云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)林外生菌根真菌的时空分布

2000年至2005年,调查了滇中及其附近云南松林下外生菌根真菌的生态分布,共采集、鉴定标本834号,计有27科39属211种（含变种、变型）。结果表明,红菇属（Russula）、牛肝菌属（Boletus）、乳菇属（Lactarius）、乳牛肝菌属（Suillus）、口蘑属（Tricholoma）、鸡油菌属（Cantharellus）和革菌属（Thelephora）等为云南松林下的主要外生菌根菌类群。它们的发生与分布受到气候（如：气温和降水）、植被（如：林龄、林地郁闭度和草本植被）、地形特征（如：海拔、坡向和坡度）、土壤条件（如：pH值、地表腐殖质和枯枝落叶层等）和人为干扰（比如：商业化采集、林木采伐、火烧和地表物清理）诸多因素的影响。总结为如下：（1）5a的调查结果显示,云南松外生菌根菌的分布表现出季节性变化的规律;其中以每年1、2、3月份的物种多样性为最低,雨季期间急剧增加,至中夏和秋末达到顶峰,种类最为繁多。（2）在海拔1500-2100m,云南松外生菌根菌种类随着海拔的升高而逐渐增加,至顶峰后,又呈缓慢下降趋势。海拔因素不但对其物种多样性,而且对于类群的组成也具有重要的影响。特定的类群往往发生在特定海拔范围。（3）随着云南松林龄的增加,外生菌根菌呈现由少至多的演替过程。外生菌根菌多样性随云南松林生长而逐渐增加的演替方式,可能与宿主光合作用产物、根部分泌物和土壤条件的逐渐变化有关。（4）人类干扰是云南松外生菌根菌物种多样性和类群组成的主要负影响因子。大规模的商业化采集可破坏或枯竭地下菌丝体,打破各物种之间的竞争平衡,减少孢子释放影响资源再生能力,进而直接影响到子实体的产生。外生菌根菌物种多样性的减少趋势会随林木砍伐和火烧强度的增加而加剧。地表枯枝落叶层与杂草密度也会影响子实体的产生,其中枯枝落叶层的厚度与云南松外生菌根菌子实体的发生呈负相关性,而被紫茎泽兰覆盖的云南松林地内也很少会发现相应的子实体。     

云南松林野生食用菌物种多样性及保护对策

近年来,随着野生食用菌的商业化采收规模急剧扩大,云南松（Pinus yunnanensis）林下野生食用菌尤其是野生贸易真菌的种类和产量呈逐年下降趋势。作者于2000－2004年夏,对滇中及其邻近地区云南松林下野生食用菌的资源状况进行了调查研究。作者共采集、鉴定标本457号,并对他人采自云南松林下的152号馆藏标本也进行了重新鉴定,共统计野生食用菌27科39属147种（含变种、变型）;同时对市场上出售的采自云南松林下的野生食用菌类群也进行了调查统计,共收集、鉴定标本167号,计21科33属97种（含变种、变型）。调查结果显示,目前记录云南松林产野生食用菌共计27科43属211种（含变种、变型）,野生贸易真菌有23科35属111种（含变种、变型）。其中红菇科（Russulaceae）的种数最多,包括红菇属（Russula）32种,乳菇属（Lactarius）17种,分别占总种数的15.17%和8.06%;牛肝菌科（Boletaceae）占第二位,有41种,占总种数的19.43%。其次是口蘑科（Tricholomataceae）17种,占总种数的8.06%。丛枝瑚菌科（Ramariaceae）有11种,乳牛肝菌科（Suillaceae）11种,鸡油菌科（Cantharellaceae）9种,三者的种数占总种数的百分比分别为5.21%、5.21%和4.27%。在这些类群当中,红菇属、牛肝菌属（Boletus）、乳菇属、乳牛肝菌属（Suillus）、枝瑚菌属（Ramaria）、口蘑属（Tricholoma）、鸡油菌属（Cantharellus）和革菌属（Thelephora）的30余种真菌为云南市场上最为常见的野生贸易类群,约占云南优势野生贸易真菌种数的47.50%。作者呼吁立即采取行之有效的措施保护和管理这些珍贵的自然资源,并加强研究,以期达到持续利用之目的。     

内蒙古地区白桦外生菌根形态类型及分子鉴定

以内蒙古不同地区白桦外生菌根为材料,采用形态解剖学方法和分子生物学手段对与白桦共生的外生菌根真菌多样性进行全面的调查,并经对所测序列与GenBank和Database比对。结果显示:在内蒙古地区与白桦共生的外生菌根真菌共13种,其中担子菌7种,子囊菌4种,分别来自于丝膜菌属、丝盖伞属、蜡壳耳属、毛革菌属、滑菇属和空团菌属、块菌属、地怀菌属。其中,菌根类型T₈和T₁₁未能提出其总DNA,根据其外生菌根形态类型并参照Agerer体视显微镜菌根图谱和Haug菌根图谱进行比较,分类鉴定为荷顿氏疣柄牛肝菌和白桦外生菌根真菌一种。结果表明,内蒙古地区白桦外生菌根真菌多样性相对较高,且与利用地上子实体鉴定的外生菌根真菌种类有一定的区别。     

呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松外生菌根真菌多样性

沙地樟子松是我国北方重要的防风固沙造林树种,也是一种典型的外生菌根依赖型树种。为揭示呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松外生菌根真菌多样性,以中龄、近熟、成熟3个龄组沙地樟子松人工林和沙地樟子松天然林为研究对象,采用野外调查和分子生物学相结合的研究方法,鉴定分析沙地樟子松外生菌根真菌种群特征。研究结果表明：（1）呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松外生菌根真菌共有10个OTU属于子囊菌,48个OTU属于担子菌,隶属于21科25属。（2）天然林优势菌为糙缘腺革菌属Amphinema、丝膜菌属Cortinarius和乳牛肝菌属Suillus,人工林优势菌为乳牛肝菌属,其余菌种相对丰度随着林龄变化波动较大。（3）天然林与人工林外生菌根真菌种群Shannon、Simpson和Pielou指数存在显著差异（P<0.05）,人工林间alpha多样性指数差异不显著（P>0.05）。（4）呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松天然林和人工林外生菌根真菌种群组成存在较大差异,其中近熟林的外生菌根真菌群落组成与天然林的最为接近。     

指数方法

评价物种多样性是目前生物多样性研究中的一项紧迫任务。我们提出一种基于信息测度的G-F指数公式,利用生物普查得到的鸟类和兽类名录计算一个地区的物种多样性。首先计算属间的多样性（G指数）和科间的多样性（F指数）,然后,再利用G指数和F指数的比值进行标准化,得出G-F指数。在这一指数体系中,F指数包括科中和科间的多样性。如果G-F指数趋近1,则代表科间多样性的F指数下降,或者代表属多样性的G指数上升;否则G-F指数趋近零或为负数。信息测度通常也用于生物群落的生态多样性。然而,G-F指数与生态多样性不同。G-F指数测定的一个地区一个生物类群中科属间的物种多样性,而生态多样性指数研究生物群落中物种组成及种间个体的多寡。利用G-F指数研究评估生物多样性保护有如下优点：（1）G-F指数提供了一种简捷有效的生物多样性保护评估方法,因为在许多地点已经进行过生物普查,编写了动物、植物名录;（2）G-F指数是一种标准化指数,可以进行不同地区间生物多样性比较。在动物界,特别是无脊椎动物中,尚未鉴定的物种占多数,而鸟类和兽类中尚未鉴定的物种很少。我们应用鸟类和兽类名录计算了G-F指数,选择了梵净山、大瑶山、伏牛山、凉水、北京—天津、海北、白音锡勒、青海湖和帕米尔高原等9个地区,进行了物种多样性的比较研究。结果表明：在上述地区,鸟类的G指数高于兽类的G指数,但差异并不显著（p=0.11）。鸟类的F指数显著地高于兽类的F指数（p<0.05）。鸟类G-F指数与兽类G-F指数相关(r=0.68, p<0.05)。     

