太白山不同海拔森林根际土壤微生物碳利用效率差异性及其影响因素

探索森林根际土壤微生物碳利用效率(CUE)是权衡森林生态系统微生物合成代谢和分解代谢强弱的关键过程。然而不同海拔森林根际土壤微生物CUE的变化规律与影响因子尚不清楚。该研究选取秦岭太白山6个不同海拔的森林根际土壤为研究对象,测定其理化性质、胞外酶活性、微生物群落与植被特征等指标,利用酶化学计量比计算微生物CUE,分析根际土壤微生物CUE沿海拔梯度的变化规律,定量研究其影响因子。结果表明:根际土壤微生物CUE随海拔升高总体呈上升趋势。CUE从最低海拔的0.505至最高海拔的0.527升高了4.36%,但在海拔1 603和2 405m处出现了下降。海拔梯度内根际土壤微生物CUE变化受多种环境因子综合影响,土壤基质的影响(如可溶性有机碳和铵态氮含量)占主导地位,植被因子次之,二者分别解释了CUE变化的17.0%和5.7%,且二者相互作用解释了CUE变化的31.9%。研究结果可为秦岭森林土壤微生物碳同化能力和固碳潜力,以及全球变化背景下森林土壤碳循环提供科学依据。     

黄土高原不同植被类型土壤微生物残体碳的积累及其对有机碳的贡献

微生物残体碳是土壤有机碳的重要来源。黄土高原自退耕还林(还草)以来土壤碳储量显著增加,但不同植被类型土壤微生物残体碳对有机碳积累的贡献及其影响因素尚不明晰。本研究利用生物标志物(氨基糖)技术,测定黄土高原天然草地、柠条灌丛、辽东栎林地0～5和5～20 cm土层土壤中的微生物残体碳含量,并分析其与土壤理化指标的关系,探究不同植被类型土壤中微生物残体碳对有机碳的贡献及其影响因素。结果表明：1)同一土层,土壤pH值由草地、灌丛至林地依次显著降低,而有机碳、全氮、微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮表现为林地>灌丛>草地,差异显著,且0～5 cm土层显著高于5～20 cm土层。2)土壤微生物残体碳含量在3种植被类型的两个土层中的变化范围为0.69～16.41 g·kg^-1,其中,在0～5 cm土层,细菌、真菌和微生物残体碳含量均由草地、灌丛至林地依次显著增加,林地微生物残体碳含量是灌丛的2.9倍,灌丛是草地的4.2倍;在5～20 cm土层,林地真菌和微生物残体碳含量显著高于灌丛和草地。真菌残体碳含量高于细菌残体碳含量,是细菌残体碳的2.16～10.83倍。3)微生物...     

黄土丘陵沟壑区坡面上土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的季节变化

对黄土丘陵沟壑区陕西延安羊圈沟小流域退耕后2种典型植被类型刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)林和撂荒草地夏、秋和春3个季节土壤微生物生物量及其主要影响因子(土壤有机碳、土壤温度和水分及空气温湿度)进行了研究,旨在揭示土壤微生物生物量的季节变化规律及其主控因子.结果表明,2种植被类型下,土壤微生物生物量均存在明显的季节变化趋势,刺槐林土壤微生物生物量碳夏季和春季高于秋季,而撂荒草地土壤微生物生物量碳在秋季最高,土壤微生物生物量氮与微生物生物量碳季节变化趋势不同,2种类型均表现为夏季＞秋季＞春季.土壤微生物生物量碳季节变化受有机碳、空气及土壤温度的变化影响较大,而土壤微生物生物量氮与土壤水分和空气湿度具有显著的相关性.     

