白茯苓凝集素的荧光光谱研究

白茯苓凝集素（ＳＬＬ）分子中含有４个色氨酸（Ｔｒｐ）残基,ＮＢＳ修饰测得这４个Ｔｒｐ残基位于分子表面。ＳＬＬ在天然状态下荧光发射峰位于３３５ｎｍ处,离子强度和温度对其荧光光谱均无明显的影响。ＮＢＳ修饰后的ＳＬＬ失去凝血活性,相应荧光光谱的强度减弱,荧光发射峰发生蓝移,提示ＳＬＬ的构象发生改变。用ＫＩ·ＣｓＣｌ和丙烯酰胺淬灭剂研究ＳＬＬ分子中Ｔｒｐ残基的微环境,发现丙烯酰胺和ＣｓＣｌ能淬灭分子中１００％和５０％的Ｔｒｐ残基的荧光,而ＫＩ完全不能淬灭ＳＬＬ分子中Ｔｒｐ残基的荧光,因此Ｔｒｐ残基周围存在阴离子区,或者Ｔｒｐ残基处于分子表面的疏水环境中。     

油麻藤凝集素的荧光光谱研究

用化学修饰、内源荧光和荧光淬灭等方法研究了油麻藤凝集素（ＭＳＬ）的溶液构象变化和微环境的构象特征。研究发现ＭＳＬ分子中总共有９个色氨酸（Ｔｒｐ）残基,它们的荧光能被丙烯酰胺淬灭,但不易为ＫＩ接近而淬灭,ＭＳＬ经Ｎ－溴代琥珀酰亚胺（ＮＢＳ）修饰后,其内源性荧光发射谱发生相应变化,结果表明ＭＳＬ分子中部分Ｔｒｐ残基埋藏于分子内部,而位于分子表面的Ｔｒｐ残基可能处于分子的疏水袋中。     

油麻藤凝集素的荧光光谱研究

用化学修饰,内源荧光和荧光淬灭等方法研究了油麻藤集素（ＭＳＬ）的溶液的象变化和微环境的构象特征,研究发现ＭＳＬ分子中总共有９个色氨酸（Ｔｒｐ）残基,它们的荧光能被丙烯酰胺淬灭,但不易为ＫＩ接近而淬灭,ＭＳＬ经Ｎ－溴化琥珀酰亚胺（ＮＢＳ）修饰后,其内源性荧光发射谱发生相应变化,结果表明ＭＳＬ分子中部分Ｔｒｐ残基埋藏于分子内部,而位于分子表面的Ｔｒｐ残基可能处于分子的疏水袋中。     

皖南尖吻蝮蛇蛇毒中纤溶组分的荧光特性

用荧光光谱方法研究了皖南尖吻蝮蛇蛇毒中纤溶组分。研究了Ａｃｒ对ＦＰ内源发光的影响,结果表明,每个ＦＰ分子含有多个Ｔｒｐ残基,这些Ｔｒｐ残基约有８３％可被Ａｃｒ所淬灭,而且这些Ｔｒｐ残基位于ＦＰ分子的较疏水环境中。     

红花菜豆凝集素的荧光光谱学研究

利用荧光光谱方法研究了红花菜豆凝集素（Ｐｈａｓｅｏｌｕｓｃｏｃｃｉｎｅｕｓｖａｒ．ｒｕｂｒｏｎａｎｕｓｌｅｃｔｉｎ,简称ＰＣＬ）,结果表明ＰＣＬ分子各亚基中的两个色氨酸（Ｔｒｐ）残基分别位于ＰＣＬ分子表面和分子内。标记了ＤＮＳ的ＰＣＬ荧光偏振研究指出,致使ＰＣＬ在１０ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＳＤＳ条件下失活的主要原因可能是亚基解离。荧光偏振研究还表明,甲状腺球蛋白、甘露聚糖、海参多糖硫酸酯可与ＰＣＬ结合。荧光探针ｂｉｓ－ＡＮＳ与ＰＣＬ的结合可引起明显的荧光增强和发射谱蓝移,表明ＰＣＬ分子中存有疏水区域。结合了的ｂｉｓ－ＡＮＳ还可和ＰＣＬ中的Ｔｒｐ发生能量传递。     

