DNA流式细胞术在植物遗传及育种中的应用

DNA流式细胞术是一种分析和测定分离细胞核DNA含量的方法。该方法的关键技术包括制备完整细胞核悬浮液、核酸荧光染料染色、根据相对荧光密度(DNA含量)对细胞核进行分类。由于样品制备及分析方便快捷,该技术已成为植物倍性鉴定、基因组大小测定、生殖途径鉴定等研究的重要工具。该文在对DNA流式细胞术基本原理简要介绍的基础上,对其在植物遗传和育种中的应用进行了综述。     

倍性复杂植物的2种倍性鉴定方法的建立及应用(专题约稿）

研究以猕猴桃属内不同植物的幼嫩叶片为材料,利用流式细胞术和全基因组SNP(single nucleotide polymorphism)位点杂合子等位基因深度比率(heterozygous allele depth ratio)分布2种方法进行猕猴桃倍性鉴定。对取样叶片的生长状态、防止细胞核黏连的PVP(聚乙烯吡咯烷酮)浓度、滤网目数及过滤次数、不同倍性样本全基因组SNP分型的参数调整等因素进行探索。结果表明,流式细胞术检测中取未展开的幼嫩叶片获得完整细胞核的数目最多;5%PVP对减少细胞核之间的黏连最适宜;500目滤网过滤3次效果最好。SNP的分型主要与模拟基因组的组装质量和过滤识别SNP的参数设置有关。流式细胞术鉴定倍性的关键技术是使用未展开的幼嫩叶片以保证足够数量的完整细胞核及减少细胞核之间的黏连。同一植物材料的染色体倍性在60Co-γ辐照处理前后未发生改变。全基因组SNP位点杂合子频率分布图判断的倍性与流式细胞术鉴定结果一致。2种鉴定结果可以相互验证,使倍性的判断变得更加准确,为加快猕猴桃育种提供了基础。     

四倍体不结球白菜的诱导及染色体倍性鉴定

用不同浓度秋水仙素处理子叶期不结球白菜生长点对其进行染色体倍性操作,根据形态解剖学、细胞学特征和流式细胞仪进行倍性鉴定.结果表明,浓度为0.2%的秋水仙素处理4次的效果最好,四倍体诱变率为8.42%.与二倍体相比,四倍体植株叶片、花器官、气孔等均表现巨大性;气孔密度和结实率降低;抽薹较晚.用流式细胞仪进行倍性鉴定,对照DNA相对含量为100,疑似株为200,表明是四倍体;疑似株有2个值与对照的比值约为1和2,表明是嵌合体(2x 4x).流式细胞仪鉴定结果与染色体计数法鉴定结果一致,表明流式细胞仪可以较准确地检测不结球白菜突变株倍性.     

雌核发育草鱼及亲本倍性研究

应用流式细胞术(now cytometry, FCM)和红细胞(核)体积测量法对雌核发育草鱼、普通草鱼、湘江野鲤染色体倍性进行比较研究,检测获得的子代雌核发育草鱼倍性情况.结果表明雌核发育草鱼与普通草鱼红细胞及细胞核大小无显著差异,且DNA含量一致,湘江野鲤红细胞和细胞核体积是雌核发育草鱼、普通草鱼的两倍,DNA含量是草鱼的两倍.证实人工雌核发育草鱼具有与普通草鱼相同的染色体倍性.     

用做标记的两种酵母菌完整染色体DNA的简化制备法

已知分子量在小的染色体ＤＮＡ分子标记是脉冲电泳研究中用以估算样本染色ＤＮＡ分子大小必不可和的参照物。对用做标记的啤酒酵母和粟酒裂殖酵母完整染色体ＤＮＡ几种制备方法的比较研究以及改进研究表明,液氮冷冻研磨法,凝胶包埋法以及凝胶包埋破壁法效果均很好,都得到大量染色体ＤＮＡ,且彼此此间无明显差异。     

双参数人类染色体流式分析及分选

用ＦＡＣＳＶａｎｔａｇｅ型流式细胞分选仪对人二倍体成纤维细胞的单分散染色体悬液进行双参数、双激光染色体核型分析及分选。人类染色体可分出２１个集团,除９至１２号染色体外,其余均能被单独分离。经染色体特异性探针池ＦＩＳＨ鉴定,染色体分选纯度可达９０．５％。     

用做标记的两种酵母菌完整染色体DNA的简化制备法

已知分子量大小的染色体ＤＮＡ分子标记是脉冲电泳研究中用以估算样本染色体ＤＮＡ分子大小必不可少的参照物。对用做标记的啤酒酵母（Ｓａｃｈａｒｏｍｙｃｅｓｃｅｒｅｖｉｓｉａｅ）和粟酒裂殖酵母（Ｓｃｈｉｚｏｓａｃｈａｒｏｍｙｃｅｓｐｏｍｂｅ）完整染色体ＤＮＡ几种制备方法的比较研究以及改进研究表明,液氮冷冻研磨法,凝胶包埋法以及凝胶包埋破壁法效果均很好,都得到大量染色体ＤＮＡ,且彼此间无明显差异。表明液氮冷冻研磨法和凝胶包埋法制备上述两种酵母菌染色体ＤＮＡ分子标记是两种理想的方法,可完全取代凝胶包埋破壁法,即缩短处理时间又降低成本。此外,相同的电泳样本块在不同的电泳条件下,所得结果有一定的差异,表明电泳条件是影响电泳结果的一个重要因素     

