电磁水对血白细胞、红细胞、血小板及血管内皮细胞影响的研究

血管中白细胞等的粘附、聚集问题能够影响微循环的血流速度,是损伤血管内皮细胞乃至形成血栓的主要因素之一。在内毒素注射大白鼠的随机、对照实验中,发现电磁水能够减轻内毒素所致的炎症刺激,并能够降低白、红细胞和血小板的粘附、聚集,能降低白细胞的渗出,能提高红细胞的电泳率,能抑制血流速度的减慢和能够减轻血管内皮细胞的损伤。t检验,差异显著(P<0.01)以及差异明显(P<0.05)。揭示电磁水能够提高血细胞和血管内皮细胞的表面负电荷密度,并可以减轻外因(如,内毒素)对体内细胞和血管的损伤。说明电磁水能够改善微循环,维系正常血流和防止血栓形成。     

快速减压对豚鼠外周微循环和大脑血流量的影响

目的：探讨动物处于减压病（ＤＣＳ）临界发病状态时微及其血流动力作用的改变。方法：采用小型化激光微综在数测量仪及ＬＤＦ－３微区血流量仪,以检测动物高压暴露前及快速减压后微循环和血流动力作用的改变。结果：快速减压后动物微血管明显收缩;毛细血管开放数量减少;微循环中可见气泡并有血栓形成;白细胞、血小板与血管内皮粘附;血流中有料多白色微小血栓;细动脉血流速度平均比正常状态减慢０．９ｍｍ／ｓ,细静脉流速减慢     

血管壁剪切应力系统及用于内皮细胞与白细胞粘附的研究

本文建立了对血管壁上的内皮细胞施加剪切应力的系统。通过对系统中的血管内流场分析表明,该系统中的血管段的中间部分作为研究剪切应力对内皮细胞作用,以及研究内皮细胞与其它细胞粘附力的场所是比较理想的。采用该系统对在体内皮细胞研究发现：当对内皮细胞施加２８ｄｙｎ／ｃｍ２的剪切应力时,内皮细胞并未出现暴发性释放前列环素的现象,前列环素释放水平略有升高（０．４１±０．０５ｎｇ／ｃｍ２ｍｉｎ）以后呈线性下降并稳定在一定水平上（０．１７±０．０４ｎｇ／ｃｍ２ｍｉｎ）。在２８ｄｙｎ／ｃｍ２剪切应力下,受机械损伤的内皮细胞和动脉粥样硬化的内皮细胞仍能与较多白细胞粘附,而在正常内皮细胞和去掉内皮细胞的动脉壁几乎无白细胞粘附,说明在内皮细胞受损或动脉粥样硬化时,内皮细胞与白细胞的粘附增强     

电磁水对血白细胞、红细胞、血小板及血管内皮细胞影响的研究

血管中白细胞等的粘附、聚集问题能够影响微循环的血流速度,是损伤血管内皮细胞乃至形成血栓的主要因素之一.在内毒素注射大白鼠的随机、对照实验中,发现电磁水能够减轻内毒素所致的炎症刺激,并能够降低白、红细胞和血小板的粘附、聚集,能降低白细胞的渗出,能提高红细胞的电泳率,能抑制血流速度的减慢和能够减轻血管内皮细胞的损伤.t检验,差异显著（P〈0.01）以及差异明显（P〈0.05）.揭示电磁水能够提高血细胞和血管内皮细胞的表面负电荷密度,并可以减轻外因（如,内毒素）对体内细胞和血管的损伤.说明电磁水能够改善微循环,维系正常血流和防止血栓形成.     