昆明树木园枯枝落叶层无脊椎动物群落多样性

为了解昆明树木园枯枝落叶层无脊椎动物群落结构及特征,于2010年5月-2011年9对昆明树木园中香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、圆柏(Sabina chinensis)、玉兰(Magnolia denudata)、云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)、红枫(Acer palmatum cv.Atropuceum)共5个树种的枯枝落叶层无脊椎动物进行采样调查.共采获无脊椎动物25237头,隶属于2门5纲18目15科,其中蜱螨目和弹尾目为优势类群;缨翅目、伪蝎目、半翅目和革翅目为常见类群.采用Shannon多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson优势度指数来衡量5个树种的枯枝落叶层无脊椎动物多样性,结果表明:5个树种的枯枝落叶层中无脊椎动物群落物种组成相似,群落中时空异质性较低;5个树种的枯枝落叶层中共采集菌食性蓟马375头,隶属l科、3属、4种,其中,奇管蓟马属(Allothrips)为云南新纪录属,同时也是昆明树木园菌食性蓟马群落中的绝对优势类群.     

南极长城站地区土壤微生物生态作用的初步探讨

从南极长城站附近联合采样13个,并进行了土壤微生物的数量统计与种类鉴定。氨化细菌的菌量为10⁴～10⁶cells／g,共7个属：微球菌属（Micrococcus）,葡萄球菌属（Staphylococcus）,假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）,芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）,产碱菌属（Alcaligenes）,黄杆菌属（Flavobacterium）,节杆菌属（Arthrobacter）;固氮细菌菌量为10⁵～10⁷cells／g,仅一个固氮菌属（Azotobacter）;硝化细菌一般为10⁴cells／g,分属两个属：硝化杆菌属（Nitrobacter）,硝化球菌属（Nitrococcus）;真菌为10³cells／g,分属5个属：青霉菌属（Penicillium）,金孢霉菌属（Chrysosporium）,枝孢霉菌属（Cladosporium）,曲霉菌属（As-pergillus）,散囊菌属（Eurotium）,反硝化菌为 10²～10⁴cells／g,分属 3个属：假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）,微球菌属（Micrococcus）,芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）;放线菌分属3个属：链霉菌属（Streptomyces）,小单孢菌属（Micromonospora）,和诺卡氏菌属（Nocardia）。联采样品12℃培养的出现率主要类群是：假单胞菌属（42％）,芽孢杆菌属（35％）,微球菌属（31％）,节杆菌属（27％）,青霉菌属（58％）,枝孢霉菌属（54％）,硝化杆菌属（81％）,固氮菌属（88％）,反硝化细菌中主要是假单胞菌属（58％）,芽孢杆菌属（38％）。文中还讨论了微生物菌量与土壤总碳、总氮的相关性及其在该地区氮循环中的生态学作用。     

长白山北坡阔叶红松林草本植物物种多样性及其季节动态

通过对原始阔叶红松林草本植物早春（5月5～20日）、夏季（6月20日～7月10日）和秋季（8月20日～9月10日）的三次调查,结果表明其物种多样性是很丰富的,一年内共有123种（包括6个变种）草本植物在该森林内出现。同时其季节变化也比较明显,早春、夏季和秋季的草本植物物种数分别为：79,101,和98;Shannon多样性指数分别为：3．1829,3．3140,2．9677;Shannon均匀度指数分别为0．7284,0．7181和 0．6473。早春的草本植物以银莲花（Anemone spp）、延期索（Corydalis spp）、顶冰花（Gagealutea）等为主,夏秋季则美汉草（Meehania urticifolia）和一些苔草（Carex spp．）占优势。草本植物一年内的水平及垂直结构也有很大变化。     

山东五莲山植物群落结构及物种多样性

五莲山自然保护区地处鲁东南沿海地区,为全面了解其群落结构组成及物种多样性,作者进行了野外调查,共获得11个标准样方,面积6 600 m²。样方内记录到高等植物52科141种。该保护区地带性植被为常绿—落叶针阔叶天然次生混交林、落叶阔叶林,主要森林植被为赤松—板栗群落(Pinus densiflora-Castanea mollissima community)、麻栎—赤松群落(Quercus acutissima-Pinus densiflora community)、赤松—杜鹃群落（P. densiflora-Rhododendron simsii community）、麻栎—杜鹃群落(Q. acutissima-Rhododendron simsii community)。样方数据显示该区域木本植物种类不是很丰富,但植物群落结构复杂,具有明显的生境异质性,其多样性指数乔木层＜木本层＜灌木层。作者认为影响该保护区核心区多样性的最显著特征应该为海拔和坡度,而人为干扰会严重影响外围保护区植被类型及其物种多样性。整体上看,本区域正处于群落演替早期,种间竞争尚不充分,物种多样性偏低。     

