普通菜豆抗炭疽病基因鉴定与分子标记

菜豆炭疽病是世界菜豆生产中的主要病害之一,使幕豆产量和品质受到严重影响,对抗炭疽病基因的研究可以为培育抗炭疽病品种奠定基础。幕豆炭疽病病菌生理分化比较复杂,由于菜豆品种的抗病性和地域不同,菜豆炭疽菌的致病性分化不同。10个已知抗炭疽病基因中,9个基因（Co-1、Co-2、Co-3／Co-9、Co-4^2、Co-5、Co-6、Co-7、Co-10）已被确认为独立显性基因,其中Co-3／Co-9是等位基因;Co-1、Co-4和Co-9存在等位基因,co-8为隐性基因。除Co-5、Co-7和co-8三个基因还没有被定位外,其他基因被定位在不同的连锁群上。     

普通菜豆种质资源遗传多样性研究进展

普通菜豆于15世纪从美洲直接引入中国,作为重要的食用豆类作物之一,在我国的许多地区广泛种植。本文对普通菜豆的起源、驯化、传播以及遗传多样性研究等方面的进展进行综述,并根据普通菜豆育种和生产中存在的问题及今后的研究方向提出一些建议,旨在为普通菜豆的种质收集保存以及合理利用提供参考。     

普通菜豆抗炭疽病地方品种的朊蛋白标记分析

普通菜豆在长期驯化过程中形成了安第斯和中美两个基因库,研究基因库来源对于抗病育种中抗病亲本的选配具有重要意义.本研究利用菜豆朊蛋白标记分析了54份抗炭疽病菜豆地方品种的基因库来源,基本上明确了我国抗炭疽病菜豆种质的基因源,为抗病育种奠定了基础.     

菜豆炭疽菌生理小种鉴定及普通菜豆种质的抗性评价

对来源于黑龙江、吉林、内蒙古、河北、云南等8个省（市）的15个菜豆炭疽菌分离物进行生理小种鉴定,鉴别出5个菜豆炭疽菌生理小种,其中81号小种出现的频率高达67％,是中国的优势小种。用81号小种对181份菜豆进行抗性鉴定,发现高抗材料2份,抗病材料43份,高感材料33份,说明我国菜豆种质资源对炭疽菌81号小种抗感差异显著,抗病资源丰富。     

影响菜豆普通花叶病毒种子传毒的因素

研究了影响菜豆普通花叶病毒(BCMV)种子传毒的一些因素,不同品种,不同感染时期种子的传毒率有显著差异,苗期感病的植株,不同荚位的种子传毒率是:下部>中部>上部,花期感病者则是:中部>上部>下部,感病植株的斑驳荚种子传毒率,依品种的不同,比无斑驳荚者高3.2～9.3倍。     

中国普通菜豆形态性状分析及分类

对129份中国普通菜豆地方品种的形态性状进行分析,结果表明,8个性状共检测到35个变异类型,平均变异类型为4.375个,平均多态信息含量为0.5638。中国普通菜豆包括安第斯和中美两个基因库种质,中美洲基因库资源在参试资源中比重较大,但安第斯基因库资源遗传多样性水平高于中美基因库材料。由中美基因库向安第斯基因库渗透的天然杂交种质可为普通菜豆高产、优质、抗逆育种提供有价值的桥梁品种。     

林木比较基因组学研究进展

比较基因组学是基因组研究的重要内容。林木比较基因组学研究发现林木基因组中存在广泛的共线性或同线性及微共线性,在进化过程中呈现高度保守性。本文概述了林木比较基因组学研究的进展状况,探讨了该领域的发展趋势,以期为我国林木基因组学研究提供有益的参考。     