几种不同刺激对血管内白细胞粘附的影响

目的：研究几种刺激引起白细胞与内皮细胞粘附的变化。方法：本实验采用脉冲电刺激、缺血再灌、内毒素和白介素-8等物理或药物的作用,观察大鼠肠系膜细静脉内白细胞粘附及白细胞和血管内皮粘附之间的差别。结果：缺血再灌、内毒素、内毒素、脉冲电刺激和白介纱-8（IL-8）作用后肠系膜细静脉白细胞粘附数量比正常组明显增多,IL-8用药后30min细静脉内白细胞粘附数量最多、缺血再灌、内毒素、脉冲电刺激后白细胞粘附数量大致相同。结论：缺血再灌、内毒素、脉冲电刺激能诱导白细胞的粘附作用。造成内皮损伤,IL-8诱导白细胞的粘附作用最强。     

缺氧—再给氧刺激培养的脑微血管内皮细胞表达细胞间粘附分子—1

在缺氧－再给氧条件下,观察了体外分离培养的大鼠脑微血管内皮细胞表面粘附分子ＩＣＡＭ－１的表达及中性粒细胞与内皮细胞粘附作用的改变。结果表明,单纯缺氧１０ｈ不引起内皮细胞ＩＣＡＭ－１的上调,再给氧６ｈＩ－ＣＡＭ－１的表达升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）,再给氧１２ｈ表达量增加了１００％（Ｐ＜０．０１）,此时中性粒细胞与内皮细胞的粘附作用也明显增强（Ｐ＜０．０１）。缺氧前用盐酸川芎嗪（２ｍｇ／ｍｌ）预处理内皮细胞可阻断ＩＣＡＭ－１的表达（Ｐ＜０．０１）,同时也可降低ＰＭＮ与内皮细胞的粘附（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结果提示,脑微血管内皮细胞在缺氧－再给氧刺激下可自身调节Ｉ－ＣＡＭ－１的表达,为中性粒细胞与内皮细胞的粘附提供特异的结合位点。     

缺氧复合失血性休克动物血浆对血管内皮细胞与白细胞粘…

本实验观察缺氧（模拟海拔４ ０００ｍ高原２４ｈ）复合失血性休克２４ｈ山羊血浆（ＳＰ）对培养的肺动脉内皮细胞（ＰＡＥＣ）与多形核白细胞（ＰＭＮ）粘附的影响,并对其机制进行了探讨。结果表明,ＰＡＥＣ在含２５％浓度ＳＰ的培养液中孵育１０ｍｉｎ－１２ｈ后,与ＰＭＮ粘附率明显增加（２７．４％－４６％,与对照组５％相比Ｐ〈０．０１）;温育１２ｈ末ＰＡＣＥ与ＰＭＮ的粘附力也比孵育３ｈ者明显增加（Ｐ〈０．０１）;     

胎羊缺氧模型的血流动力学改变

目的和方法：健康妊娠绵羊７只,体重２０～３０ｋｇ。于妊娠１１６～１２５ｄ行胎儿外科手术。经胎儿股动脉插管引出腹主动脉血压,放置脐动脉电磁流量计探头记录血流信号。术后恢复１ｈ。从胎儿动脉导管注入明胶微球悬浮液（≈５０μｍ）造成胎盘微血管阻塞,每隔１５～２０ｍｉｎ注射一次,构成胎儿缺氧动物模型。采集胎儿动脉血样。分析ｐＨ、ＰａＣＯ２和ＰａＯ２值。分析脐动脉输入阻抗。结果：１、外周阻力Ｒ与血管阻塞程度呈指数关系（ｒ＝０．９７,Ｐ＜０．００１）,但脐动脉特征阻抗基本不变;２、胎儿动脉血氧分压随血管阻塞程度增加而下降（ｒ＝０．８７,Ｐ＜０．００１）;ｐＨ值随血管阻塞程度的增加而减小（ｒ＝０．８５,Ｐ＜０．０１）;二氧化碳分压随血管阻塞程度增加而上升（ｒ＝０．７１,Ｐ＜０．０５）;３、脐动脉血流量与外周阻力呈幂函数关系（ｒ＝０．９９,Ｐ＜０．００１）。结论：本工作为研究胎儿窘迫的病理生理机制提供了成功的动物模型     

