杀虫双和杀螟丹选育对小菜蛾抗药性的形成及其抗性机制

用杀虫双和杀螟丹在实验室以点滴法处理小菜蛾Plutella xylostella L.四龄幼虫,以连续继代药剂淘汰选育其抗药性。至35代,药剂汰选的小菜蛾对杀虫双和杀螟丹的抗药性较选育前正常品系分别提高了51倍和25倍。其抗药性的形成发展均呈S形,可认为已成为抗性品系。以有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯及有机氮等11种杀虫剂测试抗杀虫双小菜蛾品系和抗杀螟丹小菜蛾品系对常用药剂的敏感度结果表明：对杀虫双、杀螟丹和杀虫环之间有较严重的正交互抗性;对敌敌艮、马拉硫磷和杀螟松有轻微交互抗性产生;对溴氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氯菊酯和灭多威、久效威等药剂更加敏感,呈负交互抗性。用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)法测定表明,抗药性产生与特异性酯酶的形成有一定关系。用比色法和酸度法测定,抗性品系的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)活性降低,羧酸酯酶(CarE)活性无差异。加增效剂Pb和SV₁：于四龄幼虫表皮,对抗杀虫双小菜蛾晶系分别有6.28及1.45倍的增效作用;对抗杀螟丹小菜蛾品系分别有4.85及1.39倍的增效作用,可见多功能氧化酶(MFO)为小菜蛾抗杀虫双和抗杀螟丹的重要因子。     

小菜蛾对苦皮藤素抗性选育及交互抗性测定

敏感小菜蛾Plutella xylostella (L.)经苦皮藤素20代的抗性选育,其抗性增长21.57倍。选育的小菜蛾抗性品系对杀虫双、杀螟丹和叶蝉散分别有4.63、4.11和3.71倍的交互抗性;对溴氰菊酯、氯菊酯、氯氰菊酯分别有0.22、0.01和0.26倍的负交互抗性。高抗杀螟丹、杀虫双小菜蛾品系对苦皮藤素无明显交互抗性,而高抗溴氰菊酯小菜蛾品系对苦皮藤素有3.61倍的交互抗性。     

小菜蛾对杀螟丹抗性遗传的研究

利用室内选育的抗杀螟丹小菜蛾Plutella xylostella (L.)品系和敏感品系研究了该品系的抗性遗传形式,结果表明,小菜蛾对杀螟丹的抗性形式为常染色体多基因遗传,并呈不完全显性。该品系对６种常用杀虫剂的抗性谱测定结果表明,对杀虫双有较严重的正交互抗性;对敌敌畏、杀扑磷有低度交互抗性;对溴氰菊酯、灭多威和叶蝉散等药剂无交互抗性。还发现该品系对杀螟丹的抗性与乙酰胆碱酯酶和羧酸酯酶活性无关。     

抗杀虫双小菜蛾和抗杀螟丹小菜娥酯酶同工酶的研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对抗杀虫双、抗杀螟丹的两个小菜蛾品系的酯酶同工酶研究结果表明：小菜蛾对杀虫双和杀螟丹的抗性与特异性酯酶同工酶的形成及部分非特异性酯酶同工酶活性的变化有关;杀虫双和杀螟丹在选育小菜蛾抗性的过程中对其酯酶同工酶的影响有很大的相似性。     

菜蛾对杀虫双和杀螟丹抗药性遗传的DNA随机扩增多态性研究

利用室内选育119代的抗杀虫双和抗杀螟丹小菜蛾Plutellaxylostella品系和敏感品系,通过反复回交建立近等基因系.用Operon公司合成的80个引物对抗杀虫双近等基因系和抗杀螟丹近等基因系小菜蛾基因组DNA进行PCR扩增;在抗杀虫双近等基因系中有3个引物分别产生了1条特异扩增带,2个引物分别产生了2条特异扩增带,1个引物产生3条特异扩增带;在抗杀螟丹近等基因系中,有4个引物分别产生了1条特异扩增带,1个引物产生了2条特异扩增带.在培育近等基因系的多次回交过程中,与抗性有关的遗传因子被逐步置换到敏感品系的基因组中,因此可以认为这些特异带与小菜蛾对杀虫双和杀螟丹的敏感性有关.     

