散白蚁属Reticulitermes分子系统发育与生物地理学研究进展

散白蚁属Reticulitermes隶属于等翅目鼻白蚁科Rhinotermitidae,是一类危害严重的重要社会性昆虫。文章回顾了近年来国内外散白蚁属系统发育和生物地理学研究进展,主要比较了传统方法和分子方法对散白蚁属系统发育的研究,包括对鼻白蚁科的进化关系研究,散白蚁属的分子系统发育现状,分子技术发展过程的总结。对散白蚁属的地理分布与其进化关系研究进行了阐述。线粒体、核基因标记和微卫星系统发育分析可以用于推测具有重要经济价值的散白蚁种类如北美散白蚁等的入侵路线和可能的入侵机制。文章最后展望了新兴测序技术、线粒体全基因组、转录组和宏基因组分析等可以用于散白蚁属系统发育分析。     

家白蚁及黄胸白蚁的“王族”(繁殖蚁)类型记述

家白蚁及黄胸白蚁同属于等翅目(Isoptera)犀白蚁科(Rhinotermitidae),是生活在木材及土下的种类,危害十分严重,国内的分布区域很广,南起海南岛,北至长江流域一带,向西可达四川、云南诸省,东部沿海及台湾等省均有其足迹。因而尤其伟、平正明、曹沄、吴代忠等(1958)将长头白蚁 Reticulitermes、泌乳白蚁 Coptotermes、黑翅白蚁Odon-totermes 及大白蚁 Macrotermes 列为四个优势属,而且基本上可以代表我国白蚁的面貌。     

隆安县板栗园的白蚁种类及其危害调查

2010年7月～2012年10月对南宁市隆安县板栗园的白蚁种类及危害情况进行调查,结果表明：板栗园的白蚁种类隶属2科8属16种,以白蚁科的种类占的比例较大,共有6属14种,种类数占875%;鼻白蚁科有2属2种,种类数占125%。危害板栗树的白蚁种类有7种,其中小头钩白蚁Ancistrotermes dimorphus、黄翅大白蚁Macrotermes barneyi、土垄大白蚁Macrotermes annandalei和黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus是危害板栗树的主要种类;平形土白蚁Odontotermes parallelus、细齿大白蚁Macrotermes denticulatus、平头大白蚁Macrotermes planicapitatus、梅多大白蚁Macrotermes meidoensis、方头亮白蚁 Euhamitermes quadratceps、扬子江近扭白蚁Pericapritermes jangtsekiangensis、五指山近扭白蚁Pericapritermes Wuzhishanensis、合浦近扭白蚁Pericapritermes hepuensis和中华钩扭白蚁Pseudocapritermes sinensis等9种白蚁在板栗园中有分布,但不危害板栗树,其中梅多大白蚁及五指山近扭白蚁2个种属广西新记录种。板栗树受白蚁为害较严重的阶段主要在老龄时期,老龄板栗树的受害株率达到9265%,严重受害株率达到7918%。     

杭州的白蚁(下)

(五)黄翅大白蚁Macrotermes barneyi Light 分布于杭州市郊的山区(如:灵隐、九溪、六和塔、屏风山、玉泉等处),是一种筑巢于土下,危害树木根部及树干的害虫,苗圃中苗木如法国冬青等受害颇重、山区房屋也常被蛀蚀。黄翅大白蚁在杭州地区所有的白蚁种类中是种型分化最多的一种,卽兵蚁有大小二型。它在許多方面与黑翅大白蚁有相同之处,例如:其蚁巢均筑于土下,巢内亦有菌圃,干旱季节亦有作泥质蚁路的习性,受害的寄主亦多相同。     

罗汉果害虫名录初报

<正> 我们曾报道罗汉果害虫名录7目15科52种,现再报道6目26科51种。 一.等翅目ISOPTERA (一)白蚁科Termltidae 1.黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosaus(Shiralki) 为害部位及时间:薯块和根。全年均可为害。 广西分布:全州、桂林雁山。 2.镇江土白蚁O.fontonelles kemmer 为害部位及时间同黑翅土白蚁。 广西分布:桂林雁山。 3.黄翅大白蚁Macrotesmes barneyi Light 为害部位及时间同黑翅土白蚁。 广西分布:全州。 4.长头大白蚁Macrotesmes longiceps     

土栖白蚁生物学及防治研究介绍

(甲)生物学方面的研究 一、形态 为害堤岸和土方建筑工程的土栖白蚁,经初步鉴定以黑翅大白蚁Odontotermes formosanus为主,为害也较大,其他白蚁虽曾个别发现,但为害都不大,因而未作深入研究。黑翅大白蚁属等翅目白蚁科Termitidae大白蚁亚科Macrotermitinae,它的形态特征如下: 有翅成虫 头胸部及腹部深褐色;前唇基淡黄色,触角、下唇须、具“T”形纹的前胸背板的前侧角及足黄褐色;翅暗黑色,头、胸部及腹部密生绒毛。 雄体体长29毫米(连翅),雌体体长30毫米;额腺孔细小,微突出;触角念珠状,19节,第二节两倍长于第三节;复眼圆形,呈蜂窝状,突出在头部两侧,单眼两     

白蚁

白蚁又名(?),江浙一带,俗称白蚂蚁,实际上它与蚂蚁在系统发生上完全不同,白蚁属等翅目,而蚂蚁是膜翅目类的昆虫。同时两者的生活习性及对人生的关系也大不相同。但它们都是有社会组织的昆虫。白蚁种类很多,分布较广。总计全世界共     

象白蚁属一新种：等翅目：白蚁科,象白蚁亚科

本文记述我国浙江省龙王山自然保护区等翅目白蚁属一新种,安吉象白蚁Ｎａｓｕｔｉｔｅｒｍｅｓａｎｊｉｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

棒鼻白蚁的分布及其新亚种(等翅目:白蚁科)

棒鼻白蚁属Parrhinotermes Holmgren 1910是等翅目昆虫一个小属,直到目前为止,连同我国产种类一共7种,列表如下。     

华南大白蚁属四新种——(等翅目:白蚁科:大白蚁亚科)

大白蚁属(Macrotermes),顾名思义是属于大型的种类。它在分类系统上是最为进化的高等白蚁,无性个体有2—3态,能筑巢于地下深一米,也有筑垅巢于地上高达一米以上,巢内有坚硬的泥质骨架,有建造精致专供蚁王、蚁后居住的独立王宫,有培养真菌供食用的为数众多的菌圃。     

Review of the systematics and biology of the Otopheidomenidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) with a description of Eickwortius gen.n. from a termite (Isoptera: Termitidae)

The systematics of the family Otopheidomenidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) is reviewed. Eickwortius termes gen.n. et sp.n. is described from a termite, Macrotermes michaelseni (Sjöstedt) (Isoptera: Termitidae) from Kenya. Treatia ghaiguptaorum nom.n. is proposed for Treatia indica Ghai & Gupta, 1984, which is a junior homonym of Treatia indica Krantz & Khot, 1962. The Otopheidomenidae as recognized in this paper consists of twenty-five species in nