摘要及关键词

按照国家标准《科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文的编写格式》(GB7713-87)的规定,摘要是报告、论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述,应具有独立性和自含性,即不阅读报告、论文的全文,就能获得必要的信息。摘要中有数据、有结论,是一篇完整的短文,可以独立使用,可以引用,可以用于工艺推广。摘要的内容应包含与报告、论文同等量的主要信息,供读者确定有无必要阅读全文,也供文摘等二次文献采用。摘要一般应说明研究工作目的、实验方法、结果和最终结论等,而重点是结果和结论。     

摘要及关键词

按照国家标准《科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文的编写格式》（GB7713—87）的规定，摘要是报告、论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，应具有独立性和自含性，即不阅读报告、论文的全文，就能获得必要的信息。摘要中有数据、有结论，是一篇完整的短文，可以独立使用，可以引用，可以用于工艺推广。摘要的内容应包含与报告、论文同等量的主要信息，供读者确定有无必要阅读全文，也供文摘等二次文献采用。摘要一般应说明研究工作目的、实验方法、结果和最终结论等，而重点是结果和结论。中文摘要一般不宜超过200～300字，外文摘要不宜超过250个实词，如遇特殊需要字数可以略多。除了实在无变通办法可用以外，摘要中不用图、表、化学结构式、非公知公用的符号和术语。     

摘要及关键词

<正>按照国家标准《科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文的编写格式》(GB7713-87)的规定,摘要是报告、论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述,应具有独立性和自含性,即不阅读报告、论文的全文,就能获得必要的信息。摘要中有数据、有结论,是一篇完整的短文,可以独立使用,可以引用,可以用于工艺     

研究进展及成果

葡萄成熟过程中芳香物质变化特征研究果树生理与遗传规律研究组以葡萄研究为主,是国内著名,在国际上也有一定影响的研究单位。近5年来,围绕100余份重要的葡萄种质资源(不同种与品种),对糖、酸、花色苷、香气、白藜芦     

摘要及关键词

按照国家标准《科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文的编写格式》(GB7713-87)的规定,摘要是报告、论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述,应具有独立性和自含性,即不阅读报告、论文的全文,就能获得必要的信息。摘要中有数据、有结论,是一篇完整的短文,可以独立使用,可以引用,可以用于工艺推广。摘要的内容应包含与报告、论文同等量的主要信息,供读者确定有无必要阅读全文,也供文摘等二次文献采用。摘要一般应说明研究工作目的、实验方法、结果和最终结论等,而重点是结果和结论。     

摘要及关键词

<正>按照国家标准《科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文的编写格式》(GB7713-87)的规定,摘要是报告、论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述,应具有独立性和自含性,即不阅读报告、论文的全文,就能获得必要的信息。摘要中有数据、有结论,是一篇完整的短文,可以独立使用,可以引用,可以用于工艺推广。摘要的内容应包含与报告、论文同等量的主要信息,供读者确定有无必要阅读全文,也供文摘等     

摘要及关键词

按照国家标准《科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文的编写格式》（GB7713—87）的规定，摘要是报告、论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，应具有独立性和自含性，即不阅读报告、论文的全文，就能获得必要的信息。摘要中有数据、有结论，是一篇完整的短文，可以独立使用，可以引用。     

邢台市及郊区鸟类区系组成及多样性

2003年3月~2005年7月对邢台市鸟类区系组成及多样性进行了调查,共记录到鸟类166种,隶属15目42科。本文重点探讨了不同生境、不同季节鸟类群落的种类、多样性、均匀度、相似性等群落特征。结果表明,鸟类种数由多至少依次为林地生境、公共绿地生境、河流水域生境、农田生境、建筑区生境。Shannon-Weiner多样性指数由大到小依次为林地生境、公共绿地生境、河流水域生境、农田生境、建筑区生境。比较这5种生境之间的相似性得出,公共绿地生境鸟类群落与建筑区生境鸟类群落、林地生境鸟类群落相似,相似性达到60%以上,而河流水域生境鸟类群落与其他生境鸟类群落有极明显的差异。     

北京及邻近地区蛇类存疑种分布及讨论

本研究基于前人对北京及邻近地区蛇类的基础调查文献进行总结,并于2010—2016年,多次对北京及邻近地区进行蛇类资源调查。本研究根据调查结果和现有文献对北京蛇类多样性资源予以初步总结,并对部分存疑物种进行讨论。其中,黑头剑蛇Sibynophis chinensis曾被认为是人为引入的物种,但本研究证实其应为原生种;北京地区所纪录的"中介蝮"实际应为2个不同种,分别为华北蝮G.stejnegeri和西伯利亚蝮指名亚种G.halys halys;乌苏里蝮G.ussuriensis系误记,应为短尾蝮G.brevicaudus。     

SNS: Adhesive properties, localization requirements and ectodomain dependence in S2 cells and embryonic myoblasts