黄山地区松树林外生菌根菌资源及生态分布

1998～2003年,对黄山地区松树林下外生菌根菌资源及生态分布进行了调查,鉴定出外生菌根菌43种,隶属于10科17属.其中马尾松林下有43种、黄山松林下有12种.马尾松幼林下的外生菌根菌种类单一,彩色豆马勃、硬皮马勃类为优势菌种;马尾松成熟林下外生菌根菌种类丰富,其优势种类为红菇科、鹅膏菌科、牛肝菌科和鸡油菌科的一些种类.并分析了树种植被对外生菌根菌分布的影响,菌根真菌的分布与温度、湿度及土壤条件的关系.     

The ectomycorrhizal flora of primary and secondary stands of Pinus sylvestris in relation to soil conditions and ectomycorrhizal succession

Abstract. Ectomycorrhizal species composition and sporocarp abundance in two 15–20-yr old primary stands of Pinus sylvestris in the central part of the Netherlands was compared with those in two 16- and 27-yr old secondary stands of P. sylvestris in the Northeast of the country. The trees of the primary stands were spontaneously seeded in a drifting sand area. Only thin litter and humus layers were present. The trees of the 16-yr old secondary stand were planted on podzolic sandy soil and those of the 27-yr old stand on non-podzolic sandy soil. In both secondary stands thick litter and humus layers had developed. The litter and humus partly originated from former stands at the same sites and partly from the present stands. In the secondary stands the thick litter and humus layers and herb vegetation were removed (‘sod-cutting’) in order to simulate the thin litter and humus layers in the primary stands. Control treatments were present. Surveys in 1991, 1992 and 1993 showed that sod-cutting enhanced both abundance and diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi. However, species richness and diversity were higher in the primary stands than in the secondary ones, also even in the sod-cut plots. High species richness and diversity were associated with low concentrations of nitrogen and relatively high pH in the litter and humus layers, and in the mineral soil.     

Restoration of Aboveground Ectomycorrhizal Flora in Stands of Pinus sylvestris (Scots Pine) in The Netherlands by Removal of Litter and Humus

Species richness and sporocarp density of ectomycorrhizal fungi in stands of Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine) in The Netherlands have decreased during the last decades. The lowest species diversity was found in P. sylvestris stands situated in areas with high atmospheric deposition of nitrogen originating from intensive livestock industry. In these stands, litter and humus have accumulated into thick layers, and the herbaceous understory vegetation is dominated by the grass Deschampsia flexuosa (wavy hair grass). Earlier investigations showed negative correlations between the number of species of ectomycorrhizal fungi above ground and the depth of humus layers. Our aim was to investigate whether removal of litter, humus layers, and herbaceous vegetation (sods)—so-called "sod cutting"—increased species diversity above ground and sporocarp density of ectomycorrhizal fungi in P. sylvestris stands of different age. Therefore, three P. sylvestris stands of different ages (planted in 1987, 1963, and 1924) on Haplic Arenosol were selected. In 1990, litter, humus layers, and herbaceous vegetation were removed to create nutrient-poor sandy soils without overlying litter and humus layers. Untreated plots served as controls. Surveys conducted in 1991, 1992, and 1993 indicated that sod cutting enhanced the species diversity and sporocarp density of ectomycorrhizal fungi. These results suggest that sod cutting is a way to restore ectomycorrhizal flora in medium-aged and old stands of P. sylvestris where litter and humus have accumulated.     

Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in late-successional Swedish boreal forests, and their composition following wildfire

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of wildfires on ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal communities in Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris ) stands. Below- and above-ground communities were analysed in terms of species richness and evenness by examining mycorrhizas and sporocarps in a chronosequence of burned stands in comparison with adjacent unburned late-successional stands. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-region (rDNA) of mycobionts from single mycorrhizas was digested with three restriction enzymes and compared with an ITS–restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) reference database of EM sporocarps. Spatial variation seemed to be more prominent than the effects of fire on the EM fungal species composition. Most of the common species tended to be found in all sites, suggesting that EM fungal communities show a high degree of continuity following low-intensity wildfires. Species richness was not affected by fire, whereas the evenness of species distributions of mycorrhizas was lower in the burned stands. The diversity of EM fungi was relatively high considering that there were only three EM tree species present in the stands. In total, 135 EM taxa were identified on the basis of their RFLP patterns; 66 species were recorded as sporocarps, but only 11 of these were also recorded as mycorrhizas. The species composition of the below-ground community of EM fungi did not reflect that of the sporocarps produced. EM fungal species present in our ITS–RFLP reference database accounted for 54–99% of the total sporocarp production in the stands, but only 0–32% of the mycorrhizal abundance.     

Effects of manipulation of litter and humus layers on ectomycorrhizal colonization potential in Scots pine stands of different age

Effects of manipulation of litter and humus layers (removal, doubling and control treatments) on the colonization potential of ectomycorrhizal fungi were studied in two secondary stands of Pinus sylvestris (5 and 18 years old) in The Netherlands. Five-mont-hold, sterile-grown Scots pine seedlings, inoculated with Laccaria bicolor, Paxillus involutus or Rhizopogon luteolus and noninoculated seedlings were used as baits. The seedlings were harvested after one growing season. For comparison, sporocarps of ectomycorrhizal fungi were also investigated. Genus composition on the seedlings was independent of initial inoculum, but determined by both treatment and age of the stands. In both stands, removal of litter and humus layers increased, and addition of organic material decreased the number of ectomycorrhizal types on the seedlings. Not all indigenous genera were observed by either outplanting seedlings or sporocarp surveys.     

Partial restoration of fungal and plant species diversity by removal of litter and humus layers in stands of Scots pine in the Netherlands

A field experiment was set up in five mature Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stands in the Netherlands in order to study the effects of removal of litter and humus on ectomycorrhizal fungi and vegetation of higher plants, bryophytes, and lichens. Lime was also applied as a countermeasure to the removal of surplus cations. Application of lime did not have significant effects on mycorrhizal fungi. Removal of ectorganic material increased species richness of ectomycorrhizal fungi. The number of fruit bodies was also higher in the sod-cut plots, but the difference compared with the controls was not significant in all years. A major effect of removal of the ectorganic layer was a reversion of ectomycorrhizal succession to earlier stages. Liming increased the number and cover of ruderal, nitrophilous plant species. Sod-cutting caused a reversion of the green vegetation to earlier successional stages.     

乔木根系和凋落物对南亚热带3种人工林土壤线虫群落的差异化影响

根系分泌物和凋落物为土壤食物网提供了基础的养分资源。然而,不同树种纯林和混交林地下根系和地上凋落物对土壤线虫群落的影响机制尚不清楚。2019年9月在广西凭祥热带林业实验中心选取格木(Erythrophleum fordii Oliv.)纯林、马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb.)纯林和格木×马尾松混交林3种林分类型,分别设置对照、阻断乔木根系、去除地上凋落物和阻断乔木根系并去除地上凋落物四组实验处理,于2021年3月对3种林分类型不同处理下的土壤线虫群落和土壤理化性质进行了调查。研究结果表明,无论哪种林分类型,阻断根系改变了土壤线虫群落的营养类群组成,显著降低了食真菌线虫相对多度,增加了植物寄生线虫相对多度;去除凋落物显著降低了土壤线虫密度、类群数、线虫通路比值和结构指数,增加了基础指数,表明去除凋落物降低了土壤食物网的稳定性。无论哪种林分类型,人工林中树木地下根系输入是构建土壤线虫群落营养类群组成的主要驱动因素,地上凋落物在维持土壤食物网稳定性方面发挥着重要的作用。此外,阻断根系和去除凋落物对混交林中土壤线虫群落没有显著的影响,表明含固氮树种的格木×马尾松混交林比人工...     

