6-OHDA帕金森病大鼠快动眼睡眠状态下皮层脑电及基底节场电位的异常变化

目的：了解帕金森病（PD）模型大鼠在快动眼睡眠状态下皮层脑电和基底节场电位的异常变化。方法：用6-羟基多巴胺（6-OHDA）脑内两点注射法建立PD大鼠模型,并经阿扑吗啡注射诱发旋转对模型进行评价。通过多导宏电极在体电生理记录技术结合视频录像,对正常大鼠和6-OHDA大鼠PD模型进行苍白球场电位和皮层M1、M2区脑电的多部位24小时同时记录。功率谱分析和相干分析用于揭示快动眼睡眠状态下各记录位点信号的频率成分以及不N记录位点神经元集群之间的变化。结果：与正常大鼠相比,6-OHDA帕金森病模型大鼠在REM期间的皮层脑电在臼和y频段上都有变化：初级运动皮质M1区的θ频段成分消失,辅助运动区M2的θ频段成分略有增加,患侧苍白球的θ频段成分增大显著;M1区的γ频段成分增大,而γ频段成分在苍白球基本没有变化。结论：6-OHDA对中脑多巴胺能神经元的损害可造成大鼠双侧皮层M1区θ节律的消失和γ节律的增强,以及对侧M1-M2区之间在γ节律上的同步被显著增强,而γ节律在苍白球没有变化。这些异常电活动可能是由于VTA受损引起从而与帕金森病的快动眼睡眠行为障碍有关。     

苍白球电毁损对帕金森病大鼠HVSs 振荡波的影响研究

目的:应用直流电核团毁损术毁损帕金森病(PD)大鼠模型的内侧苍白球(GPi),记录其手术前后脑电生理活动的变化,以探讨内苍白球射频毁损术治疗PD的可能机制。方法:成年SD大鼠随机分为GP毁损组、假手术组及正常组。对PD毁损组和假手术组大鼠采用6-羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA)右侧黑质致密部(SNc)、中脑腹侧被盖区(VTA)两点注射法建立PD大鼠模型,并经腹腔注射阿扑吗啡(APO)诱发旋转以对模型建立进行评价。通过多导联宏电极在体脑电生理记录技术对各组大鼠进行右侧(注射侧)大脑皮层M1、M2区脑电及纹状体场电位的连续24小时记录,同时进行视频录像。对GP毁损组大鼠行直流电GPi毁损术,术后4天对各组大鼠均行阿扑吗啡诱导旋转行为检验,继续记录脑电活动,记录数据经频率谱分析及相干分析以揭示各记录位点信号的频率成分以及不同位点神经元集群间的功能连接和同步性。结果:对GP毁损组大鼠毁损术前后在清醒静息状态下的皮层脑电和纹状体场电位有明显改变,术后HVSs(High Voltage Spindles)在持续时间上明显缩短发作次数明显减少;对各组大鼠术后在静息状态下的脑电信号进行对比,GP毁损组大鼠较假手术组的HVSs持续时间和发作频率均减少并接近正常组大鼠水平,相干性分析显示GP毁损组大鼠术后在HVSs频段(5-13Hz)上的相干程度显著小于假手术组。结论:在清醒静息状态下6-OHDA建立的PD大鼠皮层-基底节环路上HVSs持续时间延长发生频率增高,经GP毁损术后其时间缩短发作次数减少同步性降低并接近正常水平,从而改善PD症状,该现象可能解释临床采用苍白球射频毁损术治疗PD的治疗机制。     

蝎源活性肽对早期帕金森病大鼠强啡肽改变的保护作用

目的:研究蝎源活性肽对早期帕金森病(PD)大鼠强啡肽(DYN)改变的保护作用。方法:大鼠脑内微量注射6-羟多巴胺(6-OHDA)制备早期PD模型,观察蝎源活性肽对早期PD大鼠脑内DYN的影响。结果:蝎源活性肽可以逆转早期PD大鼠脑内明显降低的DYN免疫反应活性。结论:DYN参与蝎源活性肽对早期PD大鼠中脑多巴胺能神经元的保护作用。     

多巴胺D_2样受体直接调节正常及帕金森病模型大鼠苍白球神经元自发放电（英文）

苍白球是基底神经节间接环路的重要核团,在机体正常及病理状态下调节运动功能。前期研究工作显示苍白球接受来自黑质纹状体轴突侧支的多巴胺能纤维支配。苍白球表达多巴胺D1和D_2样受体。本研究旨在采用多管微电极细胞外电生理记录技术,探讨多巴胺D_2样受体对正常及帕金森病模型大鼠苍白球神经元自发放电的直接调控效应。结果显示,在正常大鼠上,微压力给予多巴胺D_2样受体激动剂quinpirole对苍白球神经元自发放电发挥不同的电生理效应。在所记录的61个苍白球神经元,quinpirole可使24个神经元的放电频率增加(62.7±11.2)%,而使另外16个神经元放电频率降低(37.5±2.9)%,联合给予D_2样受体阻断剂sulpride可阻断quinpirole对苍白球神经元自发放电的调控效应。在6-羟基多巴胺(6-hydroxydopamine,6-OHDA)帕金森病模型大鼠损毁侧所记录的47个苍白球神经元中,quinpirole可使其中25个神经元的放电频率增加(64.2±10.1)%,而使另外11个神经元放电频率降低(51.9±6.2)%。以上结果提示,多巴胺D_2样受体双向调节苍白球神经元的自发放电活动;在帕金森病状态下,多巴胺D_2样受体仍具有双向调节苍白球神经元兴奋性的效应。     

电击回避训练前后快回避反应大鼠海马CA3区神经振荡的变化

本研究旨在探讨与动物空间辨别学习能力相关的神经振荡电活动及其改变。运用Y型迷宫电击回避训练方法,筛选出与空间认知能力相关的快回避反应组和普通回避反应组大鼠,无线遥测两组动物在电击回避实验前、后海马CA3区实时局部场电位(local field potential,LFP),分析与空间辨别和学习能力相关的神经振荡成分变化。结果显示,与普通回避反应组大鼠比较,电击回避训练前快回避反应组大鼠左侧海马CA3区LFP成分无显著差异,但电击回避训练后,右侧海马CA3区0~10 Hz和30~40 Hz电节律百分比显著增加(P0.01或P0.05);快速傅里叶变换显示,0~10 Hz频段百分比增加主要发生在θ波(3~7 Hz)频段,而30~40 Hz频段改变相当于γ1频段。进一步将两组大鼠训练前后的右侧CA3区神经振荡进行自身比较,结果显示训练后快回避反应组大鼠仅出现β波、β2(20~30 Hz)和γ1节律百分比增加,θ波节律百分比在训练前后无明显变化,而普通回避反应组大鼠训练前后比较显示,训练后右侧CA3区θ波节律百分比和大幅波(强度:+2.5~-2.5 db)显著减少(P0.01)。本研究结果显示,快回避反应组大鼠电击回避训练后,右侧海马CA3区β2和γ1节律百分比增加,θ波节律百分比保持较高水平,这些改变可能与其较强的空间认知能力有关。     

高频刺激丘脑底核对帕金森病大鼠模型纹状体神经元放电的影响

目的:观察高频刺激丘脑底核(STN)对帕金森病(PD)大鼠模型纹状体 (STR)神经元自发放电的影响.方法:应用6-羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA)制备偏侧PD大鼠模型,丘脑底核区插入刺激电极进行高频刺激,采用细胞外单位记录的方法观察STR神经元自发放电频率的改变.结果:正常大鼠刺激后STR神经元反应主要以兴奋型反应为主, PD大鼠STR神经元反应主要以兴奋抑制型为主,且随着刺激时间的延长,抑制持续时间逐渐增加,持续时间与刺激时间密切相关(r=0.94).结论:刺激STN可使PD大鼠纹状体的异常放电得到改善,提示高频电刺激STN可作为一种有效的治疗PD的方法.     

应用小波熵分析大鼠脑电信号的动态变化特性

应用小波熵（一种新的信号复杂度测量方法）分析大鼠在不同生理状态下脑电复杂度的动态时变特性。采用慢性埋植电极记录自由活动大鼠的皮层EEG,使用多分辨率小波变换将EEG信号分解为δ、θ、α和β四个分量,求得随时间变化的小波熵。结果表明：在清醒、慢波睡眠和快动眼睡眠三种生理状态下,EEG的小波熵之间存在显著差别,并且在不同时期其值与各个分解分量之间具有不同的关系,其中,慢波睡眠期小波熵还具有较明显的变化节律,反映了EEG微状态中慢波和纺锤波的互补性。由此可见,小波熵既能区别长时间段EEG复杂度之间的差别,又能反映EEG微状态的快速变化特性。     

帕金森病大鼠模型中脑腹侧被盖区多巴胺能神经元改变及c-Jun蛋白表达

目的探讨帕金森病(Parkinson disease,PD)大鼠模型中脑腹侧被盖区(ventral tegmental area,VTA)多巴胺能神经元的改变及其c-Jun蛋白表达情况,探讨其可能机制。方法应用6-羟基多巴胺(6-hydroxydopamine,6-OHDA)单侧一点注射大鼠黑质致密区(substantia nigra compacta,SNc),特异性毁损DA能神经元;术后1d、7d、14d、21d腹腔注射阿朴吗啡(apomorphine,APO)诱发行为学观察、电镜、尼氏染色观察中脑VTA神经元的改变,免疫组织化学ABC观察其DA能神经元酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)及c-Jun的改变并进行图像分析,Western blot观察c-Jun蛋白表达。结果APO诱发PD大鼠模型异常旋转行为,尼氏染色及电镜见PD大鼠中脑VTA有神经细胞肿胀、坏死等变化,VTA TH阳性(TH )神经元数量减少,形态学改变。APO诱导的旋转实验≥7转/min,VTA毁损侧c-Jun表达。结论中脑VTA DA能神经参与PD模型大鼠的改变;APO能诱导6-OHDA PD模型大鼠的旋转行为,其强弱可能与TH 神经元数量直接相关;c-Jun表达与DA能神经元毁损程度有一定的关系。     

高频电针刺激对帕金森病模型大鼠脑组织中γ-氨基丁酸含量的调节作用

本研究采用高效液相色谱-电化学法(high pressure/performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection,HPLC-ECD)观察电针刺激对帕金森病模型大鼠皮层、纹状体、腹侧中脑和小脑组织中神经递质含量的影响,以探讨电针减轻帕金森病行为症状的可能机制。在Sprague Dawley大鼠内侧前脑束(medial forebrain bundle,MFB)注射6-羟基多巴胺(6-hydroxydop-amine,6-OHDA),建立右侧损伤帕金森病大鼠模型,并将帕金森病大鼠随机分为模型组和100Hz电针治疗组(n=10),后者接受4个疗程(6天为一疗程)的头部百会穴(GV-20)及背部大椎穴(GV-14)电针刺激。另随机选取10只大鼠在MFB仅注射生理盐水(NS)作为假手术组。行为学测试观察电针治疗对阿扑吗啡诱导的大鼠异常旋转行为的影响,HPLC-ECD检测脑组织中γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)含量变化。结果显示,模型组大鼠出现了异常旋转行为,表明帕金森病造模成功。与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠皮层和纹状体损伤...     

蝎源活性肽对帕金森病大鼠凋亡因子改变的影响

目的:研究早期帕金森病(PD)大鼠脑内凋亡因子的改变及蝎源活性肽的保护作用。方法:选取健康雄性SD大鼠,体重为180~220 g,随机分为4组(n=10):早期PD模型组、假手术对照组、单独蝎源活性肽处理组和蝎源活性肽治疗组。采用6羟多巴胺(6-OHDA)制备大鼠PD早期模型,免疫组化观察大鼠黑质致密部和纹状体尾状核处Bax和Bcl-2免疫反应阳性颗粒数量和光密度的变化,观察大鼠PD发病早期脑内促进凋亡的Bax和抑制凋亡的Bcl-2的表达情况,进一步观察蝎源活性肽保护作用的抗凋亡机制。结果:发现在6-OHDA给药侧,PD早期大鼠与对照组相比,脑内促进凋亡的Bax表达增强,而抑制凋亡的Bcl-2表达减弱,而蝎源活性肽可有效的逆转这种异常的表达。结论:早期PD大鼠促进凋亡的Bax表达增强和抑制凋亡的Bcl-2表达减弱参与PD的早期病变,而抗凋亡机制参与了蝎源活性肽对中脑多巴胺能神经元的早期保护作用。     