The body wall muscles in the Drosophila larva arise from interactions between Duf/Kirre and Irregular chiasm C-roughest (IrreC-rst)-expressing founder myoblasts and sticks-and-stones (SNS)-expressing fusion competent myoblasts in the embryo. Herein, we demonstrate that SNS mediates heterotypic adhesion of S2 cells with Duf/Kirre and IrreC-rst-expressing S2 cells, and colocalizes with these proteins at points of cell contact. These properties are independent of their transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, and are observed quite readily with GPI-anchored forms of the ectodomains. Heterotypic interactions between Duf/Kirre and SNS-expressing S2 cells occur more rapidly and to a greater extent than homotypic interactions with other Duf/Kirre-expressing cells. In addition, Duf/Kirre and SNS are present in an immunoprecipitable complex from S2 cells. In the embryo, Duf/Kirre and SNS are present at points of contact between founder and fusion competent cells. Moreover, SNS clustering on the cell surface is dependent on Duf/Kirre and/or IrreC-rst. Finally, although the cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains of SNS are expendable for interactions in culture, they are essential for fusion of embryonic myoblasts.     

Relationships of plant pathogenic enterobacteria based on partial atpD, carA, and recA as individual and concatenated nucleotide and peptide sequences

Relationships of the genera in the Enterobacteriaceae containing plant pathogenic species: Brenneria, Dickeya, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Pantoea, Pectobacterium, and Samsonia, were investigated by comparison of their nucleotide and peptide sequences of atpD, carA, recA, and the concatenated sequences. Erwinia spp. and Pantoea spp., with Pectobacterium cypripedii, formed a group distinct from other pathogenic taxa. Pectobacterium, Brenneria, Dickeya, and Samsonia formed a contiguous clade. Samsonia was usually concurrent with Pectobacterium. Most Brenneria were also close to Pectobacterium, suggesting that these three taxa might be better represented as a single genus. Brenneria quercina was not closely associated with other members of this genus and may represent a separate genus. The sequences representing Dickeya were distinct, further supporting the generic status of the taxon. Plant pathogenic Enterobacter spp. display such sequence variability that few definite conclusions as to their specific placement could be made. These data highlight the difficulty of drawing reliable and robust taxonomic conclusions based on comparative analysis of sequence data without some independent criterion to calibrate a scale for diversity.     

Parasites, emerging disease and wildlife conservation

In this review some emerging issues of parasite infections in wildlife, particularly in Australia, are considered. We discuss the importance of understanding parasite biodiversity in wildlife in terms of conservation, the role of wildlife as reservoirs of parasite infection, and the role of parasites within the broader context of the ecosystem. Using a number of parasite species, the value of undertaking longitudinal surveillance in natural systems using non-invasive sampling and molecular tools to characterise infectious agents is illustrated in terms of wildlife health, parasite biodiversity and ecology.     

Zebrafish msxB, msxC and msxE function together to refine the neural-nonneural border and regulate cranial placodes and neural crest development

The zebrafish muscle segment homeobox genes msxB, msxC and msxE are expressed in partially overlapping domains in the neural crest and preplacodal ectoderm. We examined the roles of these msx genes in early development. Disrupting individual msx genes causes modest variable defects, whereas disrupting all three produces a reproducible severe phenotype, suggesting functional redundancy. Neural crest differentiation is blocked at an early stage. Preplacodal development begins normally, but placodes arising from the msx expression domain later show elevated apoptosis and are reduced in size. Cell proliferation is normal in these tissues. Unexpectedly, Msx-deficient embryos become ventralized by late gastrulation whereas misexpression of msxB dorsalizes the embryo. These effects appear to involve Distal-less (Dlx) protein activity, as loss of dlx3b and dlx4b suppresses ventralization in Msx-depleted embryos. At the same time, Msx-depletion restores normal preplacodal gene expression to dlx3b-dlx4b mutants. These data suggest that mutual antagonism between Msx and Dlx proteins achieves a balance of function required for normal preplacodal differentiation and placement of the neural-nonneural border.     

Bacterial flora in the alimentary tract of chickens infected with Eimeria brunetti and in chickens immunized with Eimeria maxima and cross-infected with Eimeria brunetti

Differential bacterial counts were made on the intestinal and caecal contents of chickens after inoculation with a standard dose of 320 000 freshly sporulated oocysts of Eimeria brunetti.     