土壤微生物碳素利用效率研究进展

土壤微生物碳素利用效率(CUE)是指微生物将吸收的碳(C)转化为自身生物量C的效率,也称为微生物的生长效率。土壤微生物CUE是生态系统C循环中的重要生理生态学参数,影响着生态系统的C固持、周转、土壤矿化以及温室气体排放等过程。在全球环境变化背景下,认识土壤微生物CUE的变异及其影响机制,对于更好的认识生态系统C循环过程及其对全球变化的响应具有重要意义。概述了CUE的定义及其测定方法,重点综述和分析土壤微生物CUE的变异及影响因素取得的研究进展。基于现有研究的分析得出,土壤微生物CUE通常表示为微生物的生长与吸收的比值,分为基于微生物生长速率、微生物生物量、底物吸收速率和底物浓度变化等方法进行测定。土壤微生物CUE在0.2-0.8的范围内变化,这种变异主要受到来自热力学、生态环境因子、底物养分质量和有效性、化学计量平衡以及微生物群落组成的影响。今后土壤微生物CUE的研究应加强对微量代谢组分的定量分析,生物和环境要素交互影响的调控机理解析,以及微生物动态生理响应过程的碳循环模型优化。     

森林碳利用效率研究进展北大核心CSCD

植物碳利用效率(CUE)指净初级生产力与总初级生产力的比率,它不仅反映了植被生态系统将大气中CO2转化为生物量的能力和固碳潜力,而且可确定呼吸对植被生产力的影响。CUE是比较不同生态系统碳循环差异的重要参数,了解生态系统CUE有助于分析陆地生态系统是碳源还是碳汇,对于预测全球变化和人类干扰对森林碳收支的影响具有重要意义。我国在森林CUE研究方面还十分欠缺。该文在介绍森林CUE计算方法和测定技术的基础上,综述了植被、气象、森林经营等因子对森林CUE的影响,得出主要结论:(1)关于不同森林植被类型CUE变化有两种截然相反的观点,即:恒定CUE和变量CUE。越来越多的研究支持第二种观点,不同生态系统、不同森林类型、不同物种和植物发育阶段的CUE存在较大差异,森林CUE较灌丛和草地低,落叶林比混交林和常绿林具有较高的CUE,热带森林CUE通常低于温带森林,CUE与植被演替和林龄相关,森林地上、地下部分和不同组织的CUE不同,以树干为最高;(2)植被的CUE与气温相关,全球尺度上,森林植被年平均CUE与年平均气温呈抛物线关系,温带、寒带、干旱地区植物呼吸的温度适应驱动其较高的CUE;CUE随着降水量的增加而减少,在水分充足或过剩的地区保持不变;光照减弱降低维持呼吸系数,增加生长呼吸系数,导致植物CUE降低,生长在高光照下的植物CUE高于低光照下的植物;(3)CO2浓度升高引起植物CUE的升高或降低,也有人认为CO2浓度升高对森林CUE没有影响,CO2浓度升高对CUE的影响可能取决于树木年龄或基因型;(4)生长在土壤瘠薄、低温、干旱等胁迫环境下的植物CUE通常比生长在适宜环境下的植物具有较大的可塑性,施肥、灌溉和择伐等管理措施影响森林CUE;(5)植物CUE具有明显的季节变化,温带森林以春季CUE为最高。建议今后森林CUE研究应着重围绕以下3个关键问题:(1)从不同空间尺度和生态系统层次,探讨森林CUE的变异特征及其驱动机制;(2)从不同时间尺度,探讨森林CUE动态过程与机制;(3)森林CUE对气候变化的响应与适应。     

哈尼梯田生态系统土壤微生物量碳的影响因素

土壤微生物量碳（MBC，Microbial Biomass Carbon）是土壤微生物量的重要组成部分，也是土壤肥力变化的重要指标之一。哈尼梯田肥沃的土壤对哈尼梯田生态系统的维持与循环起到重要作用。以哈尼梯田水源区（乔木林、灌木林、荒草地）和梯田为研究对象，采用氯仿熏蒸法测定了4种不同土地利用类型0-20、20-40、40-60 cm 3个土层的土壤MBC，并分析了其与季节变化、地上植被及土壤理化性质之间的关系。结果表明：4种土地利用类型土壤MBC 3个土层皆以乔木林最高，其次是灌木林、荒草地、梯田，且4种土地利用类型土壤MBC含量都随土层深度的增加而减少，其中乔木林0-20 cm土层土壤MBC含量是40-60 cm土层的3.19倍。4种土地利用类型土壤MBC含量均具有明显的季节变化，总体呈"夏季偏高冬季偏低"的变化模式。相关分析表明，不同土地利用类型地上植被的多样性指数、盖度、优势种高度、枯落物层厚度与每一土层土壤MBC都具有很强的相互关系。土壤MBC与土壤有机碳和土壤孔隙度呈正相关性，与土壤容重呈负相关性。植被生长情况、土壤有机碳和孔隙度含量及季节变化是导致不同土地利用类型土壤微生物量碳差异的主要因素。     

