细胞因子对中枢神经系统海马脑区的作用

细胞因子是一组多肽蛋白,一般认为其主要功能是介导非特异性免疫反应、促进未成熟白细胞增殖、分化和生长等。但近年来的研究表明,这些在免疫系统中起重要作用的调节因子及其受体也存在于中枢神经系统（ＣＮＳ）中,并发现它们对ＣＮＳ中某些神经元和胶质细胞的生理功能有调控作用。本综述细胞因子白细胞介素１、白细胞介素２和白细胞介素６对ＣＮＳ海马脑区作用的研究进展。     

秦岭滑蜥断尾再生伤口愈合阶段细胞因子的时空分布特征

细胞因子参与免疫应答、介导炎症反应,进而在损伤组织的再生修复过程中发挥调控作用。通过切割法建立秦岭滑蜥（Scincella tsinlingensis）断尾再生模型,针对伤口愈合阶段,采用免疫组织化学方法检测促炎症因子白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-1受体1(IL-1R1)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和抗炎细胞因子白细胞介素-10(IL-10)的组织细胞定位及表达变化。结果显示：6种细胞因子在断尾脊髓和椎骨中的骨系细胞中均呈阳性。断尾创面组织及其附近鳞片下方真皮层中IL-6阳性细胞数量先增加后减少,断尾后3 d达峰值194.3±24.9。断尾后3 d,创面IL-8阳性细胞数目为107.7±12.7,超过真皮层的43.7±9.1。IL-1β和IL-1R1阳性细胞数量先增后减,伤口部位的阳性细胞明显多于真皮层（P<0.05）。TNF-α阳性细胞由0.5 d的126.3±35.0增至3 d的190.3±12.1。IL-10阳性细胞断尾后总体呈现先增后减的趋势,断尾后0.5 d伤口部位阳性细胞达201±17.8,显著...     

第二届细胞因子国际会议简介

1989年12月10～14日在南卡罗来纳洲召开了第二届细胞因子国际大会,共有700人参加,收到526篇摘要,会议交流内容主要是细胞因子(白细胞介素1-8,肿瘤坏死因子,干扰素,集落刺激因子等)。涉及领域较广,包括免疫学、内分泌学、神经生物学、分子生物学、药理学及生化学。细胞因子抑制剂过去几年内的一个重要发现是细胞因子的抑制剂,在本次会议上,首次报道了几种细胞因子抑制剂的一级结构,包括一种白细胞介素-1(IL-1)及两种肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)的抑制剂。从尿液中分离出一类蛋白,可以和TNF结合,使其不能与相应受体结合,从而阻断TNF     

上皮源性细胞因子IL-33、IL-25和TSLP在哮喘发病机制中的作用

哮喘(asthma)是一种以气道高反应性、慢性气道炎症、气道重塑和可逆性的气流受阻为特征的常见慢性呼吸系统疾病。近年来,研究发现气道上皮细胞在霉菌、尘螨、花粉、病毒感染、空气污染物等各种损伤因素的作用下,可释放细胞因子白细胞介素-33(interleukin-33,IL-33)、白细胞介素-25(interleukin-25,IL-25)和胸腺基质淋巴细胞生成素(thymic stromal lymphopoietin,TSLP),这些细胞因子不仅可作用于2型辅助性T细胞(type 2 helper T cells,Th2 cells),同时也可作用于固有淋巴样2型细胞(group 2 innate lymphoid cells,ILC2s),通过释放Th2型细胞因子,参与哮喘的发生与发展。尽管这3种细胞因子在哮喘的发生与发展中均起到重要作用,但其在哮喘病理、生理学效应及作用方式上并非完全相同。现就这3种上皮源性细胞因子IL-33、IL-25和TSLP在哮喘发病机制中的作用作一概述。     

人白细胞介素家族的新成员—IL—19，IL—20，IL—21，IL—22，IL—23

白细胞介素是激活的T细胞分泌的一类细胞因子,它们在免疫调节中发挥重要作用,具有很高的临床应用价值。迄今为止,已有23种人白细胞介素被发现,构成了一个庞大的家族,其中2000－2001年间,就有5种人白细胞介素家族最新成员的序列被阐明,本文简单介绍了它们的结构,诱导表达方式,功能,及其信号相关受体等各个方面的最新研究进展。     

IL—9及其受体的分子生物学

白细胞介素９是近年来发现的一种参与造血调控及免疫应答等诸多生理过程的细胞因子,本简介白细胞介素９及其受体的生物化学性质、基因结构与表达调控,概述其受体介导的细胞内信号传递过程。     

