不同酸水解酪蛋白对W135群和Y群脑膜炎奈瑟菌荚膜多糖产量的影响

目的 探索不同酸水解酪蛋白对W135群与Y群脑膜炎奈瑟菌(脑膜炎球菌)荚膜多糖产量的影响。方法 分别以NaCl质量分数为37%和14%的酸水解酪蛋白作为有机氮源配制改良半综合高盐培养基和低盐培养基,利用全自动细菌发酵罐分别在两种培养基里培养W135群和Y群脑膜炎球菌,比较这两种菌株在两种培养基中的生长时间、收获液菌密度( A 600 nm 值)、收获液去菌体后与去复合多糖后上清中的荚膜多糖含量,以及纯化后的精糖产量;比较高盐培养基收获液及其2倍稀释液中不同终含量的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB)溶液对多糖沉淀效果的影响。结果 W135群与Y群脑膜炎球菌在两种培养基中的培养时间差异无统计学意义( P >0.05),但高盐培养基收获液的菌密度、收获液去菌体后上清液中的多糖含量均高于低盐培养基收获液,差异有统计学意义( P < 0.05),而高盐培养基收获液纯化后的精糖产量低于低盐培养基,差异有统计学意义( P <0.05)。高盐培养液2倍稀释后,在CTAB终体积分数为0.04%时,W135群与Y群脑膜炎球菌多糖全部沉淀,而未稀释高盐培养液即使CTAB终体积分数提高到0.14%,依然也不能完全沉淀 W135群与Y群脑膜炎球菌多糖。结论 不同酸水解酪蛋白对W135群和Y群脑膜炎球菌的生长密度和荚膜多糖产量有影响,用CTAB溶液沉淀荚膜多糖时需控制收获液盐含量。     

一种新的CTAB加入方法对A群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖分子大小的影响

目的探讨CTAB不同的加入方法对A群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖分子大小的影响。方法采用分次加入手动搅拌和持续加入机械快速搅拌两种CTAB加入方法,纯化获得荚膜多糖粗糖,分别编为B组和C组。将两组荚膜多糖粗糖分别纯化获得精糖,分别编为D组和E组。以Sepharose CL-4B凝胶层析纯化获得荚膜多糖并检测其KD值。结果 B组荚膜多糖粗糖的KD值介于0.34~0.35之间,C组荚膜多糖粗糖的KD值介于0.03~0.05,进一步用苯酚纯化获得精糖后KD值D组介于0.34~0.36之间,E组介于0.22~0.28之间。两组相比KD值显著降低。结论CTAB的加入过程对A群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖的分子大小有明显的影响,CTAB沉淀时进行快速而充分的搅拌,纯化获得的荚膜多糖相对分子质量更大。     

不同的甲醛杀菌浓度对A群、C群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖内毒素含量的影响

目的研究不同的甲醛杀菌浓度对A群、C群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖内毒素含量的影响。方法将A群脑膜炎球菌发酵液分成A、B两组,A组采用体积分数为2.5%甲醛杀菌,B组采用体积分数为2.0%甲醛杀菌。将C群脑膜炎球菌发酵液分成C、D两组,C组采用体积分数为2.5%甲醛杀菌,D组采用体积分数为2.0%甲醛杀菌。分别纯化获得荚膜多糖,用动态浊度法测定荚膜多糖中内毒素的含量。结果 A、C两组荚膜多糖中内毒素含量显著低于B、D两组荚膜多糖中的内毒素含量(P<0.05)。结论使用不同浓度的甲醛杀菌,对A群、C群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖内毒素的含量有显著影响。较高浓度的甲醛利于菌体细胞的固定,从而防止细菌自溶释放内毒素,因而高浓度的甲醛能够减少其内毒素的含量,提高了产品质量。     

溶氧浓度对A群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖产量及质量的影响

目的研究不同溶氧(dissolved oxygen, DO)浓度对A群脑膜炎球菌(Meningococci group A)荚膜多糖产量及质量的影响,确定A群脑膜炎球菌发酵时的最适DO浓度。方法通过调整发酵罐搅拌转速,通气量和罐内压力,使得A群脑膜炎球菌发酵时发酵液中的DO浓度分别为5%、10%、20%和30%,测定不同DO浓度细菌的生长情况、葡萄糖和氢氧化钠消耗情况,发酵结束后从发酵液中提纯荚膜多糖,比较不同DO浓度荚膜多糖的产量和质量。结果 DO浓度对A群脑膜炎球菌的生长及代谢影响显著,当DO浓度为20%时,发酵液中细菌的终浓度是DO浓度5%的1.9倍,是DO浓度10%的1.3倍;发酵液中的葡萄糖消耗速率和氢氧化钠的用量均随着DO浓度的升高而降低。DO浓度对A群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖的产量及质量也有明显影响。当DO浓度为20%时,A群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖产量是DO浓度为5%的3倍,是DO浓度为10%的1.7倍;荚膜多糖细菌内毒素含量较DO浓度为5%下降78%,较DO浓度为10%下降64%;分子大小也优于其他溶氧浓度。结论 DO浓度为20%是A群脑膜炎球菌发酵时的最适DO浓度。     

脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗培养基的优化研究

目的探索A群、C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗培养基的适宜配方。方法通过筛选改良培养基(配方2)中酸水解酪蛋白替代培养基配方1中原50%盐酸酪蛋白水解液制备相应的培养基,培养A群、C群脑膜炎球菌一定时间后,以收获的细菌浓度和复合多糖量来确定培养基的配比,并比较该培养基在不同温度条件下培养细菌的结果。结果在A群、C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗不同培养基的细菌培养过程中,用酸水解酪蛋白制备的改良培养基(配方2)培养的细菌浓度和多糖收获量均高于其他培养基(配方1和配方3),用酸水解酪蛋白培养基能提高脑膜炎球菌的产量。结论以酸水解酪蛋白为主要原料(配方2)的改良培养基能作为流脑A群、C群细菌的最适培养基,且细菌在(37±0.2)℃培养情况良好。     

脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖氧乙酰基相关特性及其作用机理

氧乙酰基(O-acetyl,OAc)存在于许多细菌多糖中,如脑膜炎球菌(meningococcus)A、C、W135、Y群荚膜多糖、大肠杆菌K1型荚膜多糖等均存在氧乙酰化修饰。由于荚膜多糖(capsular polysaccharides, CPS)中OAc的分布和占比被视为脑膜炎球菌多糖候选疫苗的关键质量控制因素,氧乙酰化修饰对多糖疫苗的免疫原性的重要作用,特别是脑膜炎球菌CPS OAc对其疫苗免疫原性的影响越来越受到关注。现就脑膜炎球菌CPS OAc的相关特性和检测方法、迁移因素、OAc修饰及其作用、OAc转移酶的作用机制、OAc对脑膜炎球菌免疫原性的影响作一概述,有助于脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖疫苗安全性和免疫原性的评价。     

乙醇、丙酮和氯化钙对W135群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖唾液酸含量检测的影响

目的研究乙醇、丙酮和氯化钙是否影响间苯二酚法测定W135群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖(group W135 meningococcal capsular polysaccharide)唾液酸(sialic acid)含量。方法用苯酚法制备W135群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖;分别定量检测唾液酸和W135群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖添加不同质量浓度乙醇、丙酮和氯化钙,用间苯二酚法测定其唾液酸含量,检测乙醇、丙酮和氯化钙对间苯二酚测定唾液酸含量的影响。结果添加质量浓度≥39.5μg/mL的乙醇和≥9.9μg/mL的丙酮对唾液酸含量测定均有影响,其中乙醇影响不明显,丙酮的影响极为明显,而不同加入量的氯化钙均对唾液酸含量的测定无影响。结论乙醇和丙酮对间苯二酚法测定唾液酸含量有影响,二者可能会对W135群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖质量控制产生影响。     

比色法与核磁共振法测定A、C、Y、W135群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖氧乙酰基含量的比较

目的比较Hestrin比色法(简称比色法)和核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)法在检测A、C、Y、W135群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖氧乙酰基(O-Acetyl,OAc)含量的相关性和精密度。方法用比色法和NMR法测定A、C、Y、W135群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖及其多糖衍生物,Y、W135群荚膜多糖水解物的OAc含量,比较分析两种方法的相关性及精密度。结果两种方法检测A、C、Y、W135群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖OAc含量的决定系数分别为R~2≥0.954、R~2≥0.960、R~2≥0.969、R~2≥0.972;比色法检测3批C群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖(PSC)OAc含量的精密度,SD值分别为0.21、0.21、0.18,对应CV值分别为9.03%、9.01%、8.70%(95%置信区间);NMR法检测3批A群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖(PSA)OAc含量的精密度,SD值分别为0.66、0.78、0.83,对应CV值分别为0.72%、0.85%、0.93%(95%置信区间);结论比色法和NMR法在检测A、C、Y、W135群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖OAc含量方面相关性良好,精密度良好,核磁法较比色法精密度更高。     

人对荚膜和无芙膜奈瑟氏脑膜炎球菌表面抗原的类特异性杀菌抗体

<正>杀菌抗体是脑膜炎球菌引起的败血症和脑膜炎的主要保护性抗体,它是由脑膜炎球菌带菌者或隐性感染者接触脑膜炎球菌的荚膜多糖或外膜表面抗原产生的,也可由奈瑟氏Lactamica菌或具有与脑膜炎球菌表面多糖抗原有交叉的细菌产生,为大肠杆菌KI—SB群脑膜炎菌有一样的荚膜多糖。     