鼻咽癌细胞对HA的粘附作用及微丝的共聚焦显微镜观察

本文研究了人鼻咽癌上皮细胞系ＣＮＥ－２Ｚ对透明质酸（ＨＡ）的粘附作用及其粘附后微丝的改变,结果表明,鼻咽癌细胞粘附的ＯＤ值随ＨＡ浓度的升高而升高,３００μｇ／ｍｌ、１２５０μｇ／ｍｌ组与对照组比较有极显著性意义,Ｐ＜０．０１;癌细胞粘附的ＯＤ值随培养时间延长而升高,２４０ｍｉｎ组及１２０ｍｉｎ组与６０ｍｉｎ组比较有极显著性意义,Ｐ＜０．０１。ＬＳＭ观察ＨＡ浓度为３００μｇ／ｍｌ时培养４ｈ和２４ｈ的癌细胞微丝的分布明显不同,培养４ｈ的癌细胞呈圆形,微丝均匀地分布于胞浆内;培养２４ｈ的癌细胞呈不规则形,微丝主要分布于与ＨＡ的粘附面上。上述结果提示ＨＡ可促进鼻咽癌细胞粘附,癌细胞与ＨＡ结合后可诱导ＭＦ重组     

槲皮素对培养内皮细胞释放前列环素的影响

应用放射免疫分析方法,研究了槲皮专对体外培养的人脐静脉内皮细胞释放前列环素的影响。实验表明：活化血小板与内皮细胞共同孵育１０,３０和１２０ｍｉｎ后,内皮细胞条件培养液中６一酮一ＰＧＦ１ｍ量显著增加（ｐ＜０．０ｌ）。槲皮素１,５和２０ＩＬｌｎｏｌ。－１与内皮细胞预孵１０ｍｉｎ,可抑制活化血小板引起的内皮细胞６一酮一ＰＧＦ１ｍ的大量释放。对于正常的内皮细胞,树皮素则增加６一酮一ＰＧＦ１ａ的基础释放量。     

Inflammatory responses to ischemia,and reperfusion in skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscle ischemia and reperfusion is now recognized as one form of acute inflammation in which activated leukocytes play a key role. Although restoration of flow is essential in alleviating ischemic injury, reperfusion initiates a complex series of reactions which lead to neutrophil accumulation, microvascular barrier disruption, and edema formation. A large body of evidence exists which suggests that leukocyte adhesion to and emigration across postcapillary venules plays a crucial role in the genesis of reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle. Reactive oxygen species generated by xanthine oxidase and other enzymes promote the formation of proinflammatory stimuli, modify the expression of adhesion molecules on the surface of leukocytes and endothelial cells, and reduce the bioavailability of the potent antiadhesive agent nitric oxide. As a consequence of these events, leukocytes begin to form loose adhesive interactions with postcapillary venular endothelium (leukocyte rolling). If the proinflammatory stimulus is sufficient, leukocytes may become firmly adherent (stationary adhesion) to the venular endothelium. Those leukocytes which become firmly adherent may then diapedese into the perivascular space. The emigrated leukocytes induce parenchymal cell injury via a directed release of oxidants and hydrolytic enzymes. In addition, the emigrating leukocytes also exacerbate ischemic injury by disrupting the microvascular barrier during their egress across the vasculature. As a consequence of this increase in microvascular permeability, transcapillary fluid filtration is enhanced and edema results. The resultant increase in interstitial tissue pressure physically compresses the capillaries, thereby preventing microvascular perfusion and thus promoting the development of the no-reflow phenomenon. The purpose of this review is to summarize the available information regarding these mechanisms of skeletal muscle ischemia/reperfusion injury.     