白细胞介素1细胞信号转导机制研究现状

白细胞介素１是多种炎症增殖性疾病中炎症介导作用极强的细胞因子这一,对其细胞信号转导机制的研究令人瞩目。白细胞介素１与其特异受体结合后,通过某些调节蛋白作用,激活胞膜上或胞浆内的多种磷脂酶,产生多种信使类物质。此外,近年来还发现白细胞介素１可激活多种蛋白激酶和转录调节因子。不同传导途径的细胞信号与白细胞介素１导致的炎症效应密度切相关。     

白细胞介素-1在动脉粥样硬化中的作用和靶向治疗价值

动脉粥样硬化是一种由脂质代谢失衡和免疫反应失调引起的慢性炎症性疾病,其发生发展始终伴随炎症反应。活化的单核–巨噬细胞产生促炎细胞因子白细胞介素-1,作为炎症信号的关键信使,影响动脉粥样硬化斑块生长和血管重塑,在动脉粥样硬化中发挥重要作用,是治疗动脉粥样硬化新的重要靶点。白细胞介素-1β中和抗体卡纳单抗在CANTOS临床试验中表现出抗动脉粥样硬化作用,开创了动脉粥样硬化抗炎疗法的新时代。该文综述了白细胞介素-1不同成员在动脉粥样硬化中的作用以及靶向治疗的临床研究现状,为动脉粥样硬化抗炎疗法和抗炎药物开发提供新的思考。     

白细胞介素8的研究进展

白细胞介素８主要来源于单核巨噬细胞,主要分子形成为含７２个氨基酸残基的多肽,编码基因位于第４号染色体的ｑ＾１２－ｑ＾２１位点,信号传递依赖于靶细胞膜上与Ｇ蛋白偶联的白细胞介素８受体的介导。白细胞介素８对中性粒细胞有较强的趋化和激活作用,参与局部炎症的形成,是一种新发现的炎症细胞因子。     

Inhibition of apoptosis by calcium ionophores in IL-3-dependent bone marrow cells is dependent upon production of IL-4+.

Calcium ionophores inhibit apoptosis in the IL-3-dependent cell line BAF3 and maintain the cells in a viable noncycling state. In this report, an identical effect of ionophore was also demonstrated on the multipotent IL-3-dependent progenitor cell line FDCP-MIX and on the primary IL-3-dependent cell population that could be cultured from murine bone marrow. Inhibition of apoptosis required extracellular calcium and could be blocked by cyclosporin A. Nuclei from IL-3-dependent cells were found to lack a calcium-activatable nuclease that degrades chromatin in the linker region between nucleosomes, unlike the nuclei of lymphoid cells. The mechanism of action of calcium ionophore could be divided into two distinct steps. First, ionophore induced the production of a survival factor that stimulated DNA synthesis and was identified as IL-4. Second, ionophore inhibited the cell cycle of the various IL-3-dependent cells. IL-4 production could be inhibited by cyclosporin A and required extracellular calcium, whereas cell cycle arrest did not. This implied that factor production was the step that was necessary for inhibition of apoptosis and maintenance of cell viability. This was confirmed by the use of an anti-IL-4R antibody, which blocked the inhibition of apoptosis induced by calcium ionophores.     

Expression of functional human EGF receptor on murine bone marrow cells.

The human epidermal growth factor-receptor (EGF-R) was introduced into primary mouse bone marrow cells (BMC), utilizing retrovirus mediated gene transfer. Cultivation of infected BMC in the presence of interleukin-3 (IL-3) led to the outgrowth of IL-3 dependent myeloid cells, which efficiently expressed functional EGF-R, exhibiting its two characteristic affinity states. EGF acts on these cells synergistically with IL-3 in stimulating DNA synthesis and cell proliferation even under IL-3 saturation conditions. However, EGF was not sufficient to replace the requirement for IL-3. In contrast, EGF was able to maintain proliferation of a factor-dependent hemopoietic cell line (FDC-P1) infected with the EGF-R retrovirus in the absence of IL-3, but these cells did not respond to EGF in the presence of IL-3. No influence of EGF on IL-3 induced mast cell differentiation of BMC expressing the EGF-R could be observed by histological criteria. These data show that the expression of EGF-R alone is not sufficient to induce or maintain cell proliferation in IL-3 dependent bone marrow derived cells, although it can do so in established hemopoietic cell lines.     