新型脑膜炎奈瑟球菌X群荚膜多糖单克隆抗体及其潜在应用

正针对脑膜炎奈瑟球菌X群荚膜多糖(Men X)研制的一种新型鼠杂交瘤细胞单克隆抗体(MAb)可用于酶联免疫法对脑膜炎球菌多糖进行定量。该单克隆抗体只对X群发生反应,对于脑膜炎奈瑟菌A群C群Y群和W群均不反应。由非竞争性ELISA测定的单克隆抗体的亲和常数值(Ka)为7.25×     

14型肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖纯化工艺中两种去除蛋白方法的比较

目的苯酚抽提法和脱氧胆酸钠沉淀法去除14型肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖中蛋白质的效果比较。方法将3批次14型肺炎链球菌发酵培养液经超滤、乙醇沉淀等方法初步纯化后,平分成两份,分别采用苯酚抽提法和脱氧胆酸钠沉淀法去除蛋白,通过比较多糖收获量、多糖组分检定结果、多糖分子质量、多糖抗原活性、多糖核磁共振图谱,以此评价这两种蛋白去除方法的效果。结果与苯酚抽提法相比,脱氧胆酸钠沉淀法制备的14型肺炎链球菌纯化荚膜多糖除收获量较高,蛋白和核酸杂质含量较低外,氨基己糖含量、多糖分子质量、抗原活性和多糖核磁共振图谱的检定分析结果无显著性差异(P>0.1)。结论作为14型肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖纯化工艺中的除蛋白方法,脱氧胆酸钠沉淀法优于苯酚抽提法。     

Purification of a conjugated polysaccharide vaccine using tangential flow diafiltration

Conjugated vaccines prepared from the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae can provide immunization against invasive pneumococcal disease, meningitis, and otitis media. One of the critical steps in the production of these vaccines is the removal of free (unreacted) polysaccharides from the protein-polysaccharide conjugate. Experimental studies were performed to evaluate the effects of membrane pore size, filtrate flux, and solution conditions on the transmission of both the conjugate and free polysaccharide through different ultrafiltration membranes. Conjugate purification was done using diafiltration performed in a linearly-scalable tangential flow filtration cassette. More than 98% of the free polysaccharide was removed within a 5-diavolume diafiltration process, which is a significant improvement over previously reported results for purification of similar conjugated vaccines. These results clearly demonstrate the opportunities for using ultrafiltration/diafiltration for the final purification of conjugated vaccine products.     

细菌荚膜多糖的分离纯化研究进展

荚膜多糖是细菌的保护性抗原和毒力因子,也是细菌疫苗最重要的靶抗原之一,其分离纯化是制作疫苗的首要步骤。本文从去除菌体、收集总糖、去除菌体核酸和蛋白质、去除内毒素等基本工艺步骤,对现有的工艺和目前的工艺进展进行了综述,重点阐述了中空纤维、深层过滤、超滤、酶水解、柱层析等方法在荚膜多糖分离纯化中的应用进展。     

Self-aggregation of Cryptococcus neoformans capsular glucuronoxylomannan is dependent on divalent cations

The capsular components of the human pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans are transported to the extracellular space and then used for capsule enlargement by distal growth. It is not clear, however, how the glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) fibers are incorporated into the capsule. In the present study, we show that concentration of C. neoformans culture supernatants by ultrafiltration results in the formation of highly viscous films containing pure polysaccharide, providing a novel, nondenaturing, and extremely rapid method to isolate extracellular GXM. The weight-averaged molecular mass of GXM in the film, determined using multiangle laser light scattering, was ninefold smaller than that of GXM purified from culture supernatants by differential precipitation with cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). Polysaccharides obtained either by ultrafiltration or by CTAB-mediated precipitation showed different reactivities with GXM-specific monoclonal antibodies. Viscosity analysis associated with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and measurements of zeta potential in the presence of different ions implied that polysaccharide aggregation was a consequence of the interaction between the carboxyl groups of glucuronic acid and divalent cations. Consistent with this observation, capsule enlargement in living C. neoformans cells was influenced by Ca(2+) in the culture medium. These results suggest that capsular assembly in C. neoformans results from divalent cation-mediated self-aggregation of extracellularly accumulated GXM molecules.     