Alterations in brain connectivity underlying beta oscillations in Parkinsonism

Cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits are severely disrupted by the dopamine depletion of Parkinson's disease (PD), leading to pathologically exaggerated beta oscillations. Abnormal rhythms, found in several circuit nodes are correlated with movement impairments but their neural basis remains unclear. Here, we used dynamic causal modelling (DCM) and the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat model of PD to examine the effective connectivity underlying these spectral abnormalities. We acquired auto-spectral and cross-spectral measures of beta oscillations (10-35 Hz) from local field potential recordings made simultaneously in the frontal cortex, striatum, external globus pallidus (GPe) and subthalamic nucleus (STN), and used these data to optimise neurobiologically plausible models. Chronic dopamine depletion reorganised the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuit, with increased effective connectivity in the pathway from cortex to STN and decreased connectivity from STN to GPe. Moreover, a contribution analysis of the Parkinsonian circuit distinguished between pathogenic and compensatory processes and revealed how effective connectivity along the indirect pathway acquired a strategic importance that underpins beta oscillations. In modelling excessive beta synchrony in PD, these findings provide a novel perspective on how altered connectivity in basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits reflects a balance between pathogenesis and compensation, and predicts potential new therapeutic targets to overcome dysfunctional oscillations.     

Signal alterations of the basal ganglia in the differential diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease: a retrospective case-controlled MRI data bank analysis

Background

Based upon the acquainted loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in Parkinson’s disease (PD), we hypothesised changes in magnetic resonance imaging signal intensities of the basal ganglia to be useful as an additional technical tool in the diagnostic work-up.

Methods

Region-of-interest analyses (substantia nigra and globus pallidus internus) of T2-weighted scans were performed in seventy subjects with PD, 170 age- and gender-matched controls and 38 patients with an atypical form of neurodegenerative Parkinsonian syndrome (N?=?11 multisystem atrophy, N?=?22 progressive supranuclear palsy, N?=?5 corticobasal syndrome).

Results

In patients with PD, significant changes in signal intensities within the substantia nigra were observed compared to controls at p?<?0.001. For the globus pallidus internus, signal alterations in PD and progressive supranuclear palsy were found to be significant (p?<?0.001) if compared to controls. Furthermore, signal changes of substantia nigra correlated with signal intensities of globus pallidus internus in the ipsilateral hemisphere in both groups. Sensitivity was 86% and specificity was 90% for the combined analysis of substantia nigra and globus pallidus internus in the complete patient sample versus controls.

Conclusions

Signal alterations of substantia nigra and globus pallidus internus in routine magnetic resonance imaging were useful to distinguish patients with PD from controls. In addition, signal changes in globus pallidus internus could be used to differentiate progressive supranuclear palsy patients from controls. These analyses have the potential to serve as an additional non-invasive technical tool to support the individual differential diagnosis of PD.

     

鱼藤酮帕金森大鼠多脑区铁积聚与胶质细胞激活

目的观察鱼藤酮帕金森病（Parkinson＇s disease,PD）大鼠铁积聚脑区胶质细胞是否激活。方法雄性Wistar大鼠予颈背部皮下注射鱼藤酮（2 mg/kg）葵花油乳化液,每日一次,连续注射4~6周制备PD模型,8周时做冰冻切片,行免疫组化染色观察PD大鼠铁积聚脑区小胶质细胞（OX42）和星形胶质细胞（GFAP）。结果 PD大鼠黑质致密部、海马齿状回颗粒细胞层、纹状体苍白球、小脑齿状-间位核及小脑面神经核中铁染色显著积聚区域内小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞染色积分光密度值较正常组明显增加（P〈0.05）。结论鱼藤酮PD大鼠铁积聚脑区小胶质细胞、星型胶质细胞均呈激活状态。     

Diurnal rhythm of the in vivo release of enkephalin from the globus pallidus of the rat

The in vivo spontaneous release of enkephalin in the globus pallidus of the rat increases from noon to evening by 100%; during this period the local release of exogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) decreases by 60%. These diurnal rhythms are more marked in the K+-stimulated release: enkephalin-induced output increases 6-fold while GABA decreases 10-fold during the afternoon and evening hours. Since pallidal enkephalin and GABA are involved in the control of locomotor activity we suggest that these rhythms may be linked to the circadian changes of activity in the rat.     

Increased brain histamine levels in Parkinson's disease but not in multiple system atrophy

We investigated histamine concentration in post-mortem brain samples of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD, n = 24), multiple system atrophy (MSA, n = 8) and age-matched controls (n = 27). Histamine concentrations were significantly increased in the putamen (to 159% of the control mean), substantia nigra pars compacta (to 201%), internal globus pallidus (to 234%) and external globus pallidus (to 200%), i.e. in areas which play a crucial role in the motor behaviour and which show typical functional alterations in PD. In MSA no significant differences were seen. Tele-methylhistamine (histamine metabolite) concentrations were unchanged in PD. These results indicate that histamine concentration, but not its metabolism is increased in PD, but not in MSA. This finding may have implications in developing new drug therapies for PD and in differential diagnosis between PD and MSA.     

