东大山自然保护区喜马拉雅雪鸡(Tetraogallus himalayensis)的巢址选择

2004和2005年的4～7月,采用样方法和直接观察法,对甘肃省东大山自然保护区喜马拉雅雪鸡(Tetraogallus himalayensis)的巢址选择进行了研究.共测量36个巢址.研究表明,喜马拉雅雪鸡的巢主要分布于2601～3000 m之间,多在高山岩石草地和裸露岩石区、突出大石下和灌木下或草丛中、中坡及中坡以上的坡位、坡度26°～40°之间的阳坡和半阳坡上营巢.主成分分析表明,影响巢址选择的主要因子可分为捕食因子和食物因子两类,其主要因子依次为灌丛高度、距悬崖的距离、草本盖度、灌丛密度和物种丰富度;作为捕食因子与食物因子权衡的结果,其巢址选择有利于喜马拉雅雪鸡的野外生存.此外,悬崖环境(距悬崖的距离和500m内的悬崖数)在巢址选择中起到重要作用,这可能与雪鸡的避敌方式及飞翔能力较差有关.     

拉萨藏雪鸡春季栖息地选择

2005年3—4月,在拉萨曲水县雄色寺周围山上的灌丛地,对藏雪鸡栖息地选择,通过调查和测量与其有关的14个参数,发现雪鸡喜欢在灌丛盖度较低、距离民居近的地方觅食,并喜欢在灌丛盖度较低、草本种类较少、草本盖度较低、岩石较多、距民房距离较近的地方休息。另外还发现,人类保护和投食对雪鸡栖息地选择也有很大的影响。调查结果显示,研究地区的雪鸡活动在很大程度上依赖人类活动。     

拉萨藏雪鸡春季栖息地选择

2005年3—4月,在拉萨曲水县雄色寺周围山上的灌丛地,对藏雪鸡栖息地选择,通过调查和测量与其有关的14个参数,发现雪鸡喜欢在灌丛盖度较低、距离民居近的地方觅食,并喜欢在灌丛盖度较低、草本种类较少、草本盖度较低、岩石较多、距民房距离较近的地方休息。另外还发现,人类保护和投食对雪鸡栖息地选择也有很大的影响。调查结果显示,研究地区的雪鸡活动在很大程度上依赖人类活动。     

湖北后河自然保护区果子狸栖息地选择的初步研究

果子狸(Paguma larvata)隶属于花面狸属(Paguma),灵猫科(Viverridae),主要栖息于季雨林、常绿或落叶阔叶林、稀疏灌丛或间杂石山的稀树裸岩地(高耀亭,1987).     

白冠长尾雉育雏期的栖息地选择

20 0 1年 4～ 8月 ,在河南省董寨国家级自然保护区对白冠长尾雉 (Syrmaticusreevesii)育雏期的栖息地进行了调查。野外共遇见 2 4个不同的家族群 ,平均大小为 (2 96± 0 35 )只。白冠长尾雉的家族群主要在针阔混交林中活动 ,这些地方的坡向以东南方向居多、坡度较缓而坡位靠下 ,与林缘的距离大于 6 0m而与水源的距离通常小于 30m。逐步判别分析的结果表明 ,与林缘的距离、乔木胸径、灌木盖度、草本植物的种类和高度等是影响白冠长尾雉家族群栖息地选择的关键因子 ;植被结构 ,尤其是草本植物的特征 ,是影响家族群栖息地选择的主要方面。建议在对白冠长尾雉采取保护措施时 ,从提供丰富的食物资源和良好的隐蔽条件入手。注意保护现存栖息地 ,在育雏期保护好草本植物。     

莲花山斑尾榛鸡春季栖息地选择

20 0 3年 3～ 4月 ,在甘肃省莲花山自然保护区 ,利用无线电遥测和直接观察 ,分析了斑尾榛鸡(Bonasasewerzowi)的栖息地选择特征。结果表明 ,斑尾榛鸡春季栖息地一般在东北坡向 ,并具有高大乔木、下层植被盖度较高、灌丛较丰富的特点 ,这与食物丰富度较高及环境隐蔽性较强有关。栖息地质量对于配对活动的成功与否有一定影响。分析表明 ,栖息地内 0 5～ 2 5m植被水平遮挡度、柳树数量、箭竹数量是影响斑尾榛鸡春季栖息地选择的关键因子。建议在对斑尾榛鸡栖息地采取保护措施时 ,不仅要保护原生乔木 ,还要加强对灌丛生境的保护。     