Induction of interleukin-3 by interleukin-1 in the absence of other exogenous stimuli

We have previously reported that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) could induce the production of interleukin-3 (IL-3) by mouse spleen cells. In the present study, we show that recombinant human interleukin-1, in the absence of other stimuli, is able to induce the production of IL-3. IL-3 was detected in the supernatants of adult, although neither in young nor in nude mouse splenocytes and was assessed by its capacity to support the growth of the IL-3-dependent FDC-P2 cell line. The presence of IL-3 was antigenically confirmed with a monoclonal anti-IL-3 antibody. Both recombinant IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta had similar potential for inducing IL-3 production. IL-3 activity was detected in the supernatants of cells cultured in the presence of 100 pg/ml IL-1; maximal IL-3 levels were obtained with 10-30 ng/ml IL-1. Kinetic studies of IL-1-induced IL-3 production indicated that 4-6 days of culture were required for optimal production, whereas 1-2 days were sufficient in cultures stimulated with concanavalin A. Recombinant IL-6 failed to induce significant amounts of IL-3, and TNF alpha induced only weak IL-3 production. GM-CSF but not M-CSF could lead to the appearance of IL-3 in spleen cell culture supernatants. Removal of macrophages decreased the production of IL-3 induced by LPS and GMF-CSF though did not affect the IL-3 production induced by IL-1. This observation suggests that IL-1 production might be an intermediate event in IL-3 production induced by LPS and GM-CSF through the activation of macrophages. IL-3 was detected in culture supernatants of B-cell-depleted splenocytes indicating that T-cells were the source of IL-3. Surprisingly T-cell-depleted populations could also produce IL-3 upon IL-1 stimulation. Preliminary experiments with an autoreactive CD4- CD8- V beta 8+ clone suggested that these cells might also be involved in the described IL-3 production.     

Thiol-sensitive mast cell lines derived from mouse bone marrow respond to a mast cell growth-enhancing activity different from both IL-3 and IL-4

A series of permanent IL-3-dependent cell lines have been established from normal BALB/c or C3H bone marrow using alpha-thioglycerol-supplemented culture medium and PWM-stimulated spleen cell-conditioned medium as a source of IL-3. The cell lines and derivatives cloned in agar resembled "mucosal type" mast cells with respect to phenotypic and functional properties. In this report we demonstrate that in vitro growth of these mast cell lines was not only dependent on IL-3 and synergistically enhanced by IL-4, but in addition regulated by alpha-thioglycerol which could be replaced by 2-ME or cysteamine. We show that these thiol-sensitive mast cell lines respond to a mast cell growth enhancing activity (MEA) present in spleen cell-conditioned medium and acting in concert with IL-3. Partially purified MEA was not able to stimulate the growth of IL-3-dependent 32Dcl.23 cells, IL-2-dependent CTLL-2 cells or the mouse T cell line F4/4K.6 (L3T4+) adapted to grow in purified IL-4. Moreover, 11B11 hybridoma-derived anti-IL-4 mAb specifically neutralizing mouse Il-4 were unable to abolish the bioactivity of MEA. PWM, CSF-1, GM-CSF, IL-1, IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IFN-gamma, TGF-alpha, TNF-alpha, NGF, or EPO did not substitute for MEA in our standard proliferation assay.     

Interleukin 3 and cell cycle progression

Interleukin 3 (IL-3) is a regulatory glycoprotein required for the proliferation and differentiation of cells from many if not all hemopoietic lineages. With the emergence of the competence-progression model of cell proliferation, which predicts that growth factors function at specific stages of the cell cycle, we examined the possibility that IL-3 functions at a specific stage of the cell cycle. C-63 cells were developed as a cell line from normal murine bone marrow. They have a mast cell phenotype and require pokeweed-stimulated spleen cell-conditioned medium (CM), a rich source of IL-3, for their continued growth. Exponentially growing cells were transferred from growth medium, which contains CM, to medium lacking CM or IL-3. After 24 hours, cell viability had decreased 40-50%. The remaining viable cells did not incorporate 3H-thymidine, and displayed a single peak at G1 in a DNA histogram. Restimulation of these cells with CM or IL-3 resulted in a dramatic rise in 3H-thymidine uptake 20-24 hours after restimulation. DNA histograms of restimulated cultures indicated that the cells were progressing in a wave-like fashion throughout the remainder of the cell cycle. The length of time necessary for cells to be in contact with CM or IL-3 before they could progress into the remainder of the cell cycle was also examined. Cells incubated with CM or IL-3 for less than 16 hours could not progress into S phase, whereas cells incubated for 16 hours or longer could progress into S phase and through the remainder of the cell cycle. These data suggest that IL-3 exerts its function at a specific stage of the cell cycle.     