三峡库区消落带重建植被下土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量特征

为探究三峡库区消落带植被重建后,土壤微生物生物量含量特征及影响因素,对忠县消落带人工重建植被土壤及裸地土壤(作为对照)微生物生物量碳氮含量进行了调查研究。结果表明:(1)在消落带165-175 m高程土壤微生物生物量碳含量草地林地农耕地裸地,微生物生物量氮含量规律与微生物生物量碳一致,农耕地明显提高;土壤微生物生物量总体呈现出草地最高、林地和农耕地次之,裸地最低的趋势,表明进行消落带植被恢复对土壤微生物生物量有显著的促进作用。(2)不同植被类型下,土壤微生物生物量碳氮比变化范围为8.02-10.25,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮占土壤有机碳、全氮的百分比范围分别是2.40%-4.60%和2.13%-3.58%,其中林地对土壤碳、氮库贡献显著高于裸地(P0.05)。(3)土壤微生物生物量碳、氮与土壤有机碳、全氮和pH值呈现显著相关性,与土壤含水量呈现极显著相关性,说明消落带重建植被土壤的这些理化性质对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量有强烈的影响。因此,在三峡库区消落带进行植被恢复重建能显著提高土壤微生物生物量及土壤质量,对加强三峡库岸生态系统的稳定性具有重要意义。     

苏北不同林龄杨树林土壤活性碳的季节变化

土壤活性有机碳是全球碳循环中的最为活跃的重要组成部分。为阐明苏北沿海杨树人工林土壤活性有机碳季节变化特征及其主要影响因子,选择不同林龄(4、8、12、15、20a)的杨树人工林,研究了0～10、10～25和25～40cm土层水溶性有机碳、微生物生物量碳及土壤温度、湿度等生态因子的季节动态变化。结果表明:不同林龄的杨树林土壤水溶性有机碳和土壤微生物生物量碳总体上表现为春夏季节大于秋冬季节,且均以0～10cm土层变化差异最显著;土壤水溶性有机碳最大值出现在春季,最小值在秋季;土壤微生物生物量碳最大值在夏季,最小值在秋季或冬季。相关关系分析表明,土壤水溶性有机碳含量和微生物生物量碳之间具有显著的相关关系,2种活性碳与土壤温湿度的相关关系不显著。研究表明,土壤活性碳的季节变化不仅受到温湿度季节变化的影响,还受到土壤理化性质、地被特征及其季节变化等因素的综合影响。     

喀斯特峰丛洼地不同土地利用类型土壤有机碳和氮素分布特征

为探讨喀斯特峰丛洼地景观类型表层土壤和土壤剖面有机碳和氮素的分布特征,在广西壮族自治区环江毛南族自治县采集典型景观类型耕地、退耕还草地、退耕还林地和林地表层样品及耕地、退耕还草地、退耕还林地剖面样品,进行了系统的分析。结果表明:林地土壤土层浅薄,但其表层土壤有机碳和全氮含量平均高达46.14和4.87g·kg-1,耕地土壤有机碳和全氮含量为13.96和1.88g·kg-1,退耕还林地表层土壤有机碳和全氮含量比耕地明显提高,退耕还草地比耕地略高;耕地0～40cm和退耕还草地0～30cm土壤有机碳和全氮含量随剖面深度增加急剧下降,耕地40～100cm和退耕还草地30～100cm则缓慢下降,退耕还林地土壤厚度一般小于1m,土壤有机碳和全氮含量在整个剖面均随深度增加急剧下降;说明地形、人类活动和土层厚度等影响表层土壤有机碳和全氮含量,其中地形和人类活动是关键影响因子;植被类型影响土壤有机碳和全氮的剖面分布,退耕还林(草)使土壤有机碳和氮储量增加。     

