环鸽丘脑听区传入神经投射的研究

应用神经示踪物ＰＨＡＬ和ＢＤＡ对环鸽丘脑听区的传入神经投射进行了研究。结果发现中脑外侧核背部和丘间核交界内缘区的神经元发出纤维投射至丘脑卵形核周围形成卵形壳;尾部Ｏｖ壳和Ｏｖ交界面区域接受前峡核浅区的投射;尾部Ｏｖ壳不但接受ＩＣＭ神经元的传出投射,而且有神经发出的传出纤维参与了Ｏｖ壳的形成。     

正常豚鼠耳蜗核一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的投射

本文采用辣根过氧化物酶（ＨＲＰ）逆行追踪技术结合硫辛酰胺脱氨酸（ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ）组织化学方法,研究正常豚鼠耳蜗核一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）阳性神经元的上行投射特点。探讨耳蜗核ＮＯＳ阳性神经元在听觉信号传递中的可能作用。结果表明,一侧上橄榄复合体加压注射ＨＲＰ后,两侧耳蜗核均出现ＨＲＰ标记细胞,同侧耳蜗核ＮＯＳ－ＨＲＰ双标细胞较多占８２．６３％,并可见ＨＲＰ阳性纤维和终末包绕ＮＯＳ阳性胞体,对侧耳蜗核ＮＯＳ－ＨＲＰ双标细胞相对较少,仅占１４．８７％。一侧下丘加压注入ＨＲＰ后两侧耳蜗核均无ＨＲＰ－ＮＯＳ双标细胞。结果提示,耳蜗核ＮＯＳ阳性神经元向上橄榄复合体投射,可能具有调节听觉声信号传递的作用     

秋水仙素对大鼠前脑生长抑素mRNA表达的影响

本实验用地高辛标记生长抑素（ＳＯＭ）反意。ＲＮＡ探针原位杂交组织化学研究了秋水仙素对大鼠前脑ＳＯＭｍＲＮＡ表达的影响。结果表明秋水仙素对前脑各核区ＳＯＭｍＲＮＡ的表达有明显的影响。结果表明秋水仙素对前脑各核区ＳＤＭｍＲＮＡ的表达有明显的核区特异性：大脑新皮质各区,隔核和脚内核中ＳＯＭｍＲＮＡ阳性神经元数目及含量增加;海马复合体和下丘脑室周核和弓状核中ＳＯＭｍＲＮＡ阳性神经元数目及含量下降;嗅脑,尾壳核和丘脑等核区的则无明显变化、秋水仙素对ＳＯＭｍＲＮＡ表达的核区特异性对正确分析秋水仙素条件下获得的神经肽或神经递质的定位资料具有重要的指导意义。     

鸣禽欧椋鸟带状核的传出投射—PHAL顺行示踪法研究

本实验应用顺行神经示踪物ＰＨＡＬ对鸣禽欧椋鸟（Ｓｔｕｒｎｕｓ ｖｕｌｇａｒｉｓ）带状核（Ｔｎ）的传出投射作了定位研究。Ｔｎ核的传出投射经背腹两条路线：（１）从Ｔｎ核背部进入端脑的ＰＨＡＬ标记纤维,分别终止在新纹状体内侧,隔内侧核（ＳＭ）,侧室腔外侧带和额上层腹侧带;（２）另一组标记纤维从Ｔｎ核腹侧直接向丘脑投射,在下丘脑腹内侧核（ＶＭＮ）和外侧核（ＬＨｙ）分别获得大量ＰＨＡＬ免疫反应纤维的终末标记。结果提示：Ｔｎ核可能为鸟类旁听觉神经通路的一个组成部分。     

大鼠中脑、内脏和躯体传入在旁巨细胞外侧核神经元的聚合

用细胞外记录的方法观察大鼠巨细胞旁外侧核（ＰＧＬ）对刺激中脑导水管周围背侧部（ｄＰＡＧ）及腹外侧部（ｖＰＡＧ）、腓深神经（ＤＰＮ）、正中神经（ＭＮ）和内脏大神经（ＧＳＰＬ）的反应。这些神经元不仅对某一处刺激部位起反应,而且倾向于对其它任一刺激部位也起反应。８９％（７３／８２）的神经元接受两处或两处以上来源的汇聚投射。６０％（２１／３５）的神经元由于具有压力敏感性,并且其下行投射到脊髓的轴突具有慢的     

