嫁接对铜胁迫下黄瓜幼苗根系多胺代谢的影响

采用营养液栽培法,研究了嫁接(以黑籽南瓜为砧木)对铜胁迫下黄瓜幼苗根系活力及多胺代谢的影响.结果表明:铜胁迫下黄瓜幼苗根系活力下降,电解质渗漏率升高,而嫁接苗的变化幅度显著小于黄瓜自根苗;铜胁迫下黄瓜嫁接植株根系中除游离态腐胺(Put)含量显著低于自根苗外,结合态和束缚态Put、3种形态亚精胺(Spd)和精胺(Spm)含量均显著高于自根苗,嫁接苗根系中游离态Put含量及腐胺/多胺(Put/PAs)显著低于自根苗;铜胁迫下,嫁接苗根系精氨酸脱羧酶(ADC)、鸟氨酸脱羧酶(ODC)和S-腺苷蛋氨酸脱羧酶(SAMDC)活性高于自根苗,而二胺氧化酶(DAO)和多胺氧化酶(PAO)活性显著低于自根苗.表明嫁接黄瓜幼苗根系PAs的合成增加,降解减少,使PAs含量维持在较高水平,从而提高了黄瓜幼苗抗铜胁迫能力.     

低氧胁迫下钙对网纹甜瓜幼苗多胺含量及多胺氧化酶活性的影响

以低氧性敏感的网纹甜瓜(Cucumis melo var. raticulalus)品种`西域一号'(Xiyu 1)为材料,研究了钙对低氧胁迫下幼苗生长、游离态、结合态和束缚态的腐胺(Put)、亚精胺(Spd)、精胺(Spm)含量、二胺氧化酶(DAO)和多胺氧化酶(PAO)活性、H₂O₂含量的影响。结果表明:与通气对照相比,低氧胁迫处理幼苗鲜重和干重显著降低,根、叶中3种形态的Put、Spd、Spm含量显著增加,DAO和PAO活性、H₂O₂含量显著提高;营养液加钙处理不但缓解了低氧胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制作用,而且幼苗游离态、结合态和束缚态Put、Spd、Spm含量显著高于单纯低氧胁迫处理,DAO和PAO活性、H₂O₂含量显著低于低氧胁迫处理;低氧胁迫下缺钙处理加重了低氧胁迫对网纹甜瓜幼苗的伤害。表明在低氧胁迫下,钙参与了网纹甜瓜幼苗多胺的代谢过程,对增强幼苗耐低氧性起着重要的作用。     

低氧胁迫下24-表油菜素内酯对黄瓜幼苗叶片光合特性及多胺含量的影响

采用1/2 Hoagland营养液培养,研究了低氧胁迫下24-表油菜素内酯(EBR)对黄瓜幼苗叶片光合特性及多胺含量的影响.结果表明：低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)显著下降,而叶绿素含量显著提高,幼苗生长受抑;低氧胁迫显著提高了黄瓜幼苗叶片的腐胺(Put)、亚精胺(Spd)、精胺(Spm)、多胺(PAs)含量和Put/PAs,但降低了(Spd+Spm) /Put.低氧胁迫下,外源EBR不仅显著提高了黄瓜幼苗的P_n、g_s、T_r及叶绿素含量,也显著提高了黄瓜幼苗叶片的游离态Spm、结合态Spd、Spm及束缚态Put、Spd、Spm含量,促进了PAs的进一步积累,且降低了Put/PAs,提高了(Spd+Spm)/Put．可见,外源EBR调节了黄瓜幼苗内源多胺含量及形态的变化,维持了较高的光合性能,促进了叶面积和干物质量的显著增加,缓解了低氧胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的伤害.     

外源亚精胺对盐胁迫下毕氏海蓬子体内多胺含量的影响

用含不同浓度(0、100、200、300、400和500 mmol·L 1)NaCl的Hoagland营养液及叶面喷施0.1 mmol·L-1外源亚精胺(Spd)处理毕氏海蓬子幼苗,研究外源Spd对NaCl胁迫下海蓬子体内游离态、结合态和束缚态3种形态多胺含量的影响,分析内源多胺含量的变化与植物耐盐性的关系.结果表明:(1)随盐胁迫浓度的升高,海蓬子幼苗叶片中3种形态腐胺(Put)含量均先降后升;同期的游离态Spd含量持续上升,结合态和束缚态Spd含量均先升后降;同期的游离和结合态精胺(Spm)含量均先升后降,而其束缚态Spm含量呈上升趋势;游离态和束缚态多胺(PAs)总量变化随盐浓度升高均呈上升趋势,而结合态PAs总量先升后降.(2)3种形态(Spd+ Spm) /Put比值均先升后降,而3种形态Put/PAs比值则均呈先降后升的相反趋势.(3)外源Spd处理提高了海蓬子幼苗叶片中结合态和束缚态PAs总量,也提高了游离态和束缚态(Spd+Spm)/Put比值.研究发现,外源Spd参与了NaCl胁迫下海蓬子内源PAs代谢的调节,可能通过促进盐胁迫植株中Put向Spd和Spm的转化,以及游离态多胺向结合态和束缚态多胺的转化来增强海蓬子耐盐性.     

