小麦耐逆基因-TaLEA3的克隆及在酵母中的功能分析

LEA蛋白 (late embryogenesis abundantprotein) ,是指胚胎发生后期种子中大量积累的一类蛋白质 ,它广泛存在于高等植物中 ,且受发育阶段、脱落酸 (ABA)和脱水信号的调节 ,其中第 3组LEA蛋白与作物耐逆性密切相关。通过RT PCR从小麦中克隆了一个新的第 3组LEA蛋白基因 ,TaLEA3。该蛋白主要定位于细胞质。TaLEA3的表达受高盐、低温和外源激素ABA的诱导 ,根中表达量一般高于叶中 ,且在不同胁迫下该基因表达模式存在差异。在所检测的一对同核异质小麦品种中 ,该基因的表达与耐旱性呈正相关。TaLEA3在酵母中过量表达 ,改善了酵母在离子和渗透胁迫下的生长状态或提高了存活率.     

小麦TaLEA1基因的表达特征及抗逆功能验证

我国土壤盐碱化日益严重,对我国的粮食安全造成了严重威胁,因此耐盐基因挖掘对作物耐盐育种非常重要。许多研究表明胚胎发育晚期丰富蛋白(LEA)在植物应对非生物胁迫中发挥积极作用。本研究以小麦TaLEA1基因为研究对象,分析了其表达蛋白的理化性质及基因表达模式,并通过在拟南芥中过表达,分析Ta LEA1基因的抗逆功能。结果表明,TaLEA1基因的表达蛋白属于第3组LEA蛋白,是稳定的亲水蛋白,富含α-螺旋、β-转角等结构。Ta LEA1基因在小麦根、茎、叶、花、种子等不同组织中均有表达,盐胁迫条件诱导其高表达。在拟南芥中过表达TaLEA1基因,显著提高了盐胁迫下转基因拟南芥的种子萌发率、根长及盐和旱胁迫下的叶绿素含量。本研究结果为LEA基因抗逆机理的研究和耐盐基因的挖掘提供了重要信息。     

过表达TaLEA1和TaLEA2基因提高转基因拟南芥的耐盐性

我国土壤盐碱化日益严重,对我国的粮食安全造成了严重威胁。耐盐基因挖掘对作物耐盐育种非常重要。LEA蛋白家族是一个多基因家族,在植物应对非生物胁迫中发挥重要作用。本课题组前期研究阐明小麦TaLEA1基因在拟南芥中过表达可以提高转基因植物的耐盐性和抗旱性。本研究系统分析了小麦TaLEA2基因表达蛋白的理化性质、基因表达模式及启动子功能区域,并在拟南芥中过表达TaLEA2基因及共表达TaLEA1和TaLEA2基因,分析TaLEA2基因的抗逆功能及2个LEA基因的抗逆效果。结果表明,TaLEA2基因的表达产物属于第3组LEA蛋白,是稳定的亲水蛋白,富含α-螺旋、β-转角等结构。TaLEA2基因在小麦根、茎、叶、花、种子等不同组织中均有表达,盐胁迫条件诱导其高表达。在拟南芥中过表达TaLEA2基因,或过表达TaLEA1和TaLEA2基因都能够提高转基因拟南芥的耐盐性和抗旱性,转基因株系的种子萌发率、根长及叶绿素含量显著高于野生型,且双基因过表达的转基因植物的抗逆能力高于单个基因过表达株系。本研究结果为LEA基因抗逆机理的研究和多基因共转提高植物抗逆性提供了重要信息。     

小麦TaDRLea3 2基因的克隆及胁迫诱导表达分析

胚胎发育后期丰富蛋白(late embryogenesis abundant protein,LEA蛋白) 是植物体中广泛存在的一类与渗透调节相关的家族蛋白,植物受非生物胁迫会大量表达。该研究采用同源克隆技术,从干旱诱导的小麦品种‘郑引1号’ (Triticum aestivum L.)中获得1个新的LEA3家族基因（ TaDRLea3 2）,该基因全长668 bp,编码区为570 bp,编码189个氨基酸。生物信息学分析表明该蛋白为亲水性蛋白,二级结构以α 螺旋为主,含有9个由11个氨基酸组成的保守结构域,为典型的LEA3蛋白,存在3个磷酸化位点,无信号肽结构域及跨膜结构域,可能定位于细胞质中;实时定量PCR结果表明, TaDRLea3 2基因受干旱、高盐、低温诱导表达,同时也受外源ABA诱导,推测 TaDRLea3 2为ABA依赖型 LEA3基因,以不同机制参与小麦对非生物胁迫的应答过程,为深入分析小麦LEA3家族蛋白的抗逆机制奠定了基础。     

小桐子JcLEA4基因克隆及表达和功能分析

LEA蛋白是一类跟抗逆性紧密相关的蛋白,在不同物种中都有大量发现。基于前期对小桐子叶片在干旱锻炼和干旱胁迫下的RNA-seq分析,本研究分离出一个LEA编码基因(XM_012232372.1),经序列分析可知该蛋白基因CDS序列全长为459 bp,编码蛋白由152个氨基酸组成。多重序列比对和进化分析显示该蛋白属于第四组典型亲水性LEA蛋白,暂命名为Jc LEA4。荧光定量PCR分析发现,幼苗叶片中Jc LEA4转录本的积累受到空气干旱胁迫和外源ABA处理的显著诱导。在酿酒酵母中异源表达分析显示,Jc LEA4的过表达提高了转基因酵母对PEG模拟干旱胁迫的存活率和生长速率,表现出增强的耐受性。本研究初步证实了Jc LEA4基因与抗旱性紧密相关,为以后小桐子的抗旱性遗传改良提供了良好的基因资源。     

