基于易错PCR技术的短小芽孢杆菌YZ02脂肪酶基因BpL的定向进化

利用易错PCR技术对短小芽胞杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)YZ02脂肪酶基因BpL进行两轮定向进化研究, 分别获得最佳突变株BpL1-7和BpL2-1369, 其脂肪酶活力比出发酶分别提高了2倍和6倍。序列分析表明, 突变体BpL2-1369有4个碱基发生了突变: T61C/C147T/A334G/T371A, 其中有3个碱基突变导致了氨基酸的改变。通过SWISS-MODEL数据库模拟脂肪酶的结构显示, 3个突变氨基酸分别位于第1个a螺旋的第3个氨基酸、第4和第5个b折叠之间的转角以及第5个b折叠的第1个氨基酸位置。将野生型脂肪酶基因BpL和进化后的基因BpL2-1369的高效表达产物经Ni-Agarose柱和Sephadex-G75纯化后, 酶学性质测定表明: 突变脂肪酶的比活力比野生型脂肪酶提高了1.31倍, Km值由8.24 mmol/L降低至7.17 mmol/L; 在pH>8.0时的稳定性较野生型脂肪酶有所提高。     

基于易错PCR的假密环菌Armillariella tabescens MAN47 b-甘露聚糖酶耐高温定向进化

本研究利用易错PCR技术突变假密环菌Armillariella tabescens MAN47 β-甘露聚糖酶野生型基因,PCR产物与大肠杆菌-酿酒酵母穿梭表达载体pYCα上连接,在大肠杆菌DH5α中扩增后电转入酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae,构建了库容为104的初级突变体库,筛选得到耐高温最佳突变株M262。DNS法测得80oC处理30min后最大酶活力为25U/mL,较之野生型最适条件酶活力提高了4.3倍。序列分析表明,突变体有3个碱基发生了突变:T343A/C827T/T1139C,相应的氨基酸改变为Ser115Thr/Thr276Met/Val380Ala,利用SWISS-MODEL数据库同源建模显示,这3个突变氨基酸分别位于第4个β折叠的第6个氨基酸、第6个α螺旋的第1个氨基酸、第10个α螺旋和第11个β折叠之间的转角。     

基于易错PCR的假密环菌Armillariella tabescens MAN47β-甘露聚糖酶耐高温定向进化

本研究利用易错PCR技术突变假密环菌Armillariella tabescens MAN47β-甘露聚糖酶野生型基因,PCR产物与大肠杆菌-酿酒酵母穿梭表达载体pYCα上连接,在大肠杆菌DH5α中扩增后电转入酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae,构建了库容为10_4的初级突变体库,筛选得到耐高温最佳突变株M262.DNS法测得80℃处理30 min后最大酶活力为25 U/mL,较之野生型最适条件酶活力提高了4.3倍.序列分析表明,突变体有3个碱基发生了突变:T343A/C827T/T1139C,相应的氨基酸改变为Ser115Thr/Thr276Met/Val380Ala,利用SWISS-MODEL数据库同源建模显示,这3个突变氨基酸分别位于第4个13折叠的第6个氨基酸、第6个α螺旋的第1个氨基酸、第10个α螺旋和第11个β折叠之间的转角.     