基于农艺性状的山西普通菜豆初级核心种质构建

利用663份山西省普通菜豆资源基于14个农艺性状,采用比较不同分组原则、取样比例和总体取样量不同组合的取样方法,确定了\"地理来源+平方根比例+20%总体取样量\"为山西省初级核心种质构建的方法。同时,在此基础上对663份资源中一些具有极端性状的资源进行选择,最终确定152份普通菜豆可作为山西省普通菜豆初级核心种质。通过总体与初级核心种质资源多样性分析,数量性状均值比较,数量性状极值、变幅和标准差比较,性状多样性的差异性分析和各性状总体分布的χ2检验,最终得出:152份普通菜豆资源能够代表山西省普通菜豆资源的总体,可作为山西省普通菜豆评价和创新利用的优先样品集。     

普通菜豆生长习性相关基因定位

普通菜豆生长习性是一个重要的驯化性状。为定位生长习性相关基因,本研究选用无限蔓生型育成品种连农紫芸一号和有限丛生地方品种兔子腿配置杂交组合,构建F2分离群体和F2∶3家系。遗传分析表明,有限直立对无限蔓生是由1对隐性单基因控制,将该基因命名为gh-lz。利用分离群体分组分析法初步将该基因定位在B01连锁群,通过扩大群体和新开发的SSR、In/Del标记进一步将目的基因定位在SSR标记p1t52和In/Del标记In93之间,位于第1条染色体上45453003~45575103 bp之间,区间大小为122100 bp,预测候选区段共包含12个基因,命名为Gene1~Gene12。其中,Gene12为普通菜豆基因TFL1。本研究为普通菜豆生长习性相关基因的定位及进一步的功能研究奠定了分子基础。     

普通菜豆种质资源表型鉴定及多样性分析

对646份普通菜豆核心种质在贵州毕节进行了表型鉴定,结果表明,普通菜豆具有丰富的形态性状多样性。总变异数为367,平均遗传丰富度为8.34,变异范围2~31;遗传多样性指数为0.63,变异范围为0.02~0.91。通过多变量的主成分分析,前3个主成分的贡献率较大,分别为17.73%、15.35%和11.33%。依据表型鉴定数据信息,将供试种质聚类并划分为4组。Ⅰ组的遗传多样性较高,主要为直立有限的大粒资源,大多资源属于安第斯基因库;Ⅱ组的遗传多样性最低,为直立无限生长习性的小粒资源,属于中美基因库;Ⅲ组的遗传多样性最高,主要以蔓生无限为主,包括小部分直立无限和匍匐无限的资源;Ⅳ组的遗传多样性较低,为蔓生无限生长习性、株高最高、分枝数最少的资源。筛选到大粒、多荚、长荚、宽荚等具有特异性状的种质资源35份。     

Genetic structure of wild bean populations in their South-Andean centre of origin

 The genetic structure of wild common bean populations was studied in the South-Andean centre of origin of the species. Plants were collected from 21 populations in Argentina and genetic variability was assessed for molecular and resistance markers. Polymorphism was weak for phaseolin, the major seed-storage protein, and for RAPD markers, while a high level of polymorphism was observed for resistance to anthracnose, one of the most important diseases of common bean. For the three traits, within-population variability was important and represented between 43.6% and 67.5% of the total variation. Although among-population differentiation was significant for all the traits, no correlation was found between the population distances calculated from RAPDs and resistance. These results indicate that pathogen selection pressure may be an important factor influencing the distribution of variability within and among host plant populations. Received: 28 October 1997 / Accepted: 25 November 1997     

Analysis of the barley and rice genomes by comparative RFLP linkage mapping

Comparative genetic mapping of rice and barley, both major crop species with extensive genetic resources, offers the possibility of uniting two well-established and characterized genetic systems. In the present study, we screened 229 molecular markers and utilized 110 polymorphic orthologous loci to construct comparative maps of the rice and barley genomes. While extensive chromosomal rearrangements, including inversions and intrachromosomal translocations, differentiate the rice and barley genomes, several syntenous chromosomes are evident. Indeed, several chromosomes and chromosome arms appear to share nearly identical gene content and gene order. Seventeen regions of conserved organization were detected, spanning 287 cM (24%) and 321 cM (31%) of the rice and barley genomes, respectively. The results also indicate that most (72%) of the single-copy sequences in barley are also single copy in rice, suggesting that the large barley genome arose by unequal crossing over and amplification of repetitive DNA sequences and not by the duplication of single-copy sequences. Combining these results with those previously reported for comparative analyses of rice and wheat identified nine putatively syntenous chromosomes among barley, wheat and rice. The high degree of gene-order conservation as detected by comparative mapping has astonishing implications for interpreting genetic information among species and for elucidating chromosome evolution and speciation.     