野花生豆凝集素的化学修饰与荧光光谱研究

野花生豆凝集素（ＣＭＬ）经ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－２００测得分子量为１０３．ＯｋＤ．用对二甲基氨基苯甲醛（ＤＡＢ）为显色剂,测得每个ＣＭＬ分子含有５．９个色氨酸残基．在ｐＨ５．１,含８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ脲的醋酸缓冲液中,Ｎ－溴代丁二酰亚胺（ＮＢＳ）可修饰ＣＭＬ分子中的５．６个色氨酸（Ｔｒｐ）残基,同时使ＣＭＬ的凝血活性完全丧失．用焦碳酸二乙酯（ＤＥＰＣ）和Ｎ－乙酰顺丁烯酰胺（ＮＥＭ）分别修饰ＣＭＬ的组氨酸残基和半胱氨酸巯基后,ＣＭＬ的活性均无变化．ＣＭＬ在天然状态下荧光发射峰位于３３６ｎｍ处,用ＣＭＬ的专一性抑制糖Ｎ－乙酰半乳糖胺研究色氨酸的微环境,发现Ｎ－乙酰半乳糖胺可以淬灭ＣＭＬ中８８％的色氨酸残基萤光,Ｓｔｅｒｎ－Ｖｏｌｍｅｒ常数Ｋ＝１．７３Ｌ／ｍｏｌ．同时发现Ｎ－乙酰半乳糖胺能够保护ＣＭＬ,避免ＮＢＳ对ＣＭＬ的修饰作用,表明色氨酸可能是ＣＭＬ维待活性所必需,并直接参与和专一性抑制糖的结合,其微环境较为疏水．     

铂配合物与细胞色素c修饰位点的核磁共振研究

用ＣＭ－５２阳离子交换色谱分离〔ＰｔｄｉｅｎＮＯ３〕Ｃｌ修饰细胞色素ｃ（Ｃｙｔ．ｃ）的反应产物,获得了Ｃｙｔ,ｃ的单标记和双标记衍生物。对此衍生物的核磁共振波谱研究表明,〔ＰｔｄｉｅｎＮＯ３〕Ｃｌ对Ｃｙｔ．ｃ的修饰作用不仅涉及位于蛋白分子表面的氨基酸残基Ｈｉｓ－３３,而且还涉及处于Ｃｙｔ．ｃ分子内部疏水区的Ｔｒｐ－５９。该衍生物为探讨Ｃｙｔ．ｃ中芳香族氨基酸（尤其是Ｔｒｐ－５９）在电子传递过程中的     

红花菜豆(矮生红花变种)凝集素分子的色氨酸残基修饰与其活性的关系

用各种化学试剂修饰红花菜豆（Ｐｈａｓｅｏｌｕｓｃｏｃｃｉｎｅｕｓｖａｒｒｕｂｒｏｎａｎｕｓ,Ｂｅｒｒｙ）凝集素（简称ＰＣＬ）分子,测定与其活性相关的氨基酸残基．经ＮＢＳ修饰表明ＰＣＬ具有８个Ｔｒｐ残基,其中４个暴露于分子表面,此４个Ｔｒｐ残基被修饰后,ＰＣＬ的凝血活性完全丧失．比较ＰＣＬ修饰前后的ＣＤ光谱表明修饰不改变其二级结构。修饰Ｔｙｒ,Ａｒｇ,Ｈｉｓ残基和游离氨基及羧基不影响ＰＣＬ的血凝活性．巯基也不是血凝活性所必需,但是ＰＣＬ分子中的二硫键被还原,或被ＣＮＢｒ分解为两个片断则使蛋白质丧失血凝活性,提示分子的完整结构对ＰＣＬ的血凝活力是重要的     

红花菜豆（矮生红花变种）凝集素分子的色氨酸残基修饰与其活性的关系

用各种化学试剂修饰红花菜豆凝集素分子,测定与其活性相关的氨基酸残基,经ＮＢＳ修饰表明ＰＣＬ具有８个Ｔｒｐ残基,其中４个暴露于分子表面,此４个Ｔｒｐ残基被修饰后,ＰＬＣ的凝血活性完全丧失,比较ＰＣＬ修饰前后的ＣＤ光谱表明修饰不改变其二级结构。修饰Ｔｙｒ,Ａｒｇ,Ｈｉｓ残基和游离氨基及羧基不影响ＰＣＬ的血凝活性,巯基也不是血凝活性所必需,但是ＰＣＬ分子中二硫键被还的,或被ＣＮＢｒ分解为两个片断则使蛋白     