Dosage and duration effects of nitrogen additions on ectomycorrhizal sporocarp production and functioning: an example from two N‐limited boreal forests

1. Although it is well known that nitrogen (N) additions strongly affect ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal community composition, less is known about how different N application rates and duration of N additions affect the functional role EM fungi play in the forest N cycle.
2. We measured EM sporocarp abundance and species richness as well as determined the δ¹⁵N in EM sporocarps and tree foliage in two Pinus sylvestris forests characterized by short- and long-term N addition histories and multiple N addition treatments. After 20 and 39 years of N additions, two of the long-term N addition treatments were terminated, thereby providing a unique opportunity to examine the temporal recovery of EM sporocarps after cessation of high N loading.
3. In general, increasing N availability significantly reduced EM sporocarp production, species richness, and the amount of N retained in EM sporocarps. However, these general responses were strongly dependent on the application rate and duration of N additions. The annual addition of 20 kg·N·ha⁻¹ for the past 6 years resulted in a slight increase in the production and retention of N in EM sporocarps, whereas the addition of 100 kg·N·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹ during the same period nearly eliminated EM sporocarps. In contrast, long-term additions of N at rates of ca. 35 or 70 kg·N·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹ for the past 40 years did not eliminate tree carbon allocation to EM sporocarps, although there was a decrease in the abundance and a shift in the dominant EM sporocarp taxa. Despite no immediate recovery, EM sporocarp abundance and species richness approached those of the control 20 years after terminating N additions in the most heavily fertilized treatment, suggesting a recovery of carbon allocation to EM sporocarps after cessation of high N loading.
4. Our results provide evidence for a tight coupling between tree carbon allocation to and N retention in EM sporocarps and moreover highlight the potential use of δ¹⁵N in EM sporocarps as a relative index of EM fungal sink strength for N. However, nitrogen additions at high dosage rates or over long time periods appear to disrupt this feedback, which could have important ramifications on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in these forested ecosystems.

     

Host preferences and differential contributions of deciduous tree species shape mycorrhizal species richness in a mixed Central European forest

Mycorrhizal species richness and host ranges were investigated in mixed deciduous stands composed of Fagus sylvatica, Tilia spp., Carpinus betulus, Acer spp., and Fraxinus excelsior. Acer and Fraxinus were colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizas and contributed 5% to total stand mycorrhizal fungal species richness. Tilia hosted similar and Carpinus half the number of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal taxa compared with Fagus (75 putative taxa). The relative abundance of the host tree the EM fungal richness decreased in the order Fagus > Tilia >> Carpinus. After correction for similar sampling intensities, EM fungal species richness of Carpinus was still about 30–40% lower than that of Fagus and Tilia. About 10% of the mycorrhizal species were shared among the EM forming trees; 29% were associated with two host tree species and 61% with only one of the hosts. The latter group consisted mainly of rare EM fungal species colonizing about 20% of the root tips and included known specialists but also putative non-host associations such as conifer or shrub mycorrhizas. Our data indicate that EM fungal species richness was associated with tree identity and suggest that Fagus secures EM fungal diversity in an ecosystem since it shared more common EM fungi with Tilia and Carpinus than the latter two among each other.     

Changes in diversity and storage function of ectomycorrhiza and soil organoprofile dynamics after introduction of beech into Scots pine forests

Diversity and storage function of mycorrhiza as well as soil organoprofile formation were investigated in a chronosequence of a pure Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand, of Scots pine stands that were underplanted with beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and in three pure beech stands of different age. Mycorrhiza diversity was higher in the pure beech stands compared to the pure pine stand. Beech and pine trees in the mixed stands had similar dominant mycorrhiza morphotypes. However, trees in two of the three pure beech stands were mycorrhized with other types. Mycorrhizal abundance and nutrient amounts of mycorrhizae associated with beech trees were higher in the mixed and in the pure beech stands compared to pine mycorrhizae indicating that nutrient uptake was higher in older beech than in older pine trees. Humus quality varied from pine to beech stands. Plant litter storage in the humus layer was highest in the youngest mixed stand and lowest in the oldest beech stand. Humus forms changed from moder grass-type in the pure Scots pine stand to mor-like moder and moder rich in fine humus with increasing age of beeches in the mixed stands. The older beech stands were characterised by oligomull and mull-like moder as the dominating humus forms. The ecologically favourable humus forms, i.e., nutrient rich humus forms in the older beech stands correlate well with the higher mycorrhizal diversity and abundance as well as the higher nutrient storage of their mycorrhizae in these stands. The results are also discussed with regard to the 'base-pump effect' of beech trees.