The supportive effects of IL-7 on eosinophil progenitors from human bone marrow cells can be blocked by anti-IL-5.

Human rIL-7 was studied for its effects on myeloid and erythroid progenitors from human bone marrow cells. IL-7 did not support the granulocytic/monocytic or erythroid lineage but exclusively stimulated eosinophil colony formation (CFU-Eo) (4 +/- 3 vs 48 +/- 17 CFU-Eo/10(5) nonadherent fraction-non-T cell (NAF-NT) cells). This supportive effect was not mediated by T cells or monocytes because similar results were obtained with or without T cell or adherent depleted cell fractions. In addition, it was shown that CD34+ sorted cells could be stimulated by IL-7 (0 vs 15 +/- 9 CFU-Eo/3 x 10(3) CD34+ cells) Furthermore studies with IL-3 or granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF) demonstrated an additive effect on the IL-7 supported colony formation. Finally, experiments were performed with anti-IL-3, anti-GM-CSF, anti-IL-1, and anti-IL-5 to exclude the possibility that IL-7 indirectly stimulated the eosinophil progenitor cell. Anti-GM-CSF, anti-IL-1, or anti-IL-3 did not influence the supportive effects of IL-7. However, anti-IL-5 did abolish the effects of IL-7 on the eosinophil colony formation (69 +/- 15 vs 3 +/- 2 CFU-Eo/10(5) NAF-NT, n = 3). Similar results were obtained with CD34+ sorted cells. Moreover, IL-5 mRNA expression could be demonstrated in IL-7-stimulated NAF-NT cells. These data suggest that the supportive effects of IL-7 on eosinophil precursors are mediated by the endogenous release of IL-5.     

IL-6 is an accessory signal in the alternative CD2-mediated pathway of T cell activation

Recent studies have demonstrated that IL-1 and IL-6 are synergistic accessory signals for activation of T cells. In this study, highly purified human T cells were cultured with either a stimulating pair of anti-CD2 mAb or with immobilized anti-CD3 mAb. Monocytes, a cellfree monocyte culture supernatant or IL-1 were required for anti-CD2-stimulated T cell proliferation, and they each strongly enhanced anti-CD3-induced T cell growth. IL-6 was synergistic with IL-1 as a helper factor for T cell growth after activation via CD2, but we could not demonstrate any effect of IL-6 in the CD3 pathway. The mechanism of the synergistic helper activity of IL-1 and IL-6 on T cell activation in the CD2 pathway was further examined. IL-1 (but not IL-6) was required for induction of IL-2 production. Both IL-1 and IL-6 enhanced IL-2R (p55) expression and the proliferative response to IL-2. T cell proliferation after stimulation with anti-CD2 and IL-1 or IL-1/IL-6 proceeded through an autocrine IL-2-dependent pathway. Moreover we found that, in the absence of IL-1, IL-6 still supported a transient and limited proliferation of anti-CD2- (but not of anti-CD3-) stimulated T cells, which apparently was independent of the autocrine growth factors IL-2 or IL-4. Our data suggest that IL-6 is important as an accessory signal for T cell growth in the CD2 pathway of T cell activation.     

白细胞介素—2加强小鼠T淋巴细胞产生白细胞介素—3

In addition to the regulation of T cell growth, IL-2 exerts effects on the induction of certain lymphokines. We show here that IL-2 synergizes with 5 micrograms/ml of ConA to promote the production of IL-3 in mouse splenic T cell cultures. IL-3 was measured as CFU-GEMM-inducing activity on mouse bone marrow progenitor cells in the supernatant of the stimulated mouse splenic T cells (TCM). The resting T cells produced no CFU-GEMM-inducing activity, but could be induced to produce low level of CFU-GEMM-inducing activity in the presence of ConA. In vitro exposure to IL-2 markedly increased CFU-GEMM-inducing activity production (nearly up to 8-fold) by the ConA-activated T cells. Optimal stimulation was observed when 80 u/ml IL-2 was used for 48 h incubation. Anti-mouse IL-3 monoclonal antibody inhibited the CFU-GEMM inducing activity of TCM. Moreover, the TCM stimulated the proliferation of IL-3 dependent cell line FDC-P1. We also show that IL-2 and ConA-treated T cells expressed high level of IL-3 mRNA through dot blot analysis. These results confirmed the nature of CFU-GEMM-inducing activity of TCM as IL-3. The capacity of IL-2 to promote the production of IL-3 may represent an important mechanism by which it mediate the communication between the immune and hematopoietic systems.