抗杀虫双小菜蛾和抗杀螟丹小菜蛾酯酶同工酶的研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对抗杀虫双、抗杀螟丹的两个小菜蛾品系的酯酶同工酶研究结果表明：小菜蛾对杀虫双和杀螟丹的抗性与特异酯酶同工酶的形成及部分非特异性酯酶同工酶活性的变化有关;杀虫和杀螟丹在选育小菜蛾抗性的过程中过程中对其酯酶同工酶的影响有很大的相似性。     

小菜蛾对杀虫双和杀螟丹抗药性遗传的DNA随机扩增多态性研究

利用室内选育119代的抗杀虫和抗杀螟丹小菜蛾Plutella xylostella品系和敏感品系,通过反复回交建立近等基因系。用Operon公司全盛的80个引物对抗杀虫比近等基因系和抗杀螟丹近等基因系小菜蛾基因组DNA进行PCR扩增;在抗杀虫双近等基因系中3个引物分别产生了1条特异扩增带,2个引物分别产生了2条特异扩增带,1个引物产生3条特异拉增带;在抗杀螟丹近等基因系中,有4个引物分别产生了1条特异扩增带,1个引物产生了2条特异扩增带,在培育近等基因系的多次回交过程中,与抗性有关的遗传因子被逐步换到敏感品系的基因组中,因此可以认为这些特异带与小菜蛾对杀虫双和杀螟丹的敏感性有关。     

小菜蛾对杀虫双和杀螟丹抗性的现实遗传力

利用室内选育119代的小菜蛾Plutella xylostella抗性品系,分析了小菜蛾对杀虫双和杀螟丹抗药性的现实遗传力,并对遗传力和杀虫剂的杀死率对抗性发展速率的影响进行了预测,结果表明,室内继代药剂选择119代后,小菜蛾对杀虫双和杀螟丹抗性的遗传力很低（h^2=0.03)。因此,小菜蛾对这两种药剂产生更高水平抗性的潜力不大,在选择的前半段（F30）,杀虫双和杀螟丹的抗性遗传力（分别为0.14t 0.11)高于选择后半段（F80)的遗传力（均为0.05),选择前、后半段的选择差数没有明显差别。即使在室内选择条件下,假如斜率=2.0(δp=0.5),h^2=0.05,群体中70%个体致死时要获得10倍的抗性,约需34代,田间条件下,由于等位基因频率的变化、环境变异等因素的影响,抗性增长10倍则需要更长的时间,因此田间条件下小菜蛾在短期内不易对杀虫双和杀螟丹产生高水平抗性。     

小菜蛾对杀虫双、杀螟丹抗性品系选育及其抗性消长规律的研究(英语)

用改进的蛭石萝卜苗法饲养小菜蛾,以点滴法处理对杀虫双、杀螟丹两种药剂淘汰选育的小菜蛾抗性品系和不以药剂处理的敏感品系的各项生物学特性与同期田间种群比较,各品系间差异不显著,均没有生长发育和繁殖上的不利情况.5年来药剂淘汰选育,杀虫双品系至F_(85)代其抗性增长178倍;杀螟丹品系F_(80)代其抗性增长87倍,均已形成高抗品系.两个抗性品系经停止药剂淘汰选育后5代,抗性倍数分别从167倍降至57倍和74倍降至16倍,说明这两个抗性品系的抗性是不稳定的,在没有药剂选择压力的情况下,开始几代抗性下降较快,当下降到一定水平后抗性便比较稳定,似乎很难恢复原有的敏感性.     

溴氰菊酯对不同品系家蝇脑突触体膜蛋白磷酸化及ATP酶活性的影响

以敏感品系家蝇和溴氰菊酯抗性品系家蝇(Musca domestica L.)为材料,研究和比较了神经毒剂溴氰菊酯对其脑突触体蛋白磷酸化作用的影响。结果表明,浓度为10^-5 mol/L溴氰菊酯抑制了敏感品系家蝇脑突触体蛋白磷酸化作用,而对抗性品系家蝇脑突触体蛋白磷酸化作用无明显影响。若反应体系中加入2.5×10^-6 mol/L的cAMP显著激活了敏感品系家蝇脑突触体蛋白磷酸化水平,但是当0.6 mmol/Lca²⁺或0.6 mmol/L Ca²⁺加10^-5 mol/L钙调蛋白时明显增强了抗性品系家蝇脑突触体蛋白磷酸化水平,甚至超过了其对敏感品系的作用水平。此外,还发现不同浓度的溴氰菊酯可抑制突触膜上的Na/K-ATP酶和Ca-ATP酶活力,浓度越高抑制作用也越大,并且敏感品系家蝇对溴氰菊酯的敏感度要高于抗性品系。     

DEVELOPMENT AND DECLINING OF RESISTANCE IN DIAMOND BACK MOTH PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA L. RESISTANT STRAINS SELECTED BY DIMEHYPO AND CARTAP*