基于可见光测定的山羊支原体山羊肺炎亚种抗原定量

山羊支原体山羊肺炎亚种(Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae, Mccp)是山羊传染性胸膜肺炎(contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, CCPP)的病原,可用灭活疫苗和荚膜多糖(capsular polysaccharide, CPS)间接血凝试剂进行预防和血清学检测,但高昂的培养成本和复杂的抗原定量一直困扰着生产人员。为解决生产实际中出现的这些问题,本研究基于Mccp代谢组学的前期理论基础,通过改变初始pH值的方法,初步筛选出初始pH值为7.8的可以同时提高2种抗原产量的糖发酵培养基。利用紫外可吸收光谱可识别酚红,以及十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB)可与阴离子荚膜多糖结合的理论依据,建立了利用紫外光谱分析Mccp达到的培养阶段,以及利用CTAB沉淀法相对定量发酵液荚膜多糖抗原产量的方法。通过紫外图谱观察的方法可对应Mccp生长曲线进行指导生产,大大节省传统颜色变化单位(color change unit, CCU)法的监测时间,提高了原肉眼观察方法的精确度。建立的CTAB沉淀法可在5 h内完成对CPS含量的监测,与传统的差值法相比大大缩短了时间,并且其准确度得到苯酚-硫酸法的验证。本研究优化的一种培养基和建立的两种相关性比较方法,可有效降低Mccp生产成本,提高生产效率,这些方法已在本实验室的研究阶段得到应用,为进一步改进CCPP灭活疫苗和荚膜多糖的生产工艺以及快速定量提供了实验数据。     

Purification of capsular polysaccharide produced by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Haemophilus influenzae</Emphasis> type b through a simple,efficient and suitable method for scale-up

Haemophilus influenzae type b, an encapsulated bacterium, causes meningitis in infants worldwide. The capsular polysaccharide conjugated to a carrier protein is effective in the prevention of such infections. The traditional purification process of polysaccharide from bacterial cultures for vaccine production is based on several selective precipitations with solvents such as: ethanol, phenol, and cationic detergents. The separations of solid and liquid phases are based on continuous centrifugation in explosion proof installations. The lipopolysaccharides are separated by ultracentrifugation. A simple and efficient method that can easily be scaled-up was developed for purification of polysaccharides. The ethanol precipitation was reduced to only two steps. The phenol treatment was substituted by ultrafiltration and enzymatic digestion. Lipopolysaccharide was removed by ultrafiltration together with addition of detergent and chelating agent.     

Purification of chondroitin precursor from Escherichia coli K4 fermentation broth using membrane processing

Recently the possibility of producing the capsular polysaccharide K4, a fructosylated chondroitin, in fed-batch experiments was assessed. In the present study, a novel downstream process to obtain chondroitin from Escherichia coli K4 fermentation broth was developed. The process is simple, scalable and economical. In particular, downstream procedures were optimized with a particular aim of purifying a product suitable for further chemical modifications, in an attempt to develop a biotechnological platform for chondroitin sulfate production. During process development, membrane devices (ultrafiltration/diafiltration) were exploited, selecting the right cassette cut-offs for different phases of purification. The operational conditions (cross-flow rate and transmembrane pressure) used for the process were determined on an ?KTA cross-flow instrument (GE Healthcare, USA), a lab-scale automatic tangential flow filtration system. In addition, parameters such as selectivity and throughput were calculated based on the analytical quantification of K4 and defructosylated K4, as well as the major contaminants. The complete downstream procedure yielded about 75% chondroitin with a purity higher than 90%.     

Purification of capsular polysaccharide from Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C by liquid chromatography

Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C capsular polysaccharide (MenCPS) is an important antigen against meningococcal infection. This paper describes a new purification methodology employing liquid chromatography that resulted in a polysaccharide showing the characteristics recommended by the World Health Organization for vaccine purposes. In this method, steps of the traditional procedure that yield low recovery and use toxic materials were modified. The present process consists in the following steps: (1) continuous flow centrifugation of the culture for removal of the cells; (2) supernatant concentration by tangential filtration (100 kDa cutoff); (3) addition of 0.5% DOC, heating to 55 degrees C during 30 min and tangential filtration (100 kDa cutoff); (4) anion exchange chromatography (Source 15Q) and (5) size exclusion chromatography (Sepharose CL-4B). The polysaccharide C fraction obtained in that way was dialyzed and freeze-dried. The structural identity of the polysaccharide was demonstrated by (1)H-NMR spectrometry.     

一种改良的CTAB法提取产多糖真菌DNA

真菌胞外多糖由于其高吸附高粘稠特点,是困扰从胞外多糖产生菌分离高纯度DNA的难点之一。本文以生产硬葡聚糖的齐整小核菌生产菌为代表,采用改良的CTAB法获得了高质量的基因组DNA。通过分层隔离等培养方法的优化降低硬葡聚糖的产生,并在传统CTAB法的基础上,用高浓度的醋酸钾和无水乙醇共同作用初步沉淀多糖,再用CTAB/NaCl溶液再次去除多糖。相比于商业的DNA提取试剂盒和传统的CTAB法,该方法得到的基因组DNA产率大幅提高,纯度较好,可充分排除胞外多糖的干扰,为各典型产胞外多糖的真菌DNA提取提供重要的参考。提取的基因组DNA可用于基因组文库构建、PCR等分子生物学实验。