LEA蛋白研究进展

LEA蛋白(late embriogenesis abundant protein,LEA)是生物体中广泛存在的一类与渗透调节有关的家族蛋白,该蛋白的编码基因在植物种子胚胎发育晚期表达量丰富,而且在环境胁迫如干旱、低温、盐胁迫、ABA、紫外辐射和NaHCO3等条件下LEA基因的mRNA也会大量累积.LEA蛋白显著的理化特性是具有很高的亲水性和热稳定性,即使在煮沸条件下也能保持水溶状态.LEA蛋白在细胞中可以稳定细胞膜结构,作为分子伴侣,具有结合离子和防止氧化等作用,被认为是在胁迫过程中对植物起保护作用的物质之一.针对这些重要特性,分别综述了LEA蛋白的分类、结构、编码基因和表达调节方式及其在植物生长过程中的作用.     

柠条锦鸡儿CkLEA1基因克隆及表达分析

植物受到逆境胁迫后,大量逆境响应基因会被诱导表达,LEA蛋白编码基因就是与植物抗旱、抗冷等非生物胁迫密切相关的一类基因.从已构建的柠条锦鸡儿干旱胁迫抑制性削减杂交文库中筛选到了一条LEA蛋白编码基因并进行了克隆.序列比对与系统进化分析显示该基因属于LEA3基因家族成员,命名为CkLEA1(GenBank登录号是KC309408).克隆得到该基因gDNA长469bp,包含两个外显子和一个内含子;cDNA长357bp,包含300bp的开放阅读框,推导编码99个氨基酸的蛋白质.利用荧光定量PCR技术对CkLEA1基因在各种逆境胁迫条件的表达情况进行初步研究表明,CkLEA1受干旱、ABA、冷、热、盐和碱等处理不同程度地诱导,推测其与柠条锦鸡儿响应逆境胁迫的机制有关.     

褐藻胶寡糖提高小麦抗旱能力的初步研究

由褐藻胶多糖降解的褐藻胶寡糖(Alginate oligosaccharides,AOS)是一种潜在的植物激发子。本文对褐藻胶寡糖提高小麦抗旱能力进行初步探讨。采用水培试验,利用20%聚乙二醇-6000模拟干旱胁迫,小麦生长被严重抑制。外源施加褐藻胶寡糖的小麦处理组与胁迫处理组相比,苗长、根长、鲜重和相对水含量分别增加了17.9%、26.2%、43.1%和32.7%。此外,褐藻胶寡糖处理组小麦抗氧化酶活性明显增强,且丙二醛(MDA)含量减少了37.9%。ABA信号通路中参与抗旱胁迫响应基因,如胚胎晚期丰度蛋白基因(LEA1)、蔗糖非发酵1-相关蛋白激酶基因(SnRK2)、9-顺式-环氧类胡萝卜素双加氧酶基因(NCED),均被外源褐藻胶寡糖上调表达。褐藻胶寡糖可能参与了ABA依赖性信号通路,缓解干旱对小麦的胁迫作用,增强小麦抗旱能力。     

黄花苜蓿LEA3基因片段克隆与生物信息学分析

根据紫花苜蓿LEA3-1 mRNA(EU665182)的cDNA序列,设计1对特异引物,以经过ABA干旱胁迫处理的黄花苜蓿为材料,提取总RNA.采用RT-PCR方法克隆获得了747 bp的cDNA片段,命名为MfLEA3-1(GenBank登录号:HQ327439).推测该序列编码了248个氨基酸,这些氨基酸主要由10.1％苏氨酸(Thr)、24.6％丙氨酸(Ala)、17.7％赖氨酸(Lys)和12.9％天冬氨酸(Asp)组成,不含有半胱氨酸和色氨酸,这与其他物种LEA蛋白成分非常接近.该氨基酸序列中存在13个11-mer重复序列,根据第3组蛋白分类标准,MfLEA3-1蛋白比较接近于type Ⅰ,但是11-mer重复中残基分布与type Ⅰ有所不同,推测MfLEA3-1蛋白属于新的第3组LEA蛋白类型.黄花苜蓿中成功获得了LEA3基因片段,为最终克隆黄花苜蓿LEA3基因序列全长奠定基础.     

干旱胁迫下白沙蒿LEA基因的表达及序列分析

[目的]确定白沙蒿在干旱胁迫下起调节作用的LEA蛋白家族及其生物信息学特征。[方法]对在正常生长、中度胁迫和重度胁迫下的白沙蒿进行转录组测序,获得其LEA表达的差异性,对其中显著上调表达的基因进行序列分析。[结果]与多数报道的物种不同,白沙蒿在干旱胁迫时起调控作用的是第5家族LEA5蛋白。白沙蒿LEA的开放阅读框(ORF)全长264 bp,编码87个氨基酸。LEA5蛋白的分子量为9 406.74 Da,等电点为9.75,其序列与黄花蒿同源性最高(64%)。LEA蛋白为亲水性蛋白,定位于线粒体(73.9%),二级结构以无规则卷曲(59.77%)和α-螺旋(37.93%)为主,无信号肽和跨膜结构。[结论]白沙蒿在干旱胁迫下,LEA5参与了抗旱的调控,该基因的生物信息学特征分析为深入了解白沙蒿及蒿属其它固沙植物的抗旱机制提供一定的理论基础。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).