THE IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF PROJECTIONS LINKING THE AUDITORY THALAMUS AND NEUROSE- CRETORY HYPOTHALAMUS IN THE BRAIN OF NON - SONGBIRD

应用神经示踪物ＢＤＡ（ｂｉｏｔｉｎｙｌａｔｅｄｄｅｘｔｒａｎａｍｉｎｅ）和免疫组织化学方法对环鸽（ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｐｅｌｉａｒｉｓｏｒｉａ）丘脑听区和下丘脑内分泌脑区间的神经通路进行了研究。结果发现,丘脑卵形核壳（Ｏｖｓｈｅｌ）及周围区域存在丰富脑啡肽免疫反应神经元。丘脑卵形核尾侧（Ｏｖｐ）有传出纤维直接投射至Ｏｖ壳和下丘脑腹内侧核（ＶＭＮ）。卵形核壳周围和下丘脑内分泌脑区间的传出神经通路显示了丰富的脑啡肽阳性免疫反应细胞和终末标记,在下丘脑腹内侧核中亦存在大量脑腓肽终末标记。结果提示Ｏｖ周围的部分脑啡肽神经元发出的传出纤维可能参与了鸽丘脑听区向内分泌下丘脑区投射的神经通路。     

大鼠中缝隐核增强dPAG诱导的vPAG的c－Fos表达及对vPAG神经元放电的影响

本实验通过Ｐｏｓ免疫细胞化学、电生理及微量注射法对中缝隐核（ＮＲＯ）的交感抑制作用的相关途径进行探讨。实验在成巴比妥钠或α－氯醛糖和氨基甲酸乙脂麻醉的Ｓｐｒａｇｕｅ－Ｄａｗｌｅｙ（ＳＤ）大鼠上进行。同时予以ＮＲＯ,中脑导水管周围灰质背侧部（ｄＰＡＧ）方波脉冲串刺激,诱导中脑和延髓的ｃ－Ｆｏｓ表达。刺激ＮＲＯ过程中,基础血压升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,刺激ｄＰＡＧ引起的防御性升压反应则减少（Ｐ＜０．０１）;中脑导水管周围灰质腹侧部（ｖＰＡＧ）、巨细胞旁外侧核（ＰＧＬ）的Ｆｏｓ样免疫阳性反应（ＦＬＩ）细胞计数分别为６６．５±８．３和１０．８±１．５（刺激ＮＲＯ＋ｄＰＡＧ组）,较单独刺激ｄＰＡＧ组明显增加,Ｐ值分别小于０．０１和０．００１;单或双脉冲刺激中缝隐核在ｖＰＡＧ可以记录到相关单位,其中８４％为兴奋单位,抑制单位占１６％。双侧ｖＰＡＧ内微量注射利多卡因（每侧２μｇ／０．１μｌ）,基础血压无明显变化,而刺激ＮＲＯ引起的降压反应幅度减小（Ｐ＜０．０１）,提示,延髓腹外侧区（ＶＬＭ）、ＮＲＯ存在不同功能分化的神经元;ＮＲＯ可能有向ｖＰＡＧ的兴奋性投射,此投射可加强ＮＲＯ的交感抑制效应。     

家鸽,黄雀和黄喉wu耳蜗核的定位与比较

向非鸣禽鸽和鸣禽黄雀、黄喉ｗｕ耳蜗内注射ＨＲＰ作顺行追踪表明,耳蜗纤维组成第八脑神经的听支（ＮⅧ）后,分别投射至延髓的角状核（ＮＡ）和巨细胞核（ＮＭ）,由ＮＡ及ＮＭ两个亚核组成耳蜗核,它是听觉的上行通路中的第一级中继站,延髓层状核并不接受耳蜗纤维的直接投射。家鸽与黄雀、黄喉ｗｕ之间的ＮＡ、ＮＭ及ＮⅧ在形态和分布上都有较明显的差别。     

