a new species, Uruyiella liminea gen. et sp. nov. This species is characterized by a broadly triangular skull with laterally projecting posterior corners, rhytidosteid-like dermal sculpturing, and orbits positioned close to the skull margin. Uruyiella liminea is distinguished from other temnospondyls by a combination of primitive and derived character states, such as the anterior extent of the palatine ramus of the pterygoid, which excludes the ectopterygoid and most of the palatine from the lateral border of the interpterygoid vacuity, and the absence of both tabular horns and otic notches. A phylogenetic analysis places Uruyiella and the enigmatic Early Triassic Laidleria in a clade to which we attach the family name Laidleriidae. The Plagiosauridae and the Laidleriidae form a clade at the base of Dvinosauria, which is the sister group of a clade that includes Stereospondyli and Archegosauroidea. This result is unexpected because Laidleria and Plagiosauridae are nested deeply within Stereospondyli in most phylogenies. The sister-group relationship of Uruyiella and Laidleria suggests that a ghost lineage for the latter genus extends down into the earliest Triassic and perhaps even into the Late Permian, which in turn would suggest survivorship of the Laidleriidae through the Permo-Triassic extinction event.     

A rhinesuchid-like temnospondyl from the Permo-Triassic of Uruguay

A new temnospondyl species, Arachana nigra, from the Permo-Triassic Buena Vista Formation of Uruguay is described. The holotypic and only known specimen consists of an almost complete skull lacking most of the snout, the tabular horns and the posterolateral corners of the skull table. As with other specimens from the same unit, Arachana shows a transitional morphology. It shares several characters with rhinesuchids, such as the large size and the general shape of the skull, orbits positioned slightly posterior to the skull roof mid-length, a coarsely pitted dermal ornamentation lacking pustules, and a smoothly convex cheek contour. The palatal ramus of the pterygoid suturing with the vomer, and excluding the palatine and ectopterygoid from the margin of the interpterygoid vacuity, and the presence of a small basioccipital, visible in both occipital and ventral view, also resemble the conditions found in rhinesuchids and other basal temnospondyls. Other characters present in Arachana, however, are commonly found in lydekkerinids, but are absent in almost all rhinesuchids: supratemporal excluded from otic notch; supraorbital and infraorbital sensory sulci encroaching the lacrimal, although lacking a step-like lacrimal flexure; otic notch not deeply incised; post-temporal fenestra large and rounded; occipital condyles well-separated from each other; palatine tooth row behind the palatine tusk reduced; pterygoid corpus slightly ornamented; and presence of an interorbital depression. This combination of primitive and derived characters is consistently present in most components of the Buena Vista fauna, which could thus be transitional between typical Permian and Triassic tetrapod communities found elsewhere. The location of the PTB in the Uruguayan sequence is controversial, mainly due to the lack of clear faunal correlations with other well-known sequences, such as those of southern Africa and Russia. Moreover, the mosaic-like character combinations in most of the recorded tetrapods ally them to both Triassic and Paleozoic groups, and this has complicated even more the possibility of age assignment. Transitional faunas associated with the PTB, such as the Russian Uppermost Permian faunas, could be equivalent to the unique Colonia Orozco fauna. If true, this scenario will substantially change estimates about survivorship rates, suggesting a speciation rate increase in temnospondyls after the Permian-Triassic event. Based on taxonomic, phylogenetic, and geochronologic data, the Buena Vista fauna allows us to quantify faunal turnover across the PTB and in the aftermath of the end Permian extinction event.     

RHYTIDOSTEID TEMNOSPONDYLS IN GONDWANA: A NEW TAXON FROM THE LOWER TRIASSIC OF BRAZIL

Abstract:  A new South American Early Triassic stereospondyl is described and considered to represent a new taxon, Cabralia lavinai gen. et sp. nov. The material consists of two well-preserved skull fragments. According to recent phylogenetic analyses of rhytidosteids and related taxa, the new taxon is referred to the Rhytidosteidae based on the presence of orbits that are located close to the skull margins, an otic notch that is reduced to an embayment, tabular horns that are reduced and broad based, a straight posterior margin of the palate, skull sculpture with nodules and pustules, and a 'twisted' quadrate ramus of the pterygoid. The presence of a prominent lacrimal bone suggests a basal position within Rhytidosteidae for C. lavinai , and possibly a close relationship with the Indian Indobrachyops , because all other known rhytidosteids exhibit the derived condition of an absence of the lacrimal. The presence of a basal rhytidosteid in the Paraná Basin of South America strongly supports previous hypotheses of a Gondwanan origin and radiation of stereospondyl temnospondyls during the Early Triassic, but leaves unresolved the question of where exactly they arose within that region.     

四川自贡大山铺蜀龙动物群——简报Ⅴ 两栖类

本文对扁头中国短头鲵(新属新种) (Sinobrachyops placenticephalus gen. et sp. nov.) 的形态特征和分类位置进行简述.标本得自著名的恐龙化石产地——自贡大山铺,产出时代为中侏罗世.中国短头鲵是目前迷齿类中在地史上最年轻的一个属.它的发现使迷齿类在地球上生存时代的上限推移到中侏罗世.