酪酸梭菌活菌散治疗小儿病毒性腹泻疗效观察

目的观察和评价酪酸梭菌活菌散（商品名：宝乐安）治疗小儿轮状病毒性腹泻的临床疗效。方法将93例轮状病毒性腹泻患儿随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组46例,给予酪酸梭菌活菌散,0．5g/次,3次／d;对照组47例,给予利巴韦林15mg／（kg·d）,分2次肌内注射或加入10％GS250ml中静脉滴注。疗程均为3—7d,观察疗效和不良反应。结果观察组总有效率为95．7％,轮状病毒转阴率为89．2％;对照组总有效率为76．6％,轮状病毒转阴率为65．8％,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。2组均未见不良反应。结论酪酸梭菌活菌散治疗小儿轮状病毒性腹泻疗效显著,且未见不良反应,值得临床推广应用。     

酪酸梭菌活菌散治疗婴幼儿秋冬季腹泻的临床疗效观察

目的观察酪酸梭菌活菌散治疗婴幼儿秋冬季腹泻的临床疗效。方法将120例秋冬季腹泻的患儿随机分为酪酸梭菌活菌散治疗组和对照组,对照组60例患儿单用蒙脱石散,1.5g/次,3次/d;酪酸梭菌活菌散治疗组60例患儿先服用蒙脱石散,剂量同上,间隔2h后,加服酪酸梭菌活菌散,1袋/次,3次/d,疗程为3~7d或治愈为止;在此基础上,两组患儿均给予补液(纠酸、维持水电解质及酸碱平衡)、退热等治疗。观察两组患儿腹泻治疗效果(包括大便性状恢复正常时间、呕吐消失时间和总有效率)及不良反应发生情况。结果酪酸梭菌活菌散治疗组显效率为81.7%,总有效率为100.0%,对照组显效率为28.3%,总有效率为90.0%,酪酸梭菌活菌散治疗组明显高于对照组,且差异均有统计学意义(χ2=4.385,P0.05);酪酸梭菌活菌散治疗组第3天大便次数相比对照组明显减少[治疗组(1.88±0.88)次/d,对照组(3.28±1.80)次/d,t=5.395,P0.05)],大便恢复正常时间明显短于对照组[治疗组(3.67±1.31)d,对照组(4.8±1.09)d,t=5.158,P0.05)],呕吐消失时间也明显短于对照组[治疗组(2.9±0.99)d,对照组(4.02±1.34)d,t=4.894,P0.05)]。结论酪酸梭菌活菌散治疗婴幼儿秋冬季腹泻的临床疗效显著,且未见不良反应发生,值得临床推广。     

酪酸梭菌活菌散联合抗菌药治疗小儿急性细菌感染性腹泻临床疗效观察

目的观察和评价酪酸梭菌活菌散（商品名：宝乐安）联合抗菌药治疗小儿急性细菌感染性腹泻临床疗效。方法将60例急性细菌感染性腹泻患儿随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组30例,对照组30例,2组均给予口服抗菌药及对症支持治疗。其中观察组在服用抗菌药2h后服用酪酸梭菌活菌散,0.5g/次,3次/d;对照组只给予抗菌药及对症支持治疗,不用酪酸梭菌活菌散。对2组总有效率及体温、大便恢复正常时间进行统计分析。结果观察组总有效率为96.7%,对照组总有效率为83.3%,2组相比差异具有非常显著性（P〈0.01）;观察组体温、大便恢复正常时间均显著短于对照组（P〈0.01）。结论酪酸梭菌活菌散联合抗菌药治疗小儿急性细菌感染性腹泻的疗效,优于单用抗菌药,值得临床推广应用。     

酪酸梭菌活菌散治疗婴幼儿病毒性腹泻疗效观察

目的观察和评价酪酸梭菌活菌散治疗婴幼儿病毒性腹泻的临床疗效。方法将200例病毒性腹泻患儿随机分为观察组和对照组。观察组120例,服用酪酸梭菌活菌散,首次1 000 mg,以后500 mg/次,4次/d,疗程3~7 d,对照组80例,应用蒙脱石散治疗,观察疗效和不良反应。结果观察组总有效率为92.5%,对照组总有效率为71.25%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论酪酸梭菌活菌散治疗婴幼儿病毒性腹泻疗效显著,且未见不良反应,值得临床推广应用。     

酪酸梭菌活菌散与制霉菌素片联用治疗婴幼儿鹅口疮的疗效观察

目的观察和评价酪酸梭菌活菌散与制霉菌素片联用治疗婴幼儿鹅口疮的临床疗效。方法将97例鹅口疮患儿随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组47例,在涂抹制霉菌素片的基础上服用酪酸梭菌活菌散,0.5g/次,3次/d,疗程28 d,对照组50例,单独制霉菌素片,观察复发率和不良反应。结果观察组的总复发率为8.5%,显著低于对照组的30%(P<0.05)。结论酪酸梭菌活菌散与制霉菌素片联用治疗婴幼儿鹅口疮预防复发疗效显著,且未见不良反应,值得临床推广应用。     