NaCl胁迫对菜用大豆种子多胺代谢的影响

采用蛭石栽培,在100 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下,对耐盐性不同的两个品种菜用大豆种子的丙二醛(MDA)含量和多胺(PAs)代谢进行了研究.结果表明:NaCl胁迫显著增加了菜用大豆种子的MDA含量,但耐盐品种‘绿领特早’(LL)的增幅低于盐敏感品种‘理想高产95-1’(LX).与LX相比,LL种子在整个NaCl胁迫期间均维持了相对较高的游离态精胺(Spm)、结合态Spm、结合态亚精胺(Spd)、束缚态Spd和束缚态腐胺(Put)含量,较高的(Spd +Spm )/Put 和(cPAs+bPAs)/fPAs值及较低的Put/PAs值,在胁迫中、后期(9～15 d)维持了相对较高的游离态Spd含量;胁迫期间,LL的精胺酸脱羧酶(ADC)长时期(6～15 d)保持相对较高的活性,而多胺氧化酶(PAO)则长时期(6～15 d)维持相对较低的活性.综上,LL具有较强的多胺合成能力及较强的Put向Spd和Spm以及游离态多胺向结合态和束缚态多胺转化的能力,进而有效抑制了细胞的膜脂过氧化,这可能是其耐盐性较强的重要原因之一.     

油菜素内酯对低氧胁迫黄瓜幼苗根系多胺、ATPase活性及无机离子含量的影响

研究了24-表油菜素内酯(EBR)对低氧胁迫黄瓜幼苗根系多胺、ATPase活性及无机离子含量的影响.结果表明,低氧导致根系内多胺(PAs)含量显著提高、(精胺+亚精胺)/腐胺的比值下降,而K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Zn2+含量及ATPase活性显著下降;与单纯的低氧处理相比,EBR可增加低氧黄瓜幼苗根系亚精胺(Spd)、精胺(Spm)含量及(精胺+亚精胺)/腐胺的比值,显著提高ATPase活性及Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe3+、Mn2+含量.可见,EBR可调节幼苗根系多胺变化,有效提高ATPase活性,促进无机离子的吸收,缓解了低氧的伤害.     

盐胁迫对黄瓜幼苗根系脯氨酸和多胺代谢的影响

以2个黄瓜品种‘长春密刺’(抗盐性较强)和‘津春2号’(抗盐性较弱)为材料,采用营养液栽培,研究了盐胁迫对幼苗根系脯氨酸(Pro)和多胺(PAs)代谢的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫能提高黄瓜幼苗根系吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶(P5CS)活性,抑制脯氨酸脱氢酶(ProDH)活性,从而显著增加Pro含量,且‘长春密刺’变化幅度显著大于‘津春2号’;盐胁迫下,‘长春密刺’根系精氨酸脱羧酶(ADC)、鸟氨酸脱羧酶(ODC)和S-腺苷蛋氨酸脱羧酶(SAMDC)活性升高幅度显著大于‘津春2号’,而多胺氧化酶(PAO)活性升高幅度显著低于‘津春2号’,引起其根系内亚精胺(Spd)和精胺(Spm)含量显著增加;盐胁迫下,2品种根系腐胺(Put)含量呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,随着Put积累降低,Pro含量显著增加。可见,盐胁迫诱导根系较高的Pro、Spd和Spm积累有利于提高黄瓜幼苗对盐胁迫逆境的适应能力,盐胁迫下PAs代谢和Pro代谢密切相关,Put的积累一定程度上促进了Pro含量的增加。     

盐胁迫下大麦幼苗多胺的种类和状态与多胺氧化酶活性的关系

200 mmol/L的NaCl胁迫8 d大麦幼苗叶片和根系中的三种形态多胺都有不同程度地下降,其中游离态多胺含量的下降幅度最大;高氯酸不溶性结合态多胺含量变化较小.根系中PAO的活性先上升后下降,而叶片中PAO的活性先下降后上升.游离态多胺中,亚精胺和精胺(Spd Spm)的含量变化与相应部位PAO的活性变化趋势相反,表明PAO在盐胁迫下可能调节了游离态多胺的含量从而影响高氯酸可溶结合态与高氯酸不溶结合态多胺的含量.     