A family of LRR sequences in the vicinity of the Co-2 locus for anthracnose resistance in Phaseolus vulgaris and its potential use in marker-assisted selection

 Molecular markers offer new opportunities for breeding for disease resistance. Resistance gene pyramiding in a single cultivar, as a strategy for durable resistance, can be facilitated by marker-assisted selection (MAS). A RAPD marker, ROH20⁴⁵⁰, linked to the Mesoamerican Co-2 anthracnose resistance gene, was previously transformed into a SCAR marker, SCH20. In the present paper we have further characterized the relevance of the SCH20 SCAR marker in different genetic backgrounds. Since this SCAR marker was found to be useful mainly in the Andean gene pool, we identified a new PCR-based marker (SCAreoli) for indirect scoring of the presence of the Co-2 gene. The SCAreoli SCAR marker is polymorphic in the Mesoamerican as well as in the Andean gene pool and should be useful in MAS. We also report that PvH20, the cloned sequence corresponding to the 450-bp RAPD marker ROH20⁴⁵⁰, contains six imperfect leucine-rich repeats, and reveals a family of related sequences in the vicinity of the Co-2 locus. These results are discussed in the context of the recent cloning of some plant resistance genes. Received: 26 June 1997 / Accepted: 13 October 1997     

Construction of an intra-specific sweet cherry (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus avium</Emphasis> L.) genetic linkage map and synteny analysis with the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus</Emphasis> reference map

Linkage maps of the sweet cherry cultivar ‘Emperor Francis’ (EF) and the wild forest cherry ‘New York 54’ (NY) were constructed using primarily simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and gene-derived markers with known positions on the Prunus reference map. The success rate for identifying SSR markers that could be placed on either the EF or NY maps was only 26% due to two factors: a reduced transferability of other Prunus-species-derived markers and a low level of polymorphism in the mapping parents. To increase marker density, we developed four cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence markers (CAPS), 19 derived CAPS markers, and four insertion–deletion markers for cherry based on 101 Prunus expressed sequence tags. In addition, four gene-derived markers representing orthologs of a tomato vacuolar invertase and fruit size gene and two sour cherry sorbitol transporters were developed. To complete the linkage analysis, 61 amplified fragment length polymorphism and seven sequence-related amplified polymorphism markers were also used for map construction. This analysis resulted in the expected eight linkage groups for both parents. The EF and NY maps were 711.1 cM and 565.8 cM, respectively, with the average distance between markers of 4.94 cM and 6.22 cM. A total of 82 shared markers between the EF and NY maps and the Prunus reference map showed that the majority of the marker orders were the same with the Prunus reference map suggesting that the cherry genome is colinear with that of the other diploid Prunus species. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

水杨酸诱导普通菜豆镰孢菌枯萎病抗病性的研究

普通菜豆是人类主要食用豆类之一,其营养价值高、栽培面积大。镰孢菌枯萎病是普通菜豆典型的土传病害,给普通菜豆生产带来严重损失。水杨酸(SA)被认为是诱导植物抗病反应的重要信号分子之一,参与植物的过敏反应(HR)和系统获得性抗性反应(SAR)。本研究通过不同植物激素处理普通菜豆BRB-130,结果表明,SA处理普通菜豆叶片使植株根中SA的含量升高,并显著提高植株对枯萎病原菌FOP-DM01菌株的抗性。SA诱导普通菜豆根组织中苯丙氨酸解氨酶、过氧化物酶活性及过氧化氢的含量显著升高,从而诱导普通菜豆产生HR和SAR。因此,SA作为普通菜豆抗病信号途径中重要的化学激活因子,能够显著提高普通菜豆对枯萎病原菌的抗病性,为发展环境友好型化学农药提供新的思路。