Vascular Streak Dieback of cacao in Southeast Asia and Melanesia: in planta detection of the pathogen and a new taxonomy

Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) disease of cacao (Theobroma cacao) in Southeast Asia and Melanesia is caused by a basidiomycete (Ceratobasidiales) fungus Oncobasidium theobromae (syn. =Thanatephorus theobromae). The most characteristic symptoms of the disease are green-spotted leaf chlorosis or, commonly since about 2004, necrotic blotches, followed by senescence of leaves beginning on the second or third flush behind the shoot apex, and blackening of infected xylem in the vascular traces at the leaf scars resulting from the abscission of infected leaves. Eventually the shoot apex is killed and infected branches die. In susceptible cacao the fungus may grow through the xylem down into the main stem and kill a mature cacao tree. Infections in the stem of young plants prior to the formation of the first 3-4 lateral branches usually kill the plant. Basidiospores released from corticioid basidiomata developed on leaf scars or along cracks in the main vein of infected leaves infect young leaves. The pathogen commonly infects cacao but there are rare reports from avocado. As both crops are introduced to the region, the pathogen is suspected to occur asymptomatically in native vegetation. The pathogen is readily isolated but cultures cannot be maintained. In this study, DNA was extracted from pure cultures of O. theobromae obtained from infected cacao plants sampled from Indonesia. The internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), consisting of ITS1, 5.8S ribosomal RNA and ITS2, and a portion of nuclear large subunit (LSU) were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences placed O. theobromae sister to Ceratobasidium anastomosis groups AG-A, AG-Bo, and AG-K with high posterior probability. Therefore the new combination Ceratobasidium theobromae is proposed. A PCR-based protocol was developed to detect and identify C. theobromae in plant tissue of cacao enabling early detection of the pathogen in plants. A second species of Ceratobasidium, Ceratobasidium ramicola, identified through ITS sequence analysis, was isolated from VSD-affected cacao plants in Java, and is widespread in diseased cacao collected from Indonesia.     

Annotated checklist of the recent and extinct pythons (Serpentes, Pythonidae), with notes on nomenclature, taxonomy, and distribution

McDiarmid et al. (1999) published the first part of their planned taxonomic catalog of the snakes of the world. Since then, several new python taxa have been described in both the scientific literature and non-peer-reviewed publications. This checklist evaluates the nomenclatural status of the names and discusses the taxonomic status of the new taxa, and aims to continue the work of McDiarmid et al. (1999) for the family Pythonidae, covering the period 1999 to 2010. Numerous new taxa are listed, and where appropriate recent synonymies are included and annotations are made. A checklist and a taxonomic identification key of valid taxa are provided.     

Recent advances in the in vitro cultivation and genetic manipulation of Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes and germinal cells

In order to elucidate host-parasite interactions and infection strategies of helminths at the molecular level, the availability of suitable in vitro cultivation systems for this group of parasites is of vital importance. One of the few helminth systems for which in vitro cultivation has been relatively successfully carried out in the past is the larval stage of the fox-tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis, the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis. Respective ‘first generation’ cultivation systems relied on the co-incubation of larval tissue, isolated from laboratory rodents, with host feeder cells. Although these techniques have been very successful in producing metacestode material for drug screening assays or the establishment of cDNA libraries, the continuous presence of host cells prevented detailed studies on the influence of defined host factors on larval growth. To facilitate such investigations, we have recently introduced the first truly axenic system for long-term in vitro maintenance of metacestode vesicles and used it to establish a technique for parasite cell cultivation. The resulting culture system, which allows the complete in vitro regeneration of metacestode vesicles from germinal cells, is a highly useful tool to study the cellular and molecular basis of a variety of developmental processes that occur during the infection of the mammalian host. Furthermore, it provides a solid basis for establishing transgenic techniques in cestodes for the first time. We consider it an appropriate time point to discuss the characteristics of these ‘second generation’ cultivation systems in comparison with former techniques, to present our first successful attempts to introduce foreign DNA into Echinococcus cells, and to share our ideas on how a fully transgenic Echinococcus strain can be generated in the near future.     

Characterization of 10 MADS-box genes from Pyrus pyrifolia and their differential expression during fruit development and ripening

We cloned 10 Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) MIKC-type II MADS-box genes, and analyzed their expression during fruit development and ripening. PpMADS2-1 was APETALA (AP)1-like; PpMADS3-1 was FRUITFULL (FUL)/SQUAMOSA (SQUA)-like; PpMADS4-1 was AGAMOUS-like (AGL)6; PpMADS5-1 and PpMADS8-1 were SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS (SOC)-like; PpMADS9-1, PpMADS12-1, PpMADS14-1 and PpMADS16-1 were SEPALLATA (SEP)-like; while PpMADS15-1 was AGL/SHATTERPROOF (SHP)-like. Phylogenetic analysis showed their grouping into five major clades (and 10 sub-clades) that was consistent with their diverse functional types. Expression analysis in flower tissue revealed their distinct putative homeotic functional classes: A-class (PpMADS2-1, PpMADS3-1, PpMADS4-1, and PpMADS14-1), C-class (PpMADS15-1), E-class (PpMADS9-1, PpMADS12-1, and PpMADS16-1) and E (F)-class (PpMADS5-1 and PpMADS8-1). Differential gene expression was observed in different fruit tissues (skin, cortex and core) as well as in the cortex during the course of fruit development and ripening. Collectively, our results suggest their involvement in the diverse aspects of plant development including flower development and the course of fruit development and ripening.