酪酸梭菌活菌散与蒙托石散间隔联用治疗婴幼儿病毒性腹泻疗效观察

目的观察和评价酪酸梭菌活菌散与蒙脱石散间隔应用治疗婴幼儿病毒性腹泻的临床疗效。方法将130例病毒性腹泻患儿随机分为观察组和对照组。观察组65例,先冲服蒙脱石散,1.5～3 g/次,3次/d,冲服蒙脱石散2 h后再服用酪酸梭菌活菌散,0.5 g/次,3次/d,疗程3～7 d;对照组65例,单独应用蒙脱石散治疗,观察疗效和不良反应。结果观察组总有效率为96.9%,对照组总有效率为72.3%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),观察组在缩短热退时间、大便性状恢复正常时间和平均住院时间及第3天的大便次数减少均优于对照组(P<0.01)。结论酪酸梭菌活菌散与蒙脱石散间隔联用治疗婴幼儿病毒性腹泻疗效显著,且未见不良反应,值得临床推广应用。     

酪酸梭菌活菌散与抗菌药间隔序贯应用预防抗生素相关性腹泻疗效观察

目的观察和评价酪酸梭菌活菌散（商品名：宝乐安）与抗菌药间隔序贯应用治疗小儿肺炎预防抗生素相关性腹泻的临床疗效。方法将203例肺炎患儿随机分为预防组和对照组,预防组103例,对照组100例,2组均给予抗菌药及对症支持治疗。其中预防组在治疗的同时间隔2～3 h序贯使用酪酸梭菌活菌散,0.5 g/次,3次/d,出现腹泻继续服用;对照组不用酪酸梭菌活菌散预防,出现腹泻用酪酸梭菌活菌散治疗,0.5 g/次,3次/d。对2组继发腹泻的发生率、腹泻持续天数、肺炎治疗的总疗程、腹痛和脱水等症状和体征进行统计分析。结果预防组继发腹泻12例,发生率为11.7%,对照组继发腹泻57例,发生率为57.0%,2组相比差异具有非常显著性（P〈0.01）;预防组腹泻持续时间和治疗疗程显著短于对照组（P〈0.01）;预防组患儿腹痛和脱水等症状和体征发生率均少于对照组（P〈0.01）。结论酪酸梭菌活菌散与抗菌药间隔序贯应用治疗肺炎,能显著降低小儿抗生素相关性腹泻的发生率,预防性应用具有积极的临床意义。     

酪酸梭菌活菌散与喜炎平注射液联用治疗婴幼儿秋冬季腹泻疗效观察

目的 观察和评价酪酸梭菌活菌散与喜炎平注射液联用治疗婴幼儿秋冬季腹泻的临床疗效.方法 将73例秋冬季腹泻患儿随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组37例,喜炎平注射液5～10mg/(kg·d)静滴,1次/d,点滴后服用酪酸梭菌活菌散,0.5 g/次,3次/d,疗程3～7 d;对照组36例,单独应用喜炎平注射液治疗.观察两组疗效和不良反应.结果 观察组总有效率高达91.9％,显效率为67.6％;对照组总有效率为72.2％,显效率为44.4％,两组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).观察组患儿治疗第3天的大便次数明显少于对照组,大便性状恢复正常时间和呕吐消失时间亦明显短于对照组,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.01).结论 酪酸梭菌活菌散与喜炎平注射液联用治疗婴幼儿秋冬季腹泻疗效显著,且未见不良反应,值得临床推广应用.     

酪酸梭菌活菌散联合葡萄糖酸锌治疗儿童急性腹泻的疗效观察

目的探讨酪酸梭菌活菌散联合葡萄糖酸锌治疗儿童急性腹泻的疗效。方法选取急性腹泻患儿76例,随机分为观察组和对照组各38例。两组患儿均予以调整饮食、口服或静脉补液和纠正水电解质酸碱失衡紊乱等常规治疗。观察组患儿予以酪酸梭菌活菌散和葡萄糖酸锌联合治疗,对照组患儿予以单纯酪酸梭菌活菌散治疗。观察两组患儿治疗后主要症状和体征改善的时间,并比较其临床疗效及治疗后3个月内腹泻的复发率。结果观察组患儿治疗后的止泻、呕吐、腹痛和粪常规等恢复正常时间均明显短于对照组（P〈0.05）;同时治疗3 d后,观察组患儿临床总有效率为94.74%,明显高于对照组的78.95%（χ2=4.15,P〈0.05）。两组患儿治疗后随访3个月,其中观察组和对照组分别腹泻复发5例（13.16%）和13例（34.21%）,观察组腹泻的复发率明显低于对照组（χ2=4.66,P〈0.05）。结论酪酸梭菌活菌散联合葡萄糖酸锌治疗儿童急性腹泻的疗效较肯定,能明显改善患儿腹泻症状,缩短腹泻病程,并能减少腹泻的复发。     

酪酸梭菌活菌散辅助治疗新生儿黄疸的随机多中心临床疗效观察

目的观察酪酸梭菌活菌散(商品名:宝乐安)辅助治疗新生儿黄疸的临床疗效。方法将543例新生儿黄疸患儿随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组274例,对照组269例。观察组在蓝光治疗的同时给予酪酸梭菌活菌散口服,0.5g/次,3次/d,服至黄疸消退;对照组只给予蓝光治疗。于治疗后48h、72h、96h检测血清胆红素值。结果治疗72h、96h后观察组血清胆红素水平较对照组明显下降(P0.05)。结论在蓝光治疗新生儿黄疸的同时服用酪酸梭菌活菌散,可迅速降低胆红素水平,缩短治疗时间。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Progress in glial cell studies in some laboratories in China

Glial cells in the central nervous system(CNS) consist of a heterogeneous population of cell types,each characterized by distinct morphological features,physiological properties,and specific markers.In contrast to the previous view that glial cells were passive elements in the brain,accumulating evidence suggests that glial cells are active participants in various brain functions and brain disorders.This review summarizes recent progress of glial cell studies from several groups in China,ranging from studie...     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.