CCK-8对癫痫发作大鼠脑内SOD和MDA的影响

目的和方法：采用核团微量注射、光化学分析等实验方法,观察大鼠脑内ＳＯＤ和ＭＤＡ在ＣＣＫ－８调节癫痫发作中的变化。结果：①与下沉大鼠比较,遗传性听源性癫痫易感大鼠皮层、海马、下丘脑及垂体内ＳＯＤＦ活性、ＭＤＡ含量无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）;②大鼠癫痫发作后,上述区域内ＳＯＤ活性明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）,而ＭＤＡ含量明显增加（Ｐ＜０．０５）,若癫痫发作次数增加,该变化愈显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）;③大鼠海马     

黄雀中脑及丘脑听性核团的纤维联系

本文用ＨＲＰ顺、逆行追踪方法，研究黄雀中脑下丘中央核（ＩＣｃ）及丘脑卵圆核（ＯＶ）的传入联系及ＯＶ向端脑的投射。将ＨＲＰ微电泳入ＩＣｃ，在延髓角状核、层状核及脑桥外侧丘系核复合体出现了密布的标记细胞，在ＯＶ及卵圆核的腹内侧部见到密集的标记终末，在对侧ＩＣｃ有许多的标记细胞及终末。将ＨＲＰ微电泳入ＯＶ，除在ＩＣｃ有大量的标记细胞外，在端脑Ｌ听区等处见到密集的标记终末。结果表明，ＩＣｃ接受角状核、层状核和外侧丘系核复合体的传入投射，由它发出的纤维投射到ＯＶ及卵圆核的腹内侧部，双侧ＩＣｃ间有往返联系，从ＯＶ发出的纤维投射至端脑的Ｌ听区。Ｌ听区可能是听觉的高位中枢。     

Morphological study on the inferior olivary nuclear complex of the donkey (Equus asinus)

This study provides basic data on the normal structure of the inferior olivary complex (IOC) of the donkey, Equus asinus, at the light microscopic level. In common with that of other mammals, the donkey IOC consisted of three major nuclei and four minor groups of cells. The former was comprised of the medial and dorsal accessory olives (MAO and DAO, respectively) and the principal olive (PO), and the latter was comprised of the dorsal cap, nucleus beta, ventrolateral outgrowth and dorsomedial cell column. The MAO had the longest rostral to caudal representation and formed the caudal pole of IOC. The DAO was located dorsally to the MAO in the caudal half of the IOC. In the rostral half, the DAO bended ventrally and merged with the dorsal lamella of PO. More rostrally, the DAO lost its connection with the dorsal lamella and then conversely connected with the ventral lamella of PO. The DAO formed the rostral pole of the IOC. The PO extended through the rostral half of the IOC. The dorsal cap was a small group of cells. Overall, the donkey IOC is similar to that of other mammals.     

Origin, distribution and organization of the serotoninergic innervation in the inferior olivary complex of the rat

The serotoninergic innervation of the inferior olivary complex of the rat was studied using a specific immunohistochemical technique. Fibers and varicosities positive for serotonin were present throughout the nucleus. The densest varicosities were found in the lateral portion of the dorsal accessory olive and the caudal portion of the medial accessory olive. The rostral medial accessory olive and the principal olive were sparsely populated with labeled elements. Ultrastructurally, labeled profiles were found in close opposition to small dendrites and to olivary cell bodies, but they did not display any synaptic specialization. Labeled perikaria were found in the periolivary regions, some of them located laterally to the olivary complex are responsible for the serotoninergic innervation of the dorsal accessory olive; some others located dorsally and medially in the nucleus raphe obscurus and raphe pallidus were responsible for the innervation of the medial accessory olive.     