外源腐胺对根际低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗多胺和抗氧化系统的影响

采用营养液栽培,研究了外源腐胺(Put)对根际低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗体内多胺含量和抗氧化系统的影响.结果显示,低氧胁迫显著刺激了黄瓜幼苗体内活性氧(ROS)和内源多胺含量的增加,提高了抗氧化酶活性;外源Put进一步提高了低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗体内多胺的含量和抗氧化酶活性,降低了ROS含量,从而缓解了低氧胁迫的伤害作用;Put合成抑制剂D-精氨酸(D-Arg)不仅显著抑制黄瓜幼苗体内多胺的合成,而且抑制抗氧化酶活性,同时ROS大量积累,进一步抑制黄瓜幼苗的生长;而外源Put可缓解D-Arg的抑制作用;Put转化抑制剂甲基乙二醛-双(脒基腙)(MGBG)和Put降解抑制剂氨基胍(AG)的混合施用造成游离态Put的过量积累,以及亚精胺(Spd)、精胺(Spm)含量和抗氧化酶活性的显著降低,造成ROS大量积累,进一步加重了低氧胁迫对植株的伤害.结果表明,低氧胁迫下外源Put可提高黄瓜幼苗体内游离态Put含量,促进游离态Put向Spd和Spm转化,Spd、Spm含量的增加以及(free-Spd free-Spm)/free-Put比值的升高有利于提高植株抗氧化酶活性,增强清除ROS的能力,降低膜脂过氧化的伤害,从而增强植株的低氧胁迫耐性.     

外源多胺对低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗根系生长及H+-ATP酶和H+-焦磷酸酶活性的影响

采用营养液水培方式,研究了根际低氧胁迫下外源多胺对黄瓜幼苗植株根系生长,内源多胺含量与质膜H -ATP酶、液泡膜H -ATP酶和焦磷酸酶活性的影响.结果表明,根际低氧胁迫显著抑制黄瓜幼苗根系的生长,外源Put(腐胺)和Spd(亚精胺)可缓解低氧胁迫对根系的生长抑制,多胺主要以Spd的形式发挥促进性的生理作用,Put通过转化为Spd发挥作用;低氧胁迫下黄瓜根系内源多胺含量略有提高,外源多胺处理可增加内源多胺的含量;低氧胁迫下外源Put和Spd处理后质膜H -ATP酶活性显著提高,外源多胺对黄瓜根系液胞膜H -ATP酶和H -焦磷酸酶活性没有明显影响,说明低氧胁迫下外源多胺主要通过提高质膜H -ATP酶活性而发挥生理作用.     

Polyamines in soybeans

Putrescine, spermidine, and spermine were three main polyamines isolated from soybeans and partially characterized. Occurrence of polyamines in soybeans was established by separating trichloroacetic acid extracts of soybeans by cationic exchange column chromatography, identification with thin layer chromatography, paper electrophoresis, mass spectral analysis, reactions with ninhydrin and Dragendorff reagents, and spectrophotometric characteristics. Soybeans contained a minimum of 29.0 micrograms of polyamines per gram of full-fat flour. The alcohol-soluble fraction of soybeans contained polyamines also. Resting seeds contained spermidine in higher concentration than either putrescine or spermine. Spermine appeared to be present in lowest concentration. Preliminary experiments suggested that some polyamines were possibly in bound forms.     

Polyamines of Pseudomonas acidovorans

Pseudomonas acidovorans contains putrescine, 2-hydroxyputrescine, and spermidine.     

Role of Polyamines in Apoptosis and Other Recent Advances in Plant Polyamines

Numerous citations in the literature indicate that polyamines are intensively studied in plants. Polyamines are implicated in many functions of the plant cell. Excellent recent reviews cover much of this original research. This article is focused primarily on literature that relates research on the role of polyamines in apoptosis and programmed cell death in both plants and animals. Apoptosis and programmed cell death are considerably better studied in animal systems, and this review demonstrates that the role of polyamines in these processes in plant systems are remarkably congruent with what is known in animal systems. In addition, key recent research reports are reviewed that describe the functional analysis of key polyamine biosynthesis genes in plants in relation to responses to environmental stress signals. Molecular analysis is providing strong evidence for the polyamine biosynthetic pathways to play major roles in ameliorating plant responses to abiotic stresses.     