钙离子对辣根过氧化物酶同工酶C的溶液构象的影响

运用荧光光谱方法研究了脱辅基的辣根过氧化物酶同工酶Ｃ。结果表明：（１）ａｐｏ－ＨＲＰ（Ｃ）与其他“Ｂ”类蛋白质不同,有明显的Ｔｙｒ荧光;（２）低浓度变性剂（〈２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ脲或０．２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ盐酸胍）能增强酶的Ｔｒｐ荧光,但并不改变光谱特性;（３）进一步增加变性剂浓度则使Ｔｒｐ残基暴露于水溶液中,荧光强度略有降低,荧光谱红移;（４）Ｃａ＾２＋络合剂ＥＤＴＡ对色氨酸荧光的影响与低浓度变性剂相同。有意思     

Effect of amino acid residue and oligosaccharide chain chemical modifications on spectral and hemagglutinating activity of Millettia dielsiana Harms. ex Diels. lectin

The effects of modifying the carbohydrate chain and amino acids on the conformation and activity of Millettia dielsiana Harms. ex Diels. lectin (MDL) were studied by hemagglutination, fluorescence and circular dichroism analysis. The modification of tryptophan residues led to a compete loss of hemagglutinating activity; however, the addition of mannose was able to prevent this loss of activity. The results indicate that two tryptophan residues are involved in the carbohydrate-binding site. Modifications of the carboxyl group residues produced an 80% loss of activity, but the presence of mannose protected against the modification. The results suggest that the carboxyl groups of aspartic and glutamic acids are involved in the carbohydrate-binding site of the lectin. However, oxidation of the carbohydrate chain and modification of the histidine and arginine residues did not affect the hemagglutinating activity of MDL. Fluorescence studies of MDL indicate that tryptophan residues are present in a relatively hydrophobic region, and the binding of mannose to MDL could quench tryptophan fluorescence without any change in λmax. The circular dichroism spectrum showed that all of these modifications affected the conformation of the MDL molecule to different extents, except the modification of arginine residues. Fluorescence quenching showed that acrylamide and iodoacetic acids are able to quench 77% and 98% of the fluorescence of tryptophan in MDL, respectively. However, KI produced a barely perceptible effect on the fluorescence of MDL, even when the concentration of I^- was 0.15M. This demonstrates that most of tryptophan residues are located in relatively hydrophobic or negatively charged areas near the surface of the MDL molecule.     

邻苯二甲醛对糖基化3－磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶的修饰及荧光性质的研究

ＯＰＴ修饰ＧＡＰＤＨ及ｇＧＡＰＤＨ的荧光衍生物与Ｔｒｐ残基之间存在非辐射的能量传递。在不同浓度的ＧｕＨＣｌ溶液中,糖基化和非糖基化酶ＯＰＴ衍生物的荧光的变化具有一定的差异。特别是两者的荧光在碘化钾溶液中的淬来有明显的不同。ＯＰＴ修饰动力学研究表明,ｇＧＡＰＤＨ的修饰速度快于ＧＡＰＤＨ的修饰速度。以上结果提示：糖基化的位点可能在赖氨酸残基上,并且被糖基化的残基可能位于或靠近活性部位。     

邻苯二甲醛对糖基化3－磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶的修饰及荧光性质的研究

ＯＰＴ修饰ＧＡＰＤＨ及ｇＧＡＰＤＨ的荧光衍生物与Ｔｒｐ残基之间存在非辐射的能量传递。在不同浓度的ＧｕＨＣｌ溶液中,糖基化和非糖基化酶ＯＰＴ衍生物的荧光的变化具有一定的差异。特别是两者的荧先在碘化钾溶液中的淬灭有明显的不同。ＯＰＴ修饰动力学研究表明,ｇＧＡＰＤＨ的修饰速度快于ＧＡＰＤＨ的修饰速度。以上结果提示：糖基化的位点可能在赖氨酸残基上,并且被糖基化的残基可能位于或靠近活性部位。     

The interaction of Abrus precatorius agglutinin with saccharides as analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy

The binding of saccharides to Abrus precatorius agglutinin (APA) was analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy. Upon binding of specific saccharides, the fluorescence emission maximum of APA (338 nm) shifted to shorter wavelength by 5 nm, owing to the change in the environment of tryptophan. By analyzing the change in the fluorescence intensity at 338 nm as a function of concentration of saccharides, the association constants for binding of saccharides to APA were determined. The results suggest that in the saccharide binding site on each B-chain of APA, there may be a site which interacts with the saccharide residue linked to galactopyranoside at the non-reducing end, in addition to the site which recognizes the galactopyranosyl residue. Fluorescence quenching data indicate that 8 out of 24 tryptophans in APA are located at or near the surface of the protein molecule and are available for quenching with both KI and acrylamide, and 10 tryptophans are involved in the environment to which acrylamide has access but KI does not. Binding of lactose to APA reduced by 4 the number of tryptophan residues accessible to quenchers. Based on the results, it is suggested that the tryptophan residues at the saccharide binding site on each B-chain of APA are present on the surface of the APA molecule, and they are shielded from quenching by KI and acrylamide upon binding with specific saccharides.     

Effects of denaturation and amino acid modification on fluorescence spectrum and hemagglutinating activity of Hericium erinaceum Lectin

In a broad sense, lectins are proteins or glycoproteins ofnon-immune origin that bind specifically to carbohydrates[1]. But most lectins are usually multivalent, which meansthey have more than one carbohydrate-binding site in onemolecule, a property that enables them to agglutinate eryth-rocytes and other cells [2,3]. Some lectins exhibit blood-group specificity [4] and can be used in blood grouping;some agglutinate transformed cells better than the normalones [5]. Therefore, clinical research…     

Fluorescence studies on the dissociation and denaturation of pigeon liver malic enzyme

Exposure of pigeon liver malic enzyme [S)-malate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating), EC 1.1.1.40) in medium concentrations of guanidine-HCl at 25 degrees C and pH 7.45 caused biphasic conformational changes of the enzyme molecule. Molecular weight determination confirmed that the enzyme tetramers were dissociated to monomers in phase I transition. Enzymatic activity was completely lost in this phase. Recovery of the enzyme activity was only possible in the early stages of the phase I transition. Phase II was due to enzyme unfolding, as judged by circular dichroism and the fluorescence parameters of the enzyme. The steps of the transformation of native malic enzyme into a completely denatured state were in the following sequence: tetramer----monomer----random coil. Extensive denaturation of the enzyme molecule resulted in irreversible aggregation. Dissociation and denaturation were accompanied by a red-shift of the fluorescence spectrum (328----368 nm). Fluorescence quenching studies indicated that tryptophan residues of the enzyme molecule were buried deeply in the interior of the molecule. The tryptophan residues were only partially accessible by acrylamide and almost inaccessible by KI. Dissociation and denaturation were accompanied by exposure of the tryptophan residues, as manifested by the accessibility of the enzyme molecule toward KI or acrylamide.     

Fluorescence spectroscopic studies on tryptophan at the saccharide-binding site of castor bean hemagglutinin

The environment of tryptophan in castor bean hemagglutinin (CBH) was analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy with regard to saccharide binding. Upon binding of specific saccharides, the fluorescence maximum of 333 nm of CBH shifted to a wavelength 2 nm shorter, owing to the change in the environment of tryptophan at the saccharide-binding site. By analyzing the change in the fluorescence intensity at 320 nm as a function of concentration of saccharides, the association constants for binding of saccharides to CBH were determined. The results suggest that the saccharide-binding site on each B-chain is actually composed of a subsite with which the saccharide residue linked to galactopyranoside at the non-reducing end can interact, and another site which recognizes the galactopyranoside moiety. Quenching data indicated that five out of 22 tryptophans in CBH are surface-localized and are available for quenching with both KI and acrylamide, and three other tryptophans are buried and are available only to acrylamide. Binding of raffinose to CBH decreased by 2 the number of tryptophan residues accessible to quenchers in the CBH molecule. We speculate that raffinose binds to CBH in such a manner as to shield the tryptophan located at the subsite from quenching by KI and acrylamide. The results also suggest that the tryptophan residue at the saccharide-binding site on each B-chain is localized near the surface, and present in the positively charged environment.