罗浮栲林土壤微生物碳利用效率对短期氮添加的响应

作为调节土壤碳矿化过程的重要参数,微生物碳利用效率(CUE)对理解陆地生态系统中的碳循环至关重要。本研究在戴云山罗浮栲林设置对照(0 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)、低氮(40 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)和高氮(80 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1) 3个氮添加水平以模拟氮沉降,测定了表层(0～10 cm)土壤基本理化性质、有机碳组分、微生物生物量和酶活性;并利用¹⁸O标记水方法测定土壤微生物CUE,以更好地理解氮沉降加剧对微生物CUE的影响及其影响因素。结果表明: 短期氮添加显著降低了土壤微生物的呼吸速率、碳和氮获取酶活性,但显著增加了土壤微生物CUE。β-N-乙酰氨基酸葡糖苷酶(NAG)/微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物呼吸速率、β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)/MBC、纤维素水解酶(CBH)/MBC和土壤有机碳含量是影响CUE的主要因素,且CUE与NAG/MBC、微生物呼吸速率、BG/MBC和CBH/MBC呈显著负相关,与土壤有机碳呈显著正相关。综上,短期氮添加导致土壤微生物获取碳和氮的成本降低,减少微生物呼吸,从而提高了土壤微生物CUE,这将有助于提高罗浮栲林土壤碳固存潜力。     

Microbial carbon use efficiency in different ecosystems: A meta-analysis based on a biogeochemical equilibrium model

Soil microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) is a crucial parameter that can be used to evaluate the partitioning of soil carbon (C) between microbial growth and respiration. However, general patterns of microbial CUE among terrestrial ecosystems (e.g., farmland, grassland, and forest) remain controversial. To address this knowledge gap, data from 41 study sites (n = 197 soil samples) including 58 farmlands, 95 forests, and 44 grasslands were collected and analyzed to estimate microbial CUEs using a biogeochemical equilibrium model. We also evaluated the metabolic limitations of microbial growth using an enzyme vector model and the drivers of CUE across different ecosystems. The CUEs obtained from soils of farmland, forest, and grassland ecosystems were significantly different with means of 0.39, 0.33, and 0.42, respectively, illustrating that grassland soils exhibited higher microbial C sequestration potentials (p < .05). Microbial metabolic limitations were also distinct in these ecosystems, and carbon limitation was dominant exhibiting strong negative effects on CUE. Exoenzyme stoichiometry played a greater role in impacting CUE values than soil elemental stoichiometry within each ecosystem. Specifically, soil exoenzymatic ratios of C:phosphorus (P) acquisition activities (EEA_C:P) and the exoenzymatic ratio of C:nitrogen (N) acquisition activities (EEA_C:N) imparted strong negative effects on soil microbial CUE in grassland and forest ecosystems, respectively. But in farmland soils, EEA_C:P exhibited greater positive effects, showing that resource constraints could regulate microbial resource allocation with discriminating patterns across terrestrial ecosystems. Furthermore, mean annual temperature (MAT) rather than mean annual precipitation (MAP) was a critical climate factor affecting CUE, and soil pH as a major factor remained positive to drive the changes in microbial CUE within ecosystems. This research illustrates a conceptual framework of microbial CUEs in terrestrial ecosystems and provides the theoretical evidence to improve soil microbial C sequestration capacity in response to global change.     