汉滩病毒诱导小鼠骨髓瘤SP2/0细胞凋亡的初步研究

为研究汉滩病毒对肿瘤细胞的诱导凋亡作用,以一定量病毒悬液感染体外培养的SP2/0细胞,接种后定时间将细胞消化甩片行Gimsa染色观察凋亡细胞核的变化,制细胞悬液以流式细胞仪测细胞周期,并用免疫组化的方法检测凋亡分子Fas和FasL的表达.结果示经病毒诱导后细胞出现生长特性及形态学变化,Giemsa染色观察到典型凋亡细胞;流式细胞仪显示有凋亡峰出现;免疫组化检测出感染后SP2/0细胞中Fas和FasL表达明显升高.该结果表明汉滩病毒可诱导体外培养SP2/0细胞凋亡,其发生可能与凋亡分子Fas和FasL有关.     

适合流式细胞仪分析的小麦细胞核提取方法比较

为制备供流式细胞仪分析的高纯度小麦细胞核悬液,以冬小麦"临优2018"为材料,分别采用酶解法和直接剪切法对其幼苗的细胞核进行提取,对所得到的细胞核在形态结构和数量等方面进行了分析和比较,根据其优缺点优化出最适合流式细胞仪分析的小麦幼苗细胞核的提取方法。结果显示:在直接剪切法所用的3种细胞核提取缓冲液中,MgSO4缓冲液的提取效果最好,细胞核形态及内部结构完整,且得到的细胞核量多;OttoⅠ对细胞核的提取效果显著,但是在加入OttoⅡ后细胞核破裂明显;Tris.MgCl2缓冲液提取的细胞核数量较少;酶解法制备的细胞核悬浮液中杂质较多,且需时较长。结果表明采用MgSO4提取缓冲液的直接剪切法是适合流式细胞仪对小麦幼苗DNA含量的分析。     

汉滩病毒诱导小鼠骨髓瘤SP2／0细胞凋亡的初步研究

为研究汉滩病毒对肿瘤细胞的诱导凋亡作用,以一定量病毒悬液感染体外培养的SP2／0细胞,接种后一定时间将细胞消化甩片行Gimsa染色观察凋亡细胞核的变化,制细胞悬液以流式细胞仪测细胞周期,并用免疫组化的方法检测凋亡分子Fas和FasL的表达。结果示经病毒诱导后细胞出现生长特性及形态学变化,Giemsa染色观察到典型凋亡细胞：流式细胞仪显示有凋亡峰出现;免疫组化检测出感染后SP2／0细胞中Fas和FasL表达明显升高。该结果表明汉滩病毒可诱导体外培养SP2／0细胞凋亡,其发生可能与凋亡分子Fas和FasL有关。     

利用流式细胞光度术鉴定苹果倍性的研究

利用流式细胞光度术测定了苹果１２个二倍体,５个三倍体细胞ＤＮＡ含量。结果表明：二倍体细胞核ＤＮＡ含量平均为２．２７ｐｇ,三倍体细胞核ＤＮＡ含量平均为３．１３ｐｇ。     

Flow cytometric analysis of polysomaty and in vitro genetic instability in potato

The analysis of nuclear DNA contents in various tissues of potato genotypes showed that flow cytometry is a rapid method to characterize large populations of cells for polysomaty, that is, the occurrence of cells with normal DNA levels together with cells containing endoreduplicated nuclei. The proportion of endoreduplicated nuclei varied in different tissues and genotypes of potato. The analysis of callus and cell cultures showed that the temporal changes in nuclear DNA contents during in vitro growth can be followed and the degree of polyploidization quantified. It is concluded that flow cytometry is a highly suitable method to detect ploidy changes in differentiated plant tissues and calli which are often not amenable for chromosome number determination.     

A comparison between flow cytometric ploidy investigation and chromosome analysis of 32 human colorectal tumors

The correlation between flow cytometric ploidy investigation and classic chromosome analysis was studied in 32 human colorectal tumors. Flow cytometry was performed by nuclei isolation and DNA staining with ethidium bromide. Chromosome analysis was done after incubation with colcemid. In 12 cases, chromosome identification was possible by grouping according to the Denver system or by Q-banding. Generally, the measured DNA content corresponded well with the content expected from chromosome analysis, giving an average difference of 4%. In nine tumors, the measured DNA content was 4-18% higher than expected. Some of these discrepancies could be due to difficulties in identifying the corresponding cell populations in heterogeneous tumors. However, in general the number of cell populations and their quantitative representation by the two methods were statistically well correlated. The results indicate that flow cytometric ploidy investigation of colorectal tumors with the present technique is a reliable method, but also that a combination of both techniques may yield additional information about tumor cytogenetics.     

