转Bt基因抗虫棉根际微生物区系和细菌生理群多样性的变化

在大田栽培条件下 ,以转 Bt基因抗虫棉 GK-12和常规棉花泗棉 3号作为材料 ,在棉花不同发育时期 ,于 2 0 0 1和 2 0 0 2连续两年测定棉花根际土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌数量的变化 ,并在 2 0 0 2年棉花的花铃期和吐絮期对根际细菌生理群的数量和多样性进行了分析 ,结果表明 :虽然不同年份和生育期棉花根际微生物数量存在差异 ,但是 ,年度间和相同的发育时期棉花根际微生物的数量变化趋势一致。在棉花的苗期和吐絮期 ,转 Bt基因抗虫棉根际微生物的数量与对照差异不显著 ;在棉花的花铃期 ,转 Bt基因抗虫棉根际细菌的数量比对照增加 ,放线菌的数量差异不显著 ,而真菌的数量变化没有规律。在棉花发育的花铃期和吐絮期 ,Bt棉根际细菌生理群的总数量比常规棉增加 ,但是根际细菌生理群的 Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和细菌生理群分布的均匀度下降     

转基因棉花种植对根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

应用Biolog方法对两种转基因棉花及其亲本非转基因棉花根际土壤微生物的单一碳源利用水平进行了比较分析,探讨转基因棉花种植对其根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响.结果表明：与非转基因亲本相比,在苗期、蕾期、吐絮期、衰老期转基因棉花种植对根际土壤微生物群落碳源利用能力、Shannon功能多样性指数和均匀度指数的影响均不显著,而在花铃期根际土壤微生物群落碳源利用能力和Shannon功能多样性指数显著降低.主成分分析表明,花铃期转基因棉花与非转基因棉花根际土壤微生物碳源利用在两主成分轴上的分异较大,碳源利用模式差异显著.     

转Bt+CpTI基因棉花对根际土壤细菌及氨氧化细菌数量的影响

转基因棉花对根际土壤微生物的影响在转基因作物风险评估中具有重要意义。【目的】通过研究转基因棉花根际微生物群落变化来评估转基因棉花的生态风险。【方法】以转Bt+CpTI基因抗虫棉(SGK321)及非转基因亲本棉花石远321(SY321)根际土壤总细菌和氨氧化细菌为研究对象,分别在种植前和棉花的不同生长时期(蕾期、花期、铃期和絮期)取样。采用微滴数码PCR方法对土壤中总细菌16S rRNA和氨氧化细菌的功能基因amoA基因进行定量分析。【结果】结果发现两种棉花根际土壤中的总细菌数量随棉花生长的不同时期没有显著差异。但是对氨氧化细菌的定量结果表明随棉花不同生长时期,两种棉花根际土壤中的氨氧化细菌数量均发生显著变化,但变化趋势不同:在蕾期,SY321和SGK321根际土壤中的氨氧化细菌数量分别增加了4倍和2倍;在花期,SY321根际氨氧化细菌与蕾期相比显著降低至5.96×105copies/g dry soil,而SGK321根际氨氧化细菌则显著增加至1.25×106copies/g dry soil;在铃期,SY321根际氨氧化细菌显著增加至1.49×106copies/g dry soil,而SGK321根际土壤中氨氧化细菌数量没有发生显著变化;絮期两者均表现为降低,但差异显著。与非转基因棉花相比,转基因棉花根际土壤中的氨氧化细菌变化相对较为平缓。【结论】这表明氨氧化细菌数量既受棉花生长时期的影响,同时也受转基因棉花的影响,转基因棉花通过影响氨氧化细菌的数量减缓氨的转化速度,这在一定程度上有利于植物生长。     