东帕米尔高原喜马拉雅雪鸡线粒体基因组序列测定与分析

喜马拉雅雪鸡属国家二级保护动物,是生存海拔最高的鸡类,同时在维持生态平衡和鸟类高海拔适应性研究中具有重要的科研价值。本研究以东帕米尔高原喜马拉雅雪鸡为研究对象,采用直接测序法,拼接组装获得该物种线粒体(mtDNA)全基因组序列,对mtDNA全序列进行注释和结构分析,并选择GenBank已提交的鸡形目鸟类mtDNA序列,利用邻接法构建系统发育树,为该物种的有效保护和开发利用提供分子水平的依据。结果表明:喜马拉雅雪鸡的mtDNA全长为16 691 bp,基因种类、数量及排列顺序与鸟类线粒体基因典型排列顺序一致。基因组核苷酸含量为A:30.2%;T:23.9%;C:32.2%;G:13.8%;(A+T)含量(54%)略高于G+C (46%)含量,AT-skew为0.116 7,有一定的碱基偏好。在本研究中,东帕米尔高原喜马拉雅雪鸡起始密码子以ATG为主,终止密码子以TAA为主。预测了22个tRNA的二级结构,均能形成典型的三叶草结构,共有错配25处,以GU错配为主,喜马拉雅雪鸡tRNASer (UCN)基因比藏雪鸡的tRNASer (UCN)基因多出3个碱基;系统发育树构建表明雪鸡与鹌鹑关系最近,我们发现东帕米尔高原喜马拉雅雪鸡与甘肃阿克塞自治县喜马拉雅雪鸡形成两个独立的进化支。     

甘肃省东大山自然保护区和盐池湾自然保护区高山雪鸡繁殖期种群密度调查

2004年和2005年的4～7月,采用绝对数量调查与样线调查相结合的方法,分别对甘肃省东大山自然保护区和盐池湾自然保护区的高山雪鸡繁殖期种群密度进行了调查研究.结果表明,东大山核心区高山雪鸡繁殖期的种群密度为7.12±1.05只/km2(5.85～8.33),总体密度为4.88±1.50只/km2(3.33～6.32);盐池湾高山雪鸡繁殖期的种群密度为4.25±2.10只/km2(2.86～6.67).东大山核心区高山雪鸡的种群密度与1990年相比稍有下降,而总体密度则有所上升.人工捕捉和偷猎等是影响研究区内高山雪鸡种群数量的主要因素.     

陕西牛背梁自然保护区血雉对栖息地的选择

2009年1月～2010年12月,对牛背梁自然保护区血雉栖息地选择与利用情况进行了调查研究.结果表明,血雉Ithaginis cruentus sinensis David栖息分布于秦岭主脊以南海拔2000～2500 m中山地带、乔木高度较矮(5～10 m)、郁闭度较低(0.3～0.5)、林下灌木稀疏(≤0.2)的针阔混交林中.从地形情况来看,则多活动于山坡的上坡位或梁脊处、坡度相对较为平缓(≤25°)地带的半阴半阳坡.距离水源较远(150 m),对人为干扰的敏感性相对较弱.从对各生态因子的偏好性来看,血雉比较偏好坡度相对较陡(25°～40°)、乔木高度低矮(≤5 m)、郁闭度低(≤0.2)的针叶林,以及盖度在0.3～0.6的竹林、隐蔽性较高(≤5 m)、距离水源较近(50～100 m)的环境,而对其他因子的选择性和偏好性则无差异.主成分分析表明,血雉栖息地选择的主要因子有3种:干扰因子(依次为坡向、植被类型、坡位、乔木高度与人为干扰距离)、隐蔽因子(灌木盖度、竹林盖度、隐蔽性、坡度、乔木郁闭度和水源距离)和食物因子(灌木盖度).人为活动干扰是影响血雉对栖息地各生态因子选择的最根本的诱因.     

喜马拉雅灰叶猴栖息地利用和食性生物学

2006年4月至2007年4月在巴基斯坦克什米尔地区马希亚拉国家公园(Machiara National Park)对喜马拉雅灰叶猴(Semnopithecus entellus ajex)的栖息地利用和食性生物学进行研究。结果表明,冬天,叶猴首选的栖息地多为温暖湿润的针叶林和落叶林混交地区;夏天,它们则迁移至高海拔的亚高山灌木丛林里。喜马拉雅灰叶猴主要以植物的叶子为食,研究期间在该地区共发现49种被采食过的植物(夏季27种,冬季22种)。通过观察它们的所有食物,发现老叶(36.12%)比嫩叶(27.27%)更受欢迎,随后依次为果实17.00%、树根9.45%、树皮6.69%、花2.19%和根茎1.28%。     

四川蜂桶寨自然保护区毛冠鹿(指名亚种)的春季生境选择

2006年3～4月对四川宝兴县蜂桶寨自然保护区毛冠鹿春季的栖息地进行调查.结果表明:毛冠鹿春季喜欢在离食物与水源地较近,隐蔽条件较好,远离干扰的中低山(海拔1600～2000 m)的向阳面、下位坡、坡度约20°～30°的阔叶林活动.     