Olivary projections from the pretectal region in the cat studied with horseradish peroxidase and tritiated amino acids axonal transport

The organization of the projection from the pretectal region to the inferior olive in the cat was studied with autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) methods. After injections of HRP into the olive in six cats, cells were labeled ipsilaterally in the anterior pretectal nucleus (NPA), the posterior pretectal nucleus (NPP), the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT), and the dorsal terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract (DTN). In three experiments, tritiated amino acids were injected into those parts of the pretectal region which contained labeled cells in the HRP experiments, and the projections to the olive were plotted. Both NPA and NPP projected to the rostral half of the dorsal accessory olive, the rostromedial margin of the ventral lamella, and the lateral part of the ventrolateral outgrowth. NOT projected to the caudal half of the dorsal cap, while DTN projected to both the dorsal cap and nucleus beta. The projections are entirely ipsilateral.     

Mapping of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-like immunoreactivity in the cat brainstem

The distribution of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-like immunoreactive structures was studied in the brainstem of the cat using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. Immunoreactivity was observed in several brainstem nuclei of the cat in which no immunoreactivity had been previously reported. Immunoreactive fibres were observed in the following; the inferior central nucleus; the pontine gray nuclei; the K?lliker-Fuse nucleus; the motor trigeminal nucleus, the anteroventral cochlear nucleus; the abducens nucleus; the retrofacial nucleus; the superior, lateral, inferior, and medial vestibular nuclei; the lateral nucleus of the superior olive; the external cuneate nucleus; the nucleus of the trapezoid body; the postpyramidal nucleus of the raphe; the medial accessory inferior olive; the dorsal accessory nucleus of the inferior olive; the nucleus ambiguus; the principal nucleus of the inferior olive; the preolivary nucleus; the nucleus ruber; the substantia nigra; and in the area postrema. Our results point to a more widespread distribution of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-like immunoreactive structures in the cat brainstem than that reported in previous studies carried out in the same region of the cat, rat and humans.     

Projections of the nucleus praepositus hypoglossi to the cerebellum in the cat

The axonal projections from the nucleus praepositus hypoglossi (PH) to the cerebellum have been studied in cat. Cerebellar projections were evidenced by means of the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. According to the results the PH nucleus projects to the entire vermis, especially to the posterior lobes, as to the flocculus and paraflocculus. No projections to other areas of the cerebellar cortex were found. PH projections go to the cerebellum through the inferior peduncle.     

Effects produced by local applications of harmaline in the inferior olive.

Local microinjections of harmaline evoked sustained rhythmic activity in the inferior olive of decerebrate cats. Harmaline appears to exert its action within restricted areas of the inferior olivary complex: the caudal halves of the dorsal and medial accessory nuclei. Since the highly synchronized activity generated by harmaline can be attributed to extensive electrotonic coupling between olivary neurones, it is postulated that such a coupling mechanism is weaker if not absent in the principal olive and in the rostral parts of the accessory nuclei.     

The area octavo-lateralis in Xenopus laevis

Summary Central projections of afferents from the lateral line nerves and from the individual branches of the VIIIth cranial nerve in Xenopus laevis and Xenopus mülleri were studied by the application of HRP to the cut end of the nerves.Upon entering the rhombencephalon, the lateral line afferents form a longitudinal fascicle of ascending and descending branches in the ventro-lateral part of the lateral line neuropile. The fascicle exhibits a topographic organization, that is not reflected in the terminal field of the side branches. The terminal field can be subdivided into a rostral, a medial and a caudal part, each of which shows specific branching and terminal pattern of the lateral line afferents. These different patterns within the terminal field are interpreted as the reflection of functional subdivisions of the lateral line area. The study did not reveal a simple topographic relationship between peripheral neuromasts and their central projections.Two nuclei of the alar plate with significant lateral line input were delineated: the lateral line nucleus (LLN) and the medial part of the anterior nucleus (AN). An additional cell group, the intermediate nucleus (IN), is a zone of lateral line and eighth nerve overlap, although such zones also exist within the ventral part of the LLN and the dorsal part of the caudal nucleus (CN). Six nuclei which receive significant VIIIth nerve input are recognized: the cerebellar nucleus (CbN), the lateral part of the anterior nucleus, the dorsal medullary nucleus (DMN), the lateral octavus nucleus (LON), the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) and the caudal nucleus (CN).All inner ear organs have more than one projection field. All organs project to the dorsal part of the LON and the lateral part of the AN. Lagena, amphibian papilla and basilar papilla project to separate regions of the dorsal medullary nucleus (DMN). There is evidence for a topographic relation between the hair cells of the amphibian papilla (AP) and the central projections of AP fibers. The sacculus projects extensively to a region between the DMN and the LON. Fibers from the sacculus and the lagena project directly to the superior olive. Fibers from the utriculus and the three crista organs terminate predominantly in the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) and in the adjacent parts of the reticular formation, and their terminal structures appear to be organotopically organised. Octavus fiber projections to the cerebellum and to the spinal cord are also described.     