转Bt + CpTI基因棉花对根际土壤细菌及氨氧化细菌数量的影响

摘要:转基因棉花对根际土壤微生物的影响在转基因作物风险评估中具有重要意义。【目的】通过研究转基因棉花根际微生物群落变化来评估转基因棉花的生态风险。【方法】以转Bt + CpTI基因抗虫棉(SGK321)及非转基因亲本棉花石远321(SY321)根际土壤总细菌和氨氧化细菌为研究对象,分别在种植前和棉花的不同生长时期(蕾期、花期、铃期和絮期)取样。采用微滴数码PCR方法对土壤中总细菌16S rRNA和氨氧化细菌的功能基因amoA基因进行定量分析。【结果】结果发现两种棉花根际土壤中的总细菌数量随棉花生长的不同时期没有显著差异。但是对氨氧化细菌的定量结果表明随棉花不同生长时期,两种棉花根际土壤中的氨氧化细菌数量均发生显著变化,但变化趋势不同:在蕾期,SY321和SGK321根际土壤中的氨氧化细菌数量分别增加了4倍和2倍;在花期,SY321根际氨氧化细菌与蕾期相比显著降低至5.96×105 copies/g dry soil,而SGK321根际氨氧化细菌则显著增加至1.25×106 copies/g dry soil;在铃期,SY321根际氨氧化细菌显著增加至1.49×106 copies/g dry soil,而SGK321根际土壤中氨氧化细菌数量没有发生显著变化;絮期两者均表现为降低,但差异显著。与非转基因棉花相比,转基因棉花根际土壤中的氨氧化细菌变化相对较为平缓。【结论】这表明氨氧化细菌数量既受棉花生长时期的影响,同时也受转基因棉花的影响,转基因棉花通过影响氨氧化细菌的数量减缓氨的转化速度,这在一定程度上有利于植物生长。     

发根农杆菌介导几丁质酶基因和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因转化烟草的研究

用冻融法和三亲交配法将具有几丁质酶基因、β—1,3—葡聚糖酶基因和卡那霉素抗性标记基因的质牲pBLGC导入具有Ri质粒的发根农杆菌中。用叶盘法转化烟草的三个品种,经Kan抗性筛选获得126株再生植株,对119株再生植株分别以启动子CaMV35S、几丁质酶基因和β—1,3—葡聚糖酶基因的引物进行PCR检测,其中几丁质酶基因至阳性的植株有72株,β—1,3—葡聚糖酶基因至阳性的有47株,具有几丁质酶基因和β—1,3—葡聚糖酶基因的植株有36株。对转化的24株转基因经PCR-Southern杂交,结果均至阳性。实验结果表明,外源基因的转化频率与植物品种、外源基因片段的大小有关,几丁质酶基因和β—1,3—葡聚糖酶基因分别或共同整合到植物基因组中。     

转BT+ CPTI基因抗虫棉的种植对土壤根际反硝化菌丰度和多样性影响

摘要:【目的】为评价转基因棉花的种植对根际土壤反硝化细菌丰度和多样性的影响,【方法】以转Bt + CpTI 基因抗虫棉(SGK321)及非转基因亲本棉花石远321(SY321)根际土壤反硝化细菌为研究对象,分别在种植前和棉花的不同生长时期(蕾期、花期、铃期和絮期)取样。采用实时荧光定量PCR方法和末端标记限制性片段多态性(T-RFLP)技术对土壤中反硝化细菌的功能基因nosZ基因进行定量和多样性分析。【结果】结果发现随棉花不同生长时期两种棉花根际土壤中的反硝化细菌丰度均发生显著变化,但变化趋势不同。转基因棉花根际土壤反硝化细菌从种植前的3.12×106 copies/g dry soil一直增加到铃期的2.81×107 copies/g dry soil,增加了8倍。非转基因棉花根际土壤反硝化细菌丰度变化受生长周期影响更为显著,表现为蕾期增加,花期降低,铃期又增加的趋势。典范相关及部分典范相关分析反硝化细菌多样性结果表明其多样性受环境因素pH、硝酸根浓度以及棉花生长时期(蕾期和花期)影响最为显著,但此外棉花品种也起到了非常重要的作用,【结论】反硝化细菌的丰度和多样性既受棉花生长时期的影响,同时也受棉花品种的影响,转基因棉花通过调节根际土壤中的pH 和硝酸根浓度,来影响其多样性和丰度。转Bt + CpTI基因抗虫棉的种植增加了土壤pH,从而导致根际土壤反硝化细菌的多样性和丰度增加。     