高山雪鸡繁殖期觅食和警戒行为的性别差异

2004年和2005年的4～7月,采用聚焦取样的方法,观察研究了甘肃省东大山自然保护区和盐池湾自然保护区高山雪鸡(Tetraogallus himalayensis)繁殖期的两性觅食频率和警戒行为。研究表明,无论是繁殖前期还是孵卵期,雌鸟的觅食频率均高于雄鸟,警戒性则低于雄鸟,而且均有显著差异(P<0.05),同性雪鸡在不同时期的差异不显著(P>0.05);高山雪鸡的雄鸟不参与孵卵和育雏,但在雌鸟产卵和孵卵期担任警戒。另外,本文对野生高山雪鸡的警戒行为进行了分类。     

Effects of predation-risk on habitat use by Himalayan Snowcocks

Summary When given a choice, animals often prefer foraging habitats where predation risk is low, even if such habitats provide reduced foraging opportunities. We evaluated foraging rates of tame but free-ranging Himalayan Snowcocks (Tetraogallus himalayensis) in 16 types of alpine habitats. Foraging rate was highest on level or slightly-sloping terrain and where grasses were relatively abundant. We also observed 102 wild snowcocks and found they were most nervous about raptorial predators when on level or slightly-sloping terrain and in small coveys. Snowcocks face a dilemma: they are most vulnerable to raptors in areas where they can forage most efficiently. During summer snowcocks trade off higher foraging efficiency on level terrain for lower predation risk on steeper terrain. During winter, when raptor numbers are lower, snowcocks apparently revert to using level or slightly-sloping, high-efficiency foraging habitats. Risk of predation plays an important role in habitat selection and resource utilization by snowcocks.     

Resource division by perlid stoneflies (Plecoptera) in a lake outlet ecosystem

In a stream draining a productive lake, two abundant (250/m²) stoneflies Calineuria californica and Hesperoperla pacifica differed in population size structure, habitat use and food although overlap in resource use was extensive. Life cycles of two (Calineuria) and three years (Hesperoperla) were indicated. A multivariate analysis of habitat use demonstrated size dependent habitat selection in both species and between species habitat differences. Feeding habits differed although only the largest Hesperoperla had a food refuge. Diets of individual nymphs represented an interaction of species, size and habitat.     

Feeding habitats of blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) during winter and spring in Helan Mountains, China

The feeding habitat selection of blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)was studied by direct observation method in the Helan Mountains,China during winter (from November to December)and spring (from April to June)from 2003 to 2004.We established 25 line transects to collect information on feeding habitats used by blue sheep.Blue sheep in the study area preferred mountain savanna forests,a habitat dominated by Ulmus glaucescens,with medium tree density (＜4 individuals/400 m2),moderate tree height (4-6 m),higher shrub density (＞5 individuals/100 m2),higher shrub (＞1.3 m),higher food abundance (＞50 g),moderate distance to human disturbance (＜500 m),and mild distance to bare rock (＜2 m).Such habitats characterized by 12 ecological factors were preferred as feeding areas by blue sheep during winter.Similar to habitat selection by the species during winter,blue sheep also showed a preference for mountain savanna with tree dominated by Ulmus glaucescens and medium tree density (＜4 individuals/400 m2)during spring.Nevertheless,blue sheep preferred medium tree height (＜6 m),moderate tree density (5-10 individuals/100 m2),medium shrub height (1.3-1.7 m),higher food abundance (＞100 g),moderate altitude (＜2 000 m),moderate distance to water resource (＜500 m),and medium hiding cover (50%-75%)during spring.Selection of the feeding habitats by sheep showed a significant difference in vegetation type,landform feature,dominant tree,tree height,shrub density,distance to the nearest shrub,food abundance,slope direction,slope degree,distance to water resource,and hiding cover between winter and spring.Results of principal components analysis indicated that the first principal component accounted for 24.493%of the total variance among feeding habitat variance during winter,with higher loadings for vegetation type,dominant tree,tree height,distance to the nearest tree,shrub density,shrub height,altitude,distance to water resource,and distance to human disturbance.In spring,the first principal components explained 28.777%of the variance,with higher loadings for vegetation type,distance to the nearest tree,shrub height,distance to the nearest shrub,food abundance,altitude,and distance to human disturbance.     

Habitat selection and survival of Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) broods — preliminary results

Factors affecting habitat selection and survival of individual Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) broods were studied. Females were marked with radio transmitters and coloured wing tags, and their movements and that of their broods were followed to investigate the pattern of lake use.Broods frequently left hatching lakes and moved varying distances and made overland travels to reach actual brood rearing lakes. Food was more abundant and pH lower in rearing lakes compared with hatching lakes. Rearing lakes also were smaller and more isolated than hatching lakes but did not differ with respect to the structure of shore vegetation.Mortality rate varied considerably between broods. However, total distance moved and the length of overland travel was not associated with increased duckling mortality. Neither was mortality associated with the size, isolation or vegetation structure of the rearing lakes.     

The multivariate analysis of dermatoglyphics in population systematics

In this paper a multivariate analysis of dermatoglyphics was carried out. The following traits were used: pattern intensity on fingers, average of main line D terminations and frequencies of patterns in the five configurational areas of the palm. Firstly a cluster analysis is produced and completed with a principal components analysis. The results of both studies show clear agreement. The main conclusion is: the multivariate analysis of dermatoglyphics displays several groups of populations, which with the peculiarities pointed out in the paper, are in concordance with the classical racial stocks.