Determination of ploidy levels in Ipheion uniflorum (R. C. Graham) Rafin (Liliaceae)

In this study, chromosome number and ploidy levels of Ipheion uniflorum cv. "Wisley Blue" (spring starflower) were determined. In meristematic root tip cells, chromosome number was found as 2n = 12 and 4n = 24. The ratios of diploid and tetraploid cells were found as 80.74% and 19.26%, respectively. In differentiated root tissues and mature leaf tissues ploidy levels were analysed by flow cytometry and polysomaty were found in both organs. In differentiated root tissues, ploidy levels were found as 2C, 4C, 8C and 16C DNA. In root tissues percentages of 2C, 4C, 8C and 16C nuclear DNA content were observed as 57.2%, 33.1%, 2.47% and 7.23%, respectively. In mature leaf tissues, ploidy levels were determined 2C, 4C, 8C and 16C DNA. In this tissue the frequency of 4C DNA was found very higher (74.3%) and 2C DNA content was determined as 19.2%. In mature leaf tissue, 8C and 16C nuclear DNA contents were observed as 2.72% and 3.78%, respectively. When nuclear DNA contents in leaves and roots were compared, an apparent difference in 2C and 4C DNA contents was found.     

Analysis of Nuclear DNA content in plant cells by Flow cytometry

Flow cytometry was used to analyse the DNA content of nuclei isolated from intact plant tissues and from callus and cell suspension cultures invitro. Cell nuclei were isolated either mechanically (chopping, syringing) or by a hypotonic lysis of isolated protoplasts. Although both methods gave similar results, a slight shift to lower ploidy levels was observed after protoplast isolation from intact tissues and calli. No differences were observed if the two methods were compared using cell suspension cultures. The results showed that flow cytometry is a rapid method of nuclear DNA content analysis in intact plant tissues and variousin vitro cultures.     

Characterization of diverse ploidy in the arctic‐alpine Arenaria ciliata species complex (Caryophyllaceae) using shoot meristem staining and flow cytometry analysis of archived frozen tissue

Ploidy levels were analyzed in 21 European populations of the Arenaria ciliata complex using baseline chromosome counts derived from Feulgen staining of HCl‐treated shoot meristems and calibrated flow‐cytometry analysis of fresh and archival frozen tissue. Calibration with two to three control samples of different ploidy facilitated rapid identification of ploidy states in unknown samples. Observed ploidy levels varied from 2N = 40–200, with the majority of populations showing 2N = 40–80. High‐altitude populations collectively showed the full range of ploidy states, but at low elevations only lower ploidy levels were observed. Populations with the highest observed ploidy contained the greatest observed phylogenetic diversity in the western and eastern Alps. Multiple polyploidization events are inferred in the continental European metapopulation, with lower, more stable ploidy characteristic of the west and north. The method deployed provides an effective approach to ploidy analysis for archival desiccated/frozen tissue samples from biogeographic collections.     

Isolation of plant nuclei suitable for flow cytometry from recalcitrant tissue by use of a filtration column

Flow cytometry is widely applied in the determination of nuclear DNA content and ploidy level in many organisms. However, a difficulty with flow cytometry is the method's intrinsic inability to tolerate large particles that associate with the isolated nuclei. A suspension of plant nuclei can often contain a high level of crystalline calcium oxalate, which blocks the fluidics system of the flow cytometer. We designed a cotton column and added polyvinylpyrrolidone-40 to the buffer to remove phenolic impurities and cytoplasmic compounds from plant nuclei, making the suspension suitable for flow cytometry. This simple and highly efficient protocol enables isolation of intact nuclei from plant tissues containing high levels of polysaccharides, calcium oxalate crystals and other metabolites. Our protocol resulted in the isolation of intact nuclei from mature orchid leaves. This method can be used on recalcitrant tissues and is particularly effective on plants containing calcium oxalate crystals.     

Rapid detection of aneuploidy in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Musa</Emphasis> using flow cytometry

We report a procedure for the rapid and convenient detection of aneuploidy in triploid Musa using DNA flow cytometry. From a population of plants derived from gamma-irradiated shoot tips, plants were selected based on aberrant morphology and their chromosome numbers were counted. Aneuploids plants with chromosome numbers 2n=31 or 32 were found as well as the expected triploid plants (2n=3x=33). At the same time, the nuclear DNA content of all plants was measured using flow cytometry. The flow cytometric assay involved the use of nuclei isolated from chicken red blood cells (CRBC), which served as an internal reference standard. The relative DNA content of individual plants was expressed as a ratio of DNA content of CRBC and Musa (DNA index). In order to estimate the chromosome number using flow cytometry, the relative DNA content of plants with unknown ploidy was expressed as a percentage of the DNA content of triploid plants. The classification based on flow cytometry fully agreed with the results obtained by chromosome counting. The results indicated that flow cytometry is a convenient and rapid method for the detection of aneuploidy in Musa.