本溪山樱根际与非根际解磷细菌群落结构及动态变化

利用选择性培养基,对不同基质中的本溪山樱(Cerasus sachalinensis) 根际与非根际解磷细菌进行了分离、鉴定和分类,分析了3种不同基质中根际与非根际解磷细菌数量和类群的变化.结果表明,从3种不同配比的基质中分离纯化获得的解磷细菌分别属于13个属,以芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和沙雷铁氏菌属(Serratia)为主.其中添加炉渣的基质最适于解磷细菌的生长与繁殖,其种群数量最高,但类群的多样性指数低于另外两种土壤.本溪山樱不同生育期根际与非根际解磷细菌种群数量不同,新梢停长期根际中定殖的解磷细菌种群最多（共分离到6个菌属）,新梢迅速生长期和落叶期较少,萌芽期最少.根际土壤解磷细菌多样性亦随生育期发生变化,新梢迅速生长期最高,落叶期次之,新梢停长期最低.非根际土壤则有随生育期逐渐减小的趋势.解磷细菌的根际效应较明显     

新疆断裂带含硫冷泉泉水细菌群落结构多样性

摘要：【目的】为了解新疆断裂带含硫冷泉泉水中细菌群落结构的组成和物种多样性。【方法】采用免培养法直接从冷泉水中提取环境总DNA,采用细菌通用引物对泉水中细菌的16S rRNA基因进行PCR扩增,构建16S rRNA基因克隆文库。使用限制性内切酶Hae Ⅲ对随机挑选的阳性克隆子进行限制性片段长度多态性分析(Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, RFLP),选出具有不同酶切图谱的序列进行测序、BLAST比对和构建16S rRNA基因系统发育树。【结果】共从细菌16S rRNA基因文库中筛选了228个阳性克隆,RFLP分型得到33个不同的操作分类单元 (Operational Taxonomic Unites, OTUs),覆盖度 (Coverage C) 为92%。BLAST比对、RDP归类及系统发育分析将这33个OTUs归为：变形菌门 (Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门 (Bacteroidetes) 和厚壁菌门 (Firmicutes)。变形菌门为绝对优势类群,占整个细菌克隆文库的98%,,其中20%左右的类群与硫化物代谢相关的光合自养和化能自养类群纯培养菌具有高的相似性 (>97%)。此外,还发现大量类群 (总文库的64%,其中57%为军团菌属Legionella spp., 类群)与GenBank中已存细菌16S rRNA基因相似性小于96%。【结论】新疆断裂带含硫冷泉泉水中细菌类群的多样性较低,但可能存在大量潜在细菌新种和新分类。另外,该泉水可能是潜在的新军团菌病传播源,因而可能对下游人畜健康存在潜在威胁。     

油藏水样细菌群落16S rRNA基因的RFLP分析

通过16S rRNA基因的限制性酶切片段长度多态性分析(RFLP)方法,考察了油藏水样中细菌群落及多样性。从水样中分离纯化微生物总DNA,选择性扩增细菌16S rRNA基因,并构建16S rDNA克隆文库。337个16S rDNA克隆片段分别用限制性内切酶HinfⅠ和HaeⅢ酶切分析,得到74个操作分类单元(OTUs),其中数量最多的4个OTUs共占克隆子总数的73.6%,另外70个OTUs的丰度均处于较低水平,有57个OTUs仅含有1个克隆子。结果表明,运用RFLP方法分析16S rDNA克隆片段能够有效评估油藏水样中的细菌群落和多样性。     