Enhanced levels of endogenous cannabinoids in the globus pallidus are associated with a reduction in movement in an animal model of Parkinson's disease.

In recent years, cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids) have been identified within the brain. The high density of CB1 cannabinoid receptors within the basal ganglia suggests a potential role for endocannabinoids in the control of voluntary movement and in basal ganglia-related movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease. However, whether endocannabinoids play a role in regulating motor behavior in health and disease is unknown. Here we report the presence in two regions of the basal ganglia, the globus pallidus and substantia nigra, of the endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2AG) and anandamide. The levels of the latter compound are approximately threefold higher than those previously reported in any other brain region. In the reserpine-treated rat, an animal model of Parkinson's disease, suppression of locomotion is accompanied by a sevenfold increase in the levels of the 2AG in the globus pallidus, but not in the other five brain regions analyzed. Stimulation of locomotion in the reserpine-treated rat by either of the two selective agonists of D2 and D1 dopamine receptors, quinpirole and R-(+/-)-3-allyl-6-chloro-7, 8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrobromide (Cl-APB), respectively, results in the reduction of both anandamide and 2AG levels in the globus pallidus. Finally, full restoration of locomotion in the reserpine-treated rat is obtained by coadministration of quinpirole and the selective antagonist of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor subtype, SR141716A. These findings indicate a link between endocannabinoid signaling in the globus pallidus and symptoms of Parkinson's disease in the reserpine-treated rat, and suggest that modulation of the endocannabinoid signaling system might prove useful in treating this or other basal ganglia-related movement disorders.     

Temporal Changes of CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor in the Basal Ganglia as a Possible Structure-Specific Plasticity Process in 6-OHDA Lesioned Rats

The endocannabinoid system has been implicated in several neurobiological processes, including neurodegeneration, neuroprotection and neuronal plasticity. The CB1 cannabinoid receptors are abundantly expressed in the basal ganglia, the circuitry that is mostly affected in Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Some studies show variation of CB1 expression in basal ganglia in different animal models of PD, however the results are quite controversial, due to the differences in the procedures employed to induce the parkinsonism and the periods analyzed after the lesion. The present study evaluated the CB1 expression in four basal ganglia structures, namely striatum, external globus pallidus (EGP), internal globus pallidus (IGP) and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) of rats 1, 5, 10, 20, and 60 days after unilateral intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine injections, that causes retrograde dopaminergic degeneration. We also investigated tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), parvalbumin, calbindin and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) expression to verify the status of dopaminergic and GABAergic systems. We observed a structure-specific modulation of CB1 expression at different periods after lesions. In general, there were no changes in the striatum, decreased CB1 in IGP and SNpr and increased CB1 in EGP, but this increase was not sustained over time. No changes in GAD and parvalbumin expression were observed in basal ganglia, whereas TH levels were decreased and the calbindin increased in striatum in short periods after lesion. We believe that the structure-specific variation of CB1 in basal ganglia in the 6-hydroxydopamine PD model could be related to a compensatory process involving the GABAergic transmission, which is impaired due to the lack of dopamine. Our data, therefore, suggest that the changes of CB1 and calbindin expression may represent a plasticity process in this PD model.     

磁敏感加权成像在帕金森病中的应用研究

目的:探索帕金森病(PD)的磁敏感加权成像(SWI)的表现。方法:34例帕金森病患者作为病例组和30例正常人作为对照组,采用GE1.5T磁共振成像系统,行常规的快速自旋回波T1、T2加权像后,加扫三维磁敏感加权成像覆盖基底节区及中脑。使用SWI后处理软件在校正相位图上两次测量双侧尾状核头、苍白球、壳核、黑质、红核的相位值,最终的相位值取两次测量的平均值。结果:病例组患者黑质、壳核的相位值较对照组明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),PD患者黑质及壳核铁沉积增加。病例组壳核的相位值与PD病程之间存在负相关。对照组中尾状核头、壳核、黑质相位值左侧低于右侧。结论:SWI是显示PD患者脑内铁沉积的有效的检查方法。