Cerebellar projections to the somatic pretectum in the cat

Neurons in the somatic pretectum receive input from the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) and project to a comparable "somatic" portion of the dorsal accessory nucleus of the inferior olive (DAO). This somatic DAO is reciprocally connected with the anterior interpositus nucleus of the cerebellum. One question that arises is whether this circuitry is further controlled by an output specifically from the anterior interpositus nucleus to the somatic pretectum. Wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase was injected into various parts of the cat pretectum. Injection sites were interpreted as including the somatic pretectum if neurons in the DCN were retrogradely labeled and if anterograde terminal labeling occurred in somatic DAO. The locations of retrogradely labeled neurons within the deep cerebellar nuclei were then compared in cases in which the injection sites included or excluded the somatic pretectum. In all cases in which the injection site included the somatic pretectum, retrogradely labeled neurons were observed in the anterior interpositus nucleus as well as in the lateral cerebellar nuclei. In some of these cases, neurons in the posterior interpositus and medial nuclei were also labeled. In contrast, in cases in which the pretectal injection site was located outside or at the border of the somatic pretectum, retrogradely labeled neurons were observed only in the lateral, posterior interpositus, and medial nuclei. Thus, the somatic pretectum appears to receive input primarily from neurons in the anterior interpositus nucleus, along with some input from neurons in the lateral nucleus. These results provide additional evidence for a pathway through the DCN in which sequentially processed somatic information has access to and is modulated by cerebellar circuitry. The existence of such a pathway supports the conclusion that neurons in the DCN convey somatic information important not only for cutaneous, kinesthestic, and other bodily sensations, but also for the control of movement.     

Detailed organization of cerebello-olivary projections in the cat. An autoradiographic study

Several small injections of tritiated leucine were placed in regions of the cerebellar nuclei and sites of distribution in the olive were revealed by autoradiography. Different survival periods from a few hours to several days were utilized and high or low specific activity tracers were evaluated. A general pattern of distribution whereby the dentate, anterior and posterior interposed respectively project to principal, dorsal accessory and medial accessory olives was confirmed. Several new details of distributions from regions of the interposed and dentate nuclei to parts of the olivary subdivisions were demonstrated. The pattern of representations is complex and distributed in three dimensions. It is very precise and approximates a point to point representation. However, these projections which appear relatively dense do not represent the only link between the cerebellar nuclei and olive. With survival periods of a few hours, additional lighter projections distributed according to a different pattern can be revealed. A small ipsilateral projection was observed and it is suggested that it is made of collaterals of the crossed fibers.     

Anatomical distribution and physiological effects of enkephalin in rat inferior olive

The opioid peptide enkephalin was evaluated as a possible synaptic transmitter in the inferior olivary complex using anatomical and physiological techniques. With standard immunohistochemical procedures, fibres and terminals containing enkephalin-like immunoreactivity were found to be heterogenously distributed in the inferior olive of the rat. Enkephalin-like immunoreactivity was found in the medial and dorsal accessory nuclei, but was sparse in the principal nucleus. Iontophoresis or pressure microapplication of Leu⁵-enkephalin, or a peptidase-resistant enkephalin analogue, depressed both spontaneous and amino acid-evoked firing of inferior olivary complex cells. The effect appeared to be postsynaptic, since the excitatory effects of iontophoretically-applied dl-homocysteic acid were suppressed. No selective effect on a calcium-mediated component of the action potential was seen. We conclude that enkephalin may act as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator at afferent synapses in the inferior olive.