转mapk双链RNA干扰表达载体黄瓜对根际土壤细菌多样性的影响

随着RNA干扰技术的发展,通过植物表达病原物特异的dsRNA来防治植物病害的转基因作物越来越多.转根结线虫mapk双链RNA表达载体的黄瓜能够通过RNA干扰作用沉默线虫的mapk基因,对根结线虫具有良好的防治效果.为了评价该转基因黄瓜的安全性,明确mapk双链RNA干扰表达载体转基因黄瓜植株对根际土壤细菌多样性的影响,采用16S rRNA基因克隆文库方法对非转基因黄瓜和转基因黄瓜土壤细菌群落多样性进行分析.结果表明,非转基因黄瓜土壤细菌文库包含124个OTU(可操作分类单元),转基因黄瓜土壤细菌文库包含122个OTU.2个文库共同拥有的OTU为115个.2个文库都包含1 3个类群细菌,Acidobacteria、Actinobacteria、Armatimonadetes、Bacteroidetes、candidate division BRC1、Chloroflexi、Firmicutes、Gemmatimonadetes、Nitrospira、Planctomycetes、Proteobacteria、Verrucomicrobia、unclassified_Bacteria. 其中 Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes 、Chloroflexi和Acidobacteria是优势菌群.其他细菌类群数量相对较少.在纲分类水平上,两个文库包含的细菌类群一致,且各类群细菌比例差异不大.在Acidobacteria门中,Acidobacteria_Gp6为优势菌群.在Bacteroidetes门中,Sphingobacteria纲细菌数量最多.在Chloroflexi门中,unclassified Chloroflexi细菌最多.在Proteobacteria门中,其中Betaproteobacteria纲的细菌数量最多.从多样性指数角度分析,两种土壤细菌群落的Shannon、Simpson和Chao值差异不大.总体来看,两种土壤细菌类群差异不显著,转基因黄瓜未对根际土壤细菌群落产生明显影响.     

Genotypic diversity among rhizospheric bacteria of three legumes assessed by cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independent techniques

The genotypic diversity of rhizospheric bacteria of 3 legumes including Vigna radiata, Arachis hypogaea and Acacia mangium was compared by using cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independent methods. For cultivation-dependent method, Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles revealed that the bacterial genetic diversity of V. radiata and A. mangium rhizospheres was higher than that of A. hypogaea rhizosphere. For cultivation-independent method, Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes revealed the difference in bacterial community and diversity of rhizospheres collected from 3 legumes. The ribotype richness which indicates species diversity, was highest in V. radiata rhizosphere, followed by A. hypogaea and A. mangium rhizospheres, respectively. Three kinds of media were used to cultivate different target groups of bacteria. The result indicates that the communities of cultivable bacteria in 3 rhizospheres recovered from nutrient agar (NA) medium were mostly different from each other, while Bradyrhizobium selective medium (BJSM) and nitrogen-free medium shaped the communities of cultivable bacteria. Nine isolates grown on BJSM were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. These isolates were very closely related (with 96% to 99% identities) to either one of the three groups including Cupriavidus-Ralstonia group, Bacillus group and Bradyrhizobium-Bosea-Afipia group. The rhizospheres were also examined for their enzymatic patterns. Of 19 enzymes tested, 3 rhizospheres were distinguishable by the presence or the absence of leucine acrylamidase and acid phosphatase. The selected cultivable bacteria recovered from NA varied in their abilities to produce indole-acetic acid and ammnonia. The resistance to 10 antibiotics was indistinguishable among bacteria isolated from different rhizospheres.     

Bacterial diversity in rhizospheres of nontransgenic and transgenic corn

Bacterial diversity in transgenic and nontransgenic corn rhizospheres was determined. In greenhouse and field studies, metabolic profiling and molecular analysis of 16S rRNAs differentiated bacterial communities among soil textures but not between corn varieties. We conclude that bacteria in corn rhizospheres are affected more by soil texture than by cultivation of transgenic varieties.     

Bacterial Diversity in Rhizospheres of Nontransgenic and Transgenic Corn

Bacterial diversity in transgenic and nontransgenic corn rhizospheres was determined. In greenhouse and field studies, metabolic profiling and molecular analysis of 16S rRNAs differentiated bacterial communities among soil textures but not between corn varieties. We conclude that bacteria in corn rhizospheres are affected more by soil texture than by cultivation of transgenic varieties.     