Abstract Two resistant strains of diamond back moth Plutella xylostella L. were treated with dimehy-po and cartap in succession, The susceptible strain had never contacted with any insecticieds since reared in the in sectary. The rearing method by using vermiculite and radish seedling was discribed by Chen et al. (1990) and Liuet al. (1993). Comparison between reared strains and field strain did not display any difference in biological characteristics. The resistance reached 178 fold in dimehypo resistant strain in F₈₅, and 87 fold in cartap resistant strain in F₈₀, Two high level resistant strains had formed. After termination of selection, the resistance declined from 167 to 57 fold in dimehypo resistant strain and from 74 to 16 fold in cartap resistant strain within five generations. The resistance of diamond back moth to the two insecticides was unstable at high level, but could be steady at quite lower degree for a long time. It seemed impossible to regain the same sensitivity as before selection for the two resistant strains after resistance declining.     

小菜蛾对阿维菌素的抗性遗传方式 和相对适合度研究

就小菜蛾Plutella xylostella对阿维菌素的抗性遗传方式和抗性品系的相对适合度进行了研究。室内选育的阿维菌素抗性品系与同源的敏感品系杂交、F₁代自交、F₁代与亲本回交,结果表明：杂交后的显性度（D）分别为-0.64和-0.52,说明小菜蛾对阿维菌素的抗性是常染色体、不完全隐性遗传;χ²检验证实,可能是多基因控制的抗性遗传。杂交F₁代乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）、羧酸酯酶（CarE）和谷胱甘肽转移酶（GST）活性比抗性亲本有所降低,F2代及回交后代三种酶的活性继续降低。种群适合度研究表明,抗性品系相对于敏感品系有0.84的适合度。     

小菜蛾对九种杀虫剂的抗药性

采用叶片药膜法测定了9种杀虫剂对海南、山东、广东、湖北武汉和襄樊等5个地区小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)田间种群的毒力,和室内相对敏感品系比较。结果显示,5个地区的小菜蛾种群都对氯氰菊酯产生了10倍以上的抗性,广东和山东种群达到30倍以上的抗性。对阿维菌素的抗性山东小菜蛾种群达到135倍,广东种群达到30倍,其他地区均在10倍以下。但是,作用机制与阿维菌素类似的药剂,氟虫腈的抗性5个地区均在5倍或5倍以下。对昆虫生长调节剂定虫隆和氟虫脲的抗性除广东种群分别在10倍和20倍以上外,其他地区均在5倍以下。广东种群对多杀菌素的抗性为7.8倍,其他地区的种群没有产生抗性,多杀菌素和杀虫双均为作用于乙酰胆碱受体的药剂,但是作用的位点不同。杀虫双对5个种群的LC50值均是比较大的(>800 mg/L),尽管没有明显的抗性,不适宜用于小菜蛾田间防治。对呼吸链电子转移抑制剂溴虫腈的抗性均在10倍以下。对辛硫磷的抗性在2~5倍。     

Resistance to a nuclear polyhedrosis virus in the light-brown apple moth Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Measurements were made of the relative susceptibility to a nuclear polyhedrosis virus of three populations of light-brown apple moth Epiphyas postvittana: a resistant laboratory strain (CAN), a susceptible laboratory strain (BAR), and a field population. CAN was found to be 50 times more resistant than BAR and 160 times more resistant than the field line. Experiments on hybrid crosses of resistant and susceptible strains showed that resistance is genetically determined. This serves as a warning of the possible selection of virus-resistant strains of insect pests, where viral insecticides are being used in the field.     

Pleiotropy of insecticide resistance in the codling moth, Cydia pomonella

The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), has developed resistance to various insecticides. Relative fitness of one susceptible strain (Sv) and two strains selected for resistance to diflubenzuron (Rt) and deltamethrin (Rv), respectively, was measured in the absence of insecticide selection pressure. Mating rate, fecundity, fertility, developmental time, fifth instar weight, and adult longevity were compared. Both resistant strains were less fecund and fertile, developed more slowly, weighed less, and had shorter life-spans than the susceptible strain. These results indicate that biological constraints are associated with insecticide resistance in the codling moth. We also found that fitness estimates of the Rv strain did not differ statistically from those of the Rt strain. Enhanced mixed-function oxidase and glutathione-S-transferase activities have been shown to be involved in insecticide resistance in both Rt and Rv strains. This suggests that the fitness cost described in both resistant strains was mainly associated to metabolic resistance. The impact of such deleterious pleiotropy of insecticide resistance in C. pomonella in terms of resistance management in the field is discussed.