应用易错PCR技术提高环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶的可溶性表达

【目的】对嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌CHB1的环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶(CGTase)基因进行定向进化,筛选得到胞外酶活性和可溶性表达定量提高的突变酶。【方法】采用易错PCR技术向环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶基因中随机引入突变,建立酶基因突变文库,筛选获得胞外酶活性和可溶性表达定量提高的突变体,并对突变酶进行诱导表达、纯化及部分酶学性质研究。【结果】通过筛选获得CGTase胞外酶活性和可溶性表达定量提高的突变菌株ds-6和ep-9,其胞外α-环化活力分别是原始酶的1.72倍和2.18倍,可溶性表达量提高了1倍。序列分析表明,突变体ep-9有3个碱基发生了变化:G2005A/A2037G/T2081G,其中有2个碱基突变导致了氨基酸的改变。SWISS-MODEL数据库模拟CGTase的结构表明,2个突变氨基酸分别位于无规卷曲和β-转角/折叠之间的转角中。酶学性质测定表明:突变CGTase的β-环化比活力是原始酶的2.44倍,总环化比活力提高了34%,K_m值由4.3 g/L降低到3.74 g/L;在pH稳定性方面较原始酶有所提高。单碱基定点突变证实突变体ep-9可溶性表达水平及胞外酶活性提高的关键突变是G2005A。【结论】本试验表明:基于易错PCR技术获得嗜热芽孢杆菌CHB1的CGTase的胞外酶活和可溶性表达定向进化,G2005A突变对于提高CGTase的可溶性表达及胞外酶活起关键作用,这对认识CGTase的构效关系以及进一步改造该酶分子、扩大酶的生产应用具有重要意义。     

定向进化-易错PCR方法提高华根霉Rhizopus chinensis CCTCC M201021脂肪酶的活力

运用定向进化-易错PCR的方法,提高了华根霉Rhizopus chinensis CCTCC M201021脂肪酶的活力。经过两轮易错PCR和pNPP顶层琼脂法筛选,从第一轮和第二轮突变库中分别筛选获得最佳突变株1-11和2-28,脂肪酶酶活与野生菌株相比分别提高2倍和4倍。基因比对结果表明,突变脂肪酶2-28有4个氨基酸发生了突变:A129S、K161R、A230T、K322R。蛋白质分子空间结构模拟显示,突变A129S、K161R、A230T位于脂肪酶分子表面。突变A230T增强了α-螺旋盖结构的稳定性。突变K322R处在loop上,靠近脂肪酶底物结合区域,与邻近的Asp(带负电)形成盐桥。静电引力将该loop向底物进入酶活性中心的通道口反方向牵引,使底物分子更易进入酶活性中心。酶学性质研究表明,突变株2-28脂肪酶的Km值比出发菌株下降了10%,Kcat值提高为原来的2.75倍。     

基于易错PCR定向进化扩展青霉 Penicillium expansum FS1884碱性脂肪酶

为改善扩展青霉FS1884碱性脂肪酶的活性及酶学性质,利用连续两轮易错PCR对扩展青霉FS1884脂肪酶基因PEL进行随机突变,在大肠杆菌JM109中构建突变文库。含突变脂肪酶基因的重组质粒电击转化巴斯德毕赤酵母GS115,经过YPOM板初筛和橄榄油检验板复筛,获得一株酶活性提高的脂肪酶突变体:PEL-ep25-GS。与野生型脂肪酶PEL-GS相比,在最适温度40℃、pH9.4时突变体的酶活力是野生型酶的1.3倍。测序结果表明:该突变体第253位氨基酸发生了突变,由赖氨酸变成蛋氨酸。     

亚热带山区土壤未培养微生物L-赖氨酸脱羧酶Ldc1E中关键氨基酸残基的功能鉴定

本研究旨在探讨L-赖氨酸脱羧酶Ldc1E关键氨基酸在底物识别和催化过程中的作用;通过生物信息学方法选择突变位点,并利用直接定点突变技术,完成了6个关键氨基酸残基突变和功能鉴定研究。突变酶D692N最适温度和pH值分别为40℃和6.5。突变酶D692N比野生型Ldc1E对高温具有更强的耐受性,在40℃～55℃温浴1 h后剩余酶活力达到35%以上,在60℃温浴1 h后仍然保留20%的酶活力;而野生型酶Ldc1E在50℃以上温浴1 h后几乎失活。此外,50 mmol/L DMSO、5 mmol/L Al~(3+)和Ca~(2+)对突变酶的酶活力有激活作用,而Al3+对野生型酶Ldc1E具有明显抑制作用。突变酶D692N的分子动力学常数K_m升高了1.78倍,k_(cat)下降了20.2倍。突变酶S221A、H245A、D330A、H366A、F607Y经检测酶催化活性丧失。研究结果表明氨基酸残基位点D692对酶与底物的结合具有重要影响;而S221、H245、D330、H366、F607是Ldc1E酶活性能够体现的关键氨基酸位点,不可替换。本研究为探究L-赖氨酸脱羧酶的结构与功能关系提供理论参考。     