Polyamines and apoptosis

The natural polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are in multiple ways involved in cell growth and the maintenance of cell viability. In the course of the last 15 years more and more evidence hinted also at roles in gene regulation. It is therefore not surprising that the polyamines are involved in events inherent to genetically programmed cell death. Following inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase, a key step in polyamine biosynthesis, numerous links have been identified between the polyamines and apoptotic pathways. Examples of activation and prevention of apoptosis due to polyamine depletion are known for several cell lines. Elevation of polyamine concentrations may lead to apoptosis or to malignant transformation. These observations are discussed in the present review, together with possible mechanisms of action of the polyamines. Contradictory results and incomplete information blur the picture and complicate interpretation. Since, however, much interest is focussed at present on all aspects of programmed cell death, a considerable progress in the elucidation of polyamine functions in apoptotic signalling pathways is expected, even though enormous difficulties oppose pinpointing specific interactions of the polyamines with pro- and anti-apoptotic factors. Such situation is quite common in polyamine research.     

Polyamines and Plant Morphogenesis

Alterations in free and conjugated polyamines (PAs) and the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis, namely arginine decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase have been reported to occur during cell division, growth, embryogenesis and rhizogenesis in an array of plant materials. However, the relationship, if any, between them and all these processes has not yet been established. It seems that specific PAs at specific concentration ranges are required during critical stages of growth and morphogenetic events. Furthermore, the effects of PA biosynthesis inhibitors vary considerably at different developmental stages of the same tissue. The present review deals with the available information about the possible role of PAs in aforesaid physiological processes.     

Polyamines and plant disease

The diamine putrescine and the polyamines spermidine and spermine are found in a wide range of organisms from bacteria to plants and animals. They are basic, small molecules implicated in the promotion of plant growth and development by activating the synthesis of nucleic acids. Polyamine metabolism has long been known to be altered in plants responding to abiotic environmental stress and to undergo profound changes in plants interacting with fungal and viral pathogens. Polyamines conjugated to phenolic compounds, hydroxycinnamic acid amides (HCAAs), have been shown to accumulate in incompatible interactions between plants and a variety of pathogens, while changes in the diamine catabolic enzyme diamine oxidase suggest a role for this enzyme in the production of hydrogen peroxide during plant defence responses. More recent work has suggested a role for the free polyamine spermine in the hypersensitive response of barley to powdery mildew and particularly in tobacco to TMV. The prospects for the genetic manipulation of HCAA levels in plants as a means of both defining their role in plant defence and in the generation of disease resistant plants is discussed briefly.     

Polyamines in Entamoeba invadens

The polyamine content of Entamoeba was measured by a procedure that involved benzoylation followed by high performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.). A high concentration of putrescine and significant amounts of spermidine and spermine were found in actively growing trophozoites and in the cyst forms of the organism. In contrast, trophozoites in stationary phase had greatly reduced amounts of putrescine and exhibited peaks in h.p.l.c., possibly indicative of acetylated polyamines. alpha-D,L-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) lowered the concentration of polyamines in growing trophozoites, but did not inhibit the degree of proliferation. There is evidence for pathways of polyamine biosynthesis in Entamoeba other than through ornithine decarboxylase (ODC).     

Polyamines and membrane transporters

In recent years, our understanding of the importance of membrane transporters (MTs) in the disposition of and response to drugs has increased significantly. MTs are proteins that regulate the transport of endogenous molecules and xenobiotics across the cell membrane. In mammals, two super-families have been identified: ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) transporters. There is evidence that MTs might mediate polyamines (PA) transport. PA are ubiquitous polycations which are found in all living cells. In mammalian cells, three major PA are synthesised: putrescine, spermidine and spermine; whilst the decarboxylated arginine (agmatine) is not produced by mammals but is synthesised by plants and bacteria. In addition, research in the PA field suggests that PA are transported into cells via a specific transporter, the polyamine transport system(s) (PTS). Although the PTS has not been fully defined, there is evidence that some of the known MTs might be involved in PA transport. In this mini review, eight SLC transporters will be reviewed and their potential to mediate PA transport in human cells discussed. These transporters are SLC22A1, SLC22A2, SLC22A3, SLC47A1, SLC7A1, SLC3A2, SLC12A8A, and SLC22A16. Preliminary data from our laboratory have revealed that SLC22A1 might be involved in the PA uptake; in addition to one member of ABC superfamily (MDR1 protein) might also mediate the efflux of polyamine like molecules.