Evaluation of abundance of aerobic bacteria in the rhizosphere of transgenic and non-transgenic alfalfa lines

Fourteen genetically modified lines of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) containing the gene Ov from Japanese quail, coding for a methionine-rich protein ovalbumin, were evaluated for nodulation ability and concentration of aerobic bacteria in the rhizosphere. The transgenic lines were derived from a highly regenerable genotype Rg9/I-14-22, selected from cv. Lucia. On selective media, a higher concentration of ammonifying bacteria, bacterial spores, denitrifying and nitrifying bacteria were observed in the rhizosphere of transgenic clonesand, on the other hand, lower concentration of cellulolytic bacteria and Azotobacter spp. compared with the rhizosphere of non-transgenic clone SE/22-GT2. A statistically significant difference in the concentration of all the bacterial types was found between samples taken from two types of substrates (i.e. sterile vs. nonsterile). Higher bacterial concentration (measured as colony forming units per g soil dry mass) were observed for all tested groups of culturable bacteria in the non-sterile substrate. The presence of Azotobacter spp. was found only in the rhizosphere of plants grown in non-sterile soil in which the highest number of fertile soil particles (97 %) was observed in transgenic clones SE/22-9-1-12 and SE/22-11-1-1S.1. Concentration of bacteria involved in the N cycle in the soil was increased in the rhizosphere of transgenic clones and decreased in the rhizosphere of non-transgenic plants compared with the average value. In spite of some differences in colony numbers in samples isolated from the root rhizosphere of transgenic and nontransgenic alfalfa plants, we could not detect any statistically significant difference between individual lines.     

转Bt基因玉米根际微生物和细菌生理群多样性

大田栽培条件下,以转Bt玉米Mon810及其亲本非转基因玉米为研究对象,在玉米的不同生育期测定根际土壤微生物的数量变化,并对细菌群落结构及多样性进行了分析。结果表明,各生育期内Bt玉米与对照相比根际土壤真菌无显著差异,但细菌在抽丝期,放线菌在苗期二者有显著差异。同种细菌功能群的数量变化在Bt玉米和对照各生育期内趋势一致,不同的菌群表现不同。亚硝化细菌、好气固氮菌、氨化细菌和钾细菌的数量变化波动较大,其中Bt玉米和对照相比好气固氮菌的数量在生育期内有5个生育期有显著差异,而氨化细菌、钾细菌和亚硝酸菌仅分别在乳熟期、喇叭口期及拔节期和抽雄期差异显著。好气纤维分解菌和硝化细菌在苗期、拔节期和喇叭口期差异显著,无机磷分解菌在乳熟期和完熟期数量差异显著。整个生育期内3种群落特征参数均保持基本稳定,除乳熟期和完熟期外Bt玉米根际微生物群落特征参数均高于对照。     

Effects of repeated cultivation of transgenic Bt cotton on functional bacterial populations in rhizosphere soil

The impact of multiple-year (0–5 years) cultivation of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton on the functional bacterial populations in rhizosphere soil was investigated. The transgenic Bt + CpTI cotton line SGK321 and a non-Bt cotton line Shiyuan321 were planted in four fields in which Bt cotton had been continuously cultivated for 0, 1, 3, and 5 years. Rhizosphere soil samples were collected at the seedling, squaring, flower and boll, and boll-opening stages of cotton. Numbers of bacteria involved in nitrogen-fixing, organic phosphate-dissolving, inorganic phosphate-dissolving, and potassium-dissolving were measured with cultivation-dependent approaches. The data presented here showed no consistent statistically significant differences in the numbers of different groups of functional bacteria between rhizosphere soil of Bt and non-Bt cotton in the same field, and no obvious trends in the numbers of the various group of functional bacteria with the increasing duration of Bt cotton cultivation. These studies suggest that multiple-year cultivation of transgenic Bt cotton may not affect the functional bacterial populations in rhizosphere soil.     