The distribution of rolling neutrophils in venular convergences

The aim of this study was to characterize the distribution of adherent leukocytes in branched venular convergences in vivo. Intravital microscopy was used to obtain video images of leukocyte adhesion in multiple branched sites in mouse cremaster muscle, during the mild inflammatory response induced by surgical preparation. The average number of cells/vessel length was obtained over several minutes for seven venular convergences with varying geometrical configurations. Results from this study demonstrate a strong tendency of leukocytes to adhere at junctional points between converging vessels. Different vessel configurations were studied and results were shown to be insensitive to precise vessel geometry. Thus, in post-capillary venules, leukocytes are most likely to adhere at points between converging vessels, regardless of the precise geometrical properties or configuration of the vessels. Hydrodynamic mechanisms due to flow behavior through convergences likely play a significant role in determining locations of cellular adhesion. Future work should concentrate on quantifying the relative contributions of hydrodynamic and biochemical mechanisms to aid in understanding disease processes and development of treatments or therapeutics.     

Leukocyte arrest during cytokine-dependent inflammation in vivo

Leukocyte rolling along the walls of inflamed venules precedes their adhesion during inflammation. Rolling leukocytes are thought to arrest by engaging beta2 integrins following cellular activation. In vitro studies suggest that chemoattractants may instantaneously activate and arrest rolling leukocytes. However, how leukocytes stop rolling and become adherent in inflamed venules in vivo has remained rather mysterious. In this paper we use a novel method of tracking individual leukocytes through the microcirculation to show that rolling neutrophils become progressively activated while rolling down the venular tree. On average, leukocytes in wild-type mice roll for 86 s (and cover 270 microm) before becoming adherent with an efficiency around 90%. These rolling leukocytes exhibit a gradual beta2 integrin-dependent decrease in rolling velocity that correlates with an increase in intracellular free calcium concentration before arrest. Similar tracking analyses in gene-targeted mice demonstrate that the arrest of rolling leukocytes is very rare when beta2 integrins are absent or blocked by a mAb. Arrest is approximately 50% less efficient in the absence of E-selectin. These data suggest a model of leukocyte recruitment in which beta2 integrins play a critical role in stabilizing leukocyte rolling during a protracted cellular activation period before arrest and firm adhesion.     

Imaging receptor microdomains on leukocyte subsets in live mice

We present a simple method to identify the recruitment of leukocyte subsets and determine concurrent surface-receptor clustering in live mice. We show that CD45+ F4/80- Gr-1+ neutrophils are robustly recruited in surgery-activated cremasteric venules, whereas adherent CD45+ B220+ B lymphocytes were dominant in bone marrow venules. Most adherent Gr-1+ leukocytes are not firmly stationary but actively migrate on TNF-alpha-activated cremasteric venular endothelium and exhibit marked polarization of surface PSGL-1, but not LFA-1, to the trailing edge.     

Substance P induces degranulation of mast cells and leukocyte adhesion to venular endothelium

Substance P (SP), one of the established neurotransmitters, evokes an immunoinflammatory response involving leukocyte adhesion to venular endothelium and the degranulation of mast cells. The pathogenetic relationship between these responses, however, remains unresolved. In this study, we propose to examine the changes associated with the activation of mast cells, as well as leukocyte adhesion to venular endothelium by in vivo observation of the rat mesentery. The use of an in vitro assay for intracellular Ca²⁺ mobilization and the degranulation of mast cells demonstrated the significant upper shift of concentration response to SP (10⁻⁴–10⁻⁵ M). In vivo experiments on the mesenteric microcirculation also showed that SP induced a significant increase in the number of degranulated mast cells as well as in the number of leukocytes adherent to the venular wall. Tranilast, a mast cell stabilizer, as well as SP antagonist (CP-96,345) significantly attenuated the extent of mast cell degranulation and leukocyte adhesion elicited by SP. Although an immunoneutralization against CD18 by WT-3 significantly attenuated the leukocyte adhesion, it had no influence on the mast cell degranulation after SP superfusion. These separate in vivo observations show that SP induces leukocyte adhesion to the venular endothelium, possibly through the degranulation of mast cells.     