全球森林土壤微生物生物量碳氮磷化学计量的季节动态

土壤微生物生物量在森林生态系统中充当具有生物活性的养分积累和储存库。土壤微生物转化有机质为植物提供可利用养分, 与植物的相互作用维系着陆地生态系统的生态功能。同时, 土壤微生物也与植物争夺营养元素, 在季节交替过程和植物的生长周期中呈现出复杂的互利-竞争关系。综合全球数据对温带、亚热带和热带森林土壤微生物生物量碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其化学计量比值的季节动态进行分析, 发现温带和亚热带森林的土壤微生物生物量C、N、P含量均呈现夏季低、冬季高的格局。热带森林四季的土壤微生物生物量C、N、P含量都低于温带和亚热带森林, 且热带森林土壤微生物生物量C含量、N含量在秋季相对最低, 土壤微生物生物量P含量四季都相对恒定。温带森林的土壤微生物生物量C:N在春季显著高于其他两个森林类型; 热带森林的土壤微生物生物量C:N在秋季显著高于其他2个森林类型。温带森林土壤微生物生物量N:P和C:P在四季都保持相对恒定, 而热带森林土壤微生物生物量N:P和C:P在夏季高于其他3个季节。阔叶树的土壤微生物生物量C含量、N含量、N:P、C:P在四季都显著高于针叶树; 而针叶树的土壤微生物生物量P含量在四季都显著高于阔叶树。在春季和冬季时, 土壤微生物生物量C:N在阔叶树和针叶树之间都没有显著差异; 但是在夏季和秋季, 针叶树的土壤微生物生物量C:N显著高于阔叶树。对于土壤微生物生物量的变化来说, 森林类型是主要的显著影响因子, 季节不是显著影响因子, 暗示土壤微生物生物量的季节波动是随着植物其内在固有的周期变化而变化。植物和土壤微生物密切作用表现出来的对养分的不同步吸收是保留养分和维持生态功能的一种权衡机制。     

Predicting the responsiveness of soil biodiversity to deforestation: a cross‐biome study

The consequences of deforestation for aboveground biodiversity have been a scientific and political concern for decades. In contrast, despite being a dominant component of biodiversity that is essential to the functioning of ecosystems, the responses of belowground biodiversity to forest removal have received less attention. Single‐site studies suggest that soil microbes can be highly responsive to forest removal, but responses are highly variable, with negligible effects in some regions. Using high throughput sequencing, we characterize the effects of deforestation on microbial communities across multiple biomes and explore what determines the vulnerability of microbial communities to this vegetative change. We reveal consistent directional trends in the microbial community response, yet the magnitude of this vegetation effect varied between sites, and was explained strongly by soil texture. In sandy sites, the difference in vegetation type caused shifts in a suite of edaphic characteristics, driving substantial differences in microbial community composition. In contrast, fine‐textured soil buffered microbes against these effects and there were minimal differences between communities in forest and grassland soil. These microbial community changes were associated with distinct changes in the microbial catabolic profile, placing community changes in an ecosystem functioning context. The universal nature of these patterns allows us to predict where deforestation will have the strongest effects on soil biodiversity, and how these effects could be mitigated.     

喀斯特峰丛洼地不同生态系统的土壤肥力变化特征

基于喀斯特峰丛洼地坡耕地、草丛、灌丛、人工林、次生林、原生林6种典型生态系统的土壤主要养分、矿质养分和微生物这3组变量共计20个指标的调查、取样和分析,运用多重比较分析、主成分分析和典范相关分析探讨了其土壤肥力变化特征、主要影响因子及两两之间的相互关系。结果表明,喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤pH值为6.60—7.75,土壤主要养分、微生物种群数量和微生物生物量明显高于同纬度地区地带性红壤,矿质养分含量相对较低,其中SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3占矿质全量的90%以上。土壤肥力的总体趋势为原生林>次生林>灌丛>草丛>坡耕地>人工林。喀斯特石漠化地区实行林草结合的退耕还林还草模式更有利于土壤生态系统的环境改善,坡耕地应多施有机肥和氮肥,人工林应多施氮肥。原生林植物与养分之间达到了良好的平衡状态,主要应加强森林抚育管理,改善森林环境,保障植物、土壤养分及微生物之间的良好协调关系。确保土壤资源的合理利用,促进喀斯特峰丛洼地乃至整个西南喀斯特区域植被的迅速恢复和生态重建。     