Bacterial diversity of Taxus rhizosphere: culture-independent and culture-dependent approaches

The regional variability of Taxus rhizosphere bacterial community composition and diversity was studied by comparative analysis of three large 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from the Taxus rhizosphere in different regions of China (subtropical and temperate regions). One hundred and forty-six clones were screened for three libraries. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences demonstrated that the abundance of sequences affiliated with Gammaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and Actinobacteria was higher in the library from the T. xmedia rhizosphere of the temperate region compared with the subtropical Taxus mairei rhizosphere. On the other hand, Acidobacteria was more abundant in libraries from the subtropical Taxus mairei rhizosphere. Richness estimates and diversity indices of three libraries revealed major differences, indicating a higher richness in the Taxus rhizosphere bacterial communities of the subtropical region and considerable variability in the bacterial community composition within this region. By enrichment culture, a novel Actinobacteria strain DICP16 was isolated from the T. xmedia rhizosphere of the temperate region and was identified as Leifsonia shinshuensis sp. via 16S rRNA gene and gyrase B sequence analyses. DICP16 was able to remove the xylosyl group from 7-xylosyl-10-deacetylbaccatin III and 7-xylosyl-10-deacetylpaclitaxel, thereby making the xylosyltaxanes available as sources of 10-deacetylbaccatin III and the anticancer drug paclitaxel. Taken together, the present studies provide, for the first time, the knowledge of the biodiversity of microorganisms populating Taxus rhizospheres.     

Effects of transgenic fructan-producing potatoes on the community structure of rhizosphere and phyllosphere bacteria

The rhizosphere and phyllosphere microbial communities of transgenic potatoes producing fructan were studied in comparison with isogenic controls and conventional varieties in a field release experiment over a period of 3 years. Population densities and 16S rRNA gene-based terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of the rhizosphere bacterial community only displayed the influence of annual and seasonal effects and the influence of field heterogeneity. In contrast, the T-RFLP analysis of the phyllosphere bacteria revealed in two of the 3 years significant differences in the community structure between the transgenic lines producing inulin and the other variants. This effect was studied in more detail through the analysis of bacterial isolates and a 16S rRNA gene clone library obtained from a transgenic line and the control. Both methods revealed a lower genetic diversity in the transgenic line and changes in the abundance of several bacterial groups. The isolates of the transgenic line were dominated by Bacilli, whereas most of the control isolates represented Actinobacteria. The clones were dominated by Proteobacteria, with main differences between both variants in Deltaproteobacteria, Bacilli and Bacteroidetes. However, all in all, the impact of the transgenic lines did not exceed the natural variability of the phyllosphere community structure on potato plants.     

Diversity of the bacterial community in the rice rhizosphere managed under conventional and no-tillage practices

Bacterial diversity in the rice rhizosphere at different rice growth stages, managed under conventional and no-tillage practices, was explored using a culture-based approach. Actinobacteria are among the bacterial phyla abundant in the rice rhizosphere. Their diversity was further examined by constructing metagenomic libraries based on the 16S rRNA gene, using actinobacterial- and streptomycete-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. The study included 132 culturable strains and 125 clones from the 16S rRNA gene libraries. In conventional tillage, there were 38% Proteobacteria, 22% Actinobacteria, 33% Firmicutes, 5% Bacteroidetes, and 2% Acidobacteria, whereas with no-tillage management there were 63% Proteobacteria, 24% Actinobacteria, 6% Firmicutes, and 8% Bacteroidetes as estimated using the culture-dependent method during the four stages of rice cultivation. Principal coordinates analysis was used to cluster the bacterial communities along axes of maximal variance. The different growth stages of rice appeared to influence the rhizosphere bacterial profile for both cultivation practices. Novel clones with low similarities (89–97%) to Actinobacteria and Streptomyces were retrieved from both rice fields by screening the 16S rRNA gene libraries using actinobacterial- and streptomycete-specific primers. By comparing the actinobacterial community retrieved by culture-dependent and molecular methods, it was clear that a more comprehensive assessment of microbial diversity in the rice rhizosphere can be obtained using a combination of both techniques than by using either method alone. We also succeeded in culturing a number of bacteria that were previously described as unculturable. These were in a phylogenetically deep lineage when compared with related cultivable genera.