Mechanisms of platelet and leukocyte recruitment in experimental colitis

Both leukocytes and platelets accumulate in the colonic microvasculature during experimental colitis, leading to microvascular dysfunction and tissue injury. The objective of this study was to determine whether the recruitment of leukocytes and platelets in inflamed colonic venules are codependent processes. The rolling and adherence of leukocytes and platelets in colonic venules of mice with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis were monitored by intravital videomicroscopy. DSS elicited an increased recruitment of both rolling and adherent leukocytes and platelets. DSS-colitic mice rendered thrombocytopenic with anti-platelet serum exhibited profound reductions in leukocyte adhesion. Neutropenia, induced with anti-neutrophil serum, significantly reduced the adhesion of leukocytes and the accumulation of platelet-leukocyte aggregates while greatly enhancing the number of platelets that roll and adhere directly to venular endothelial cells. The enhanced platelet adhesion associated with neutropenia was mediated by platelet P-selectin interactions with endothelial cell P-selectin glycoprotein ligand (PSGL-1). DSS colitis was also associated with an increased expression of PSGL-1 in the colonic vasculature. These findings indicate that the recruitment of leukocytes and platelets in inflamed colonic venules are co-dependent processes.     

Role of shear forces and adhesion molecule distribution on P-selectin-mediated leukocyte rolling in postcapillary venules

Rolling on the venular endothelium is a critical step in the recruitment of leukocytes during the inflammatory response. P-selectin is a key mediator of leukocyte rolling, which is an early event in the inflammatory cascade; this rolling is likely to be directly regulated by both local fluid shear forces and P-selectin site densities in the microvasculature. However, neither the spatial pattern of P-selectin expression in postcapillary venules nor the effect of local expression patterns on rolling behavior in intact functional venules is known. We investigated the influence of local shear forces and the spatial distribution of endothelial P-selectin in intact blood perfused post capillary venules in anesthetized mice using intravital confocal microscopy, high temporal resolution particle tracking, and immunofluorescent labeling. We demonstrated a shear-dependent increase in average leukocyte rolling velocity that was attributable to a shear-dependent increase in the occurrence of transient leukocyte detachments from the endothelial surface: translational velocity during leukocyte contact with the vessel wall remained constant. P-selectin expression was not different in venules with characteristically different shear rates or diameters but varied significantly within individual venules. In postcapillary venules, regions of high P-selectin expression correlated with regions of slow leukocyte rolling. Thus the characteristically variable leukocyte rolling in vivo is a function of the spatial heterogeneity in P-selectin expression. The study shows how the local hydrodynamic forces and the nonuniform pattern of P-selectin expression affect the behavior of interacting leukocytes, providing direct evidence for the local variation of adhesion molecule expression as a mechanism for the regulation of leukocyte recruitment.     

Inhaled NO reduces leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and myocardial dysfunction in endotoxemic rats

Inhaled nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to have some protective effect in the peripheral distal inflamed vasculature. The objective of the study was to determine whether inhaled NO would reduce endotoxin-induced leukocyte activation and myocardial contractile dysfunction. Rats were treated with either saline or endotoxin (10 mg/kg iv) and then allowed to breathe (4 h) either air or air plus NO (10 ppm). In endotoxemic rats, mesenteric venular endothelium leukocyte firm adhesion increased compared with control rats (1.15 +/- 0.32 vs. 4.08 +/- 0.96 leukocytes/100 microm; P < 0.05). Inhaled NO significantly attenuated endotoxin-induced venular endothelium leukocyte adhesion (4.08 +/- 0.96 vs. 1.86 +/- 0.76 leukocytes/100 microm; P < 0.05) and FITC-conjugated anti-intercellular adhesion molecule-1 fluorescence intensity. Endotoxin-induced myocardial dysfunction and leukocyte content increases were reduced in inhaled NO-treated rats. These observations suggest that inhaled NO reduces the degree of cardiovascular dysfunction and inflammation in endotoxemic rats.