Response of Microbial Community Composition and Function to Soil Climate Change

Soil microbial communities mediate critical ecosystem carbon and nutrient cycles. How microbial communities will respond to changes in vegetation and climate, however, are not well understood. We reciprocally transplanted soil cores from under oak canopies and adjacent open grasslands in a California oak–grassland ecosystem to determine how microbial communities respond to changes in the soil environment and the potential consequences for the cycling of carbon. Every 3 months for up to 2 years, we monitored microbial community composition using phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA), microbial biomass, respiration rates, microbial enzyme activities, and the activity of microbial groups by quantifying ¹³C uptake from a universal substrate (pyruvate) into PLFA biomarkers. Soil in the open grassland experienced higher maximum temperatures and lower soil water content than soil under the oak canopies. Soil microbial communities in soil under oak canopies were more sensitive to environmental change than those in adjacent soil from the open grassland. Oak canopy soil communities changed rapidly when cores were transplanted into the open grassland soil environment, but grassland soil communities did not change when transplanted into the oak canopy environment. Similarly, microbial biomass, enzyme activities, and microbial respiration decreased when microbial communities were transplanted from the oak canopy soils to the grassland environment, but not when the grassland communities were transplanted to the oak canopy environment. These data support the hypothesis that microbial community composition and function is altered when microbes are exposed to new extremes in environmental conditions; that is, environmental conditions outside of their “life history” envelopes.     

岩溶槽谷区植被恢复对土壤团聚体有机碳及碳库管理指数的影响

为揭示岩溶槽谷区植被恢复对土壤结构、土壤有机碳积累和碳库管理水平的影响,该研究选取了弃耕地、林地和草地三种土地利用方式,测定0～20 cm土层土壤团聚体组成、土壤有机碳(SOC)、团聚体有机碳以及土壤易氧化有机碳(EOC)含量。结果表明:(1)与弃耕地相比,林地和草地土壤团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均重量直径(MGD)和2～5 mm团聚体含量显著增加,林地和草地土壤团聚体组成以2～5 mm为主,弃耕地以0.5～1 mm和0.25 mm为主,表明退耕还林还草能够促进土壤团聚体形成和稳定。(2)土壤团聚体有机碳含量呈现出林地草地弃耕地,随团聚体粒级增加而增加的趋势;林地和草地以2～5 mm团聚体有机碳贡献率最大,弃耕地则以0.25 mm团聚体贡献为主,表明弃耕地转变为林地和草地后,土壤SOC积累主要归功于2～5 mm有机碳含量的增加,以及团聚体由小粒径向大粒径转变。(3)与弃耕地比较,林地和草地土壤SOC、EOC含量和碳库管理指数(CPMI)均显著提高,其中土壤EOC含量和CPMI变化较为明显;土壤EOC可作为土壤碳库早期变化的有效指标,CPMI能够良好地表征植被恢复对土壤SOC和EOC的影响。     

Land‐use conversion and changing soil carbon stocks in China's ‘Grain‐for‐Green’ Program: a synthesis

The establishment of either forest or grassland on degraded cropland has been proposed as an effective method for climate change mitigation because these land use types can increase soil carbon (C) stocks. This paper synthesized 135 recent publications (844 observations at 181 sites) focused on the conversion from cropland to grassland, shrubland or forest in China, better known as the ‘Grain‐for‐Green’ Program to determine which factors were driving changes to soil organic carbon (SOC). The results strongly indicate a positive impact of cropland conversion on soil C stocks. The temporal pattern for soil C stock changes in the 0–100 cm soil layer showed an initial decrease in soil C during the early stage (<5 years), and then an increase to net C gains (>5 years) coincident with vegetation restoration. The rates of soil C change were higher in the surface profile (0–20 cm) than in deeper soil (20–100 cm). Cropland converted to forest (arbor) had the additional benefit of a slower but more persistent C sequestration capacity than shrubland or grassland. Tree species played a significant role in determining the rate of change in soil C stocks (conifer < broadleaf, evergreen < deciduous forests). Restoration age was the main factor, not temperature and precipitation, affecting soil C stock change after cropland conversion with higher initial soil C stock sites having a negative effect on soil C accumulation. Soil C sequestration significantly increased with restoration age over the long‐term, and therefore, the large scale of land‐use change under the ‘Grain‐for‐Green’ Program will significantly increase China's C stocks.     

Increased microbial growth,biomass, and turnover drive soil organic carbon accumulation at higher plant diversity

Species‐rich plant communities have been shown to be more productive and to exhibit increased long‐term soil organic carbon (SOC) storage. Soil microorganisms are central to the conversion of plant organic matter into SOC, yet the relationship between plant diversity, soil microbial growth, turnover as well as carbon use efficiency (CUE) and SOC accumulation is unknown. As heterotrophic soil microbes are primarily carbon limited, it is important to understand how they respond to increased plant‐derived carbon inputs at higher plant species richness (PSR). We used the long‐term grassland biodiversity experiment in Jena, Germany, to examine how microbial physiology responds to changes in plant diversity and how this affects SOC content. The Jena Experiment considers different numbers of species (1–60), functional groups (1–4) as well as functional identity (small herbs, tall herbs, grasses, and legumes). We found that PSR accelerated microbial growth and turnover and increased microbial biomass and necromass. PSR also accelerated microbial respiration, but this effect was less strong than for microbial growth. In contrast, PSR did not affect microbial CUE or biomass‐specific respiration. Structural equation models revealed that PSR had direct positive effects on root biomass, and thereby on microbial growth and microbial biomass carbon. Finally, PSR increased SOC content via its positive influence on microbial biomass carbon. We suggest that PSR favors faster rates of microbial growth and turnover, likely due to greater plant productivity, resulting in higher amounts of microbial biomass and necromass that translate into the observed increase in SOC. We thus identify the microbial mechanism linking species‐rich plant communities to a carbon cycle process of importance to Earth's climate system.     

土壤微生物群落对枯落物输入的响应

枯落物分解在陆地生态系统物质循环能量流动中起着关键性作用,明确枯落物输入对土壤微生物群落的影响有助于理解土壤微生物生物多样性和陆地生态系统功能的相互关系。本文采用整合分析方法,以中国为研究区域,以不添加枯落物为对照组,探究土壤微生物(真菌、细菌、放线菌)及微生物生物量碳、生物量氮对枯落物输入的响应。结果表明:与不添加枯落物相比,添加枯落物后土壤微生物生物量碳、生物量氮分别显著增加3.9%和4.4%;土壤真菌PLFA、细菌PLFA及总微生物PLFA分别增加4.0%、3.1%和2.4%。枯落物输入对土壤微生物的影响受到气候条件、年降水量、植被类型及土壤酸碱度等因素的显著影响;不同气候类型下,土壤微生物对枯落物输入的响应呈现出亚热带季风气候区>温带季风气候区>温带大陆气候区的趋势,以及随着年降水量的增加呈现出先升高后降低的趋势;不同植被类型下,土壤微生物对枯落物输入的响应呈现出阔叶林>草地≈混交林>针叶林的趋势。     

Effects of post-fire conditions on soil respiration in boreal forests with special reference to Northeast China forests

Forest fires frequently occur in boreal forests, and their effects on forest ecosystems are often significant in terms of carbon flux related to climate changes. Soil respiration is the second largest carbon flux in boreal forests and the change in soil respiration is not negligible. Environmental factors controlling the soil respiration, for example, soil temperature, are altered by such fires. The abnormal increase in soil temperature has an important negative effect on soil microbes by reducing their activities or even by killing them directly with strong heat. On the other hand, although vegetation is directly disturbed by fires, the indirect changes in soil respiration are followed by changes in root activities and soil microbes. However, there is very limited information on soil respiration in the forests of Northeast China. This review, by combining what is known about fire influence on soil respiration in boreal forests from previous studies of post-fire effects on soil conditions, soil microbes, and forest regeneration, presents possible scenarios of the impact of anticipated post-fire changes in forest soil respiration in Northeast China.