黄翅大白蚁来源β-葡萄糖苷酶的分子改造

纤维素水解成为葡萄糖需要一系列纤维素酶的作用,其中β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-glucosidases)起着至关重要的作用。来自于培菌白蚁中肠的β-葡萄糖苷酶(MbmgBG1)具有较高的葡萄糖耐受性(1.5 mol/L的葡萄糖,保持60%以上的酶活力),但是,酶活力低和热稳定性差限制了β-葡萄糖苷酶(MbmgBG1)在食品以及工业领域中的应用。因此通过对保守氨基酸附近的非保守氨基酸定点突变,获得点突变体(F167L、T176C、E347I、R354K、N393G和V425M),其中突变体F167L、R354K的比活力(底物pNPG)比MbmgBG1分别高出约2倍和4倍。突变体的K_(cat)/K_m值比野生型大,反映了突变体对底物的亲和力以及催化能力比MbmgBG1强。当酶活力保留60%以上时,MbmgBG1所耐受的葡萄糖浓度为1.5 mol/L,而F167L为2.0 mol/L,R354K为3.0 mol/L。这些特性的增强表明,对活性中心附近保守区域内的非保守氨基酸突变,可以较大程度地影响活性,因此需要更深入地研究β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性中心位点,进行改造以提高催化效率。     

耐高温耐酸稳定假密环菌(Armillariella tabescens) MAN47β-甘露聚糖酶体外分子定向进化

从已经建立的易错PCR初级突变文库中筛选得到的16个兼具耐酸、高温稳定、高酶活力的克隆出发,将其作为DNA shuffling的亲本基因,利用DNA shuffling技术,结合易化筛选和96微孔板通量筛选的方法获得耐酸、高温稳定的克隆。并且,对筛选出来的耐酸高温稳定的突变子进行测序分析和同源建模,比较分析β-甘露聚糖酶突变基因序列的生物学信息。经过两轮DNAshuffling,最终筛选得到一个耐酸高温稳定突变体1108,其在90℃时酶活力还能维持在70%;在pH 3.0时酶活力维持在70%;在高温80℃和pH 4.0的条件下,酶活力是野生型的10倍;常规条件下(pH 6.0,40℃),酶活力是野生型酶的5倍。序列比对发现耐酸、高温稳定突变体1108有三个碱基发生了改变(T289A、A535T、T1085C),导致相应的氨基酸发生了改变(Ser97Thr、Val362Ala、Ile179Leu)。根据同源建模结果和氨基酸性质研究发现,突变位点位于催化中心附近,推测第97位的突变与酶的耐酸性和活性有关,第179位和第362位的突变与酶的高温稳定性有关。实验结果为进一步了解β-甘露聚糖酶MAN47的结构与功能之间的关系提供有用参考。     

绿色木霉葡聚糖内切酶EGIII基因在大肠肝菌中的表达、定点突变及其动力学特性的研究

将绿色木霉葡聚糖内切酶EGIII基因亚克隆到表达载体pET-22b(+),构建重组质粒pET-egl3,转化到大肠杆菌BL21(DE3).利用金属亲和层析对重组EGIII进行纯化,纯化后酶比活力达到6 U/mg蛋白,最适反应温度为60 ℃,最适pH为4.0.同时对EGIII催化区的氨基酸残基R130和E218进行定点饱和突变,各筛选到一株酶活有提高的突变子R130P和E218F,其比活力为野生型EGIII的2.8倍和3.45倍.突变酶E218F的Km提高了一倍,催化效率Kcat提高了5.4倍;而R130P的Km和Kcat没有明显变化.两个突变酶的最适酶解温度和pH分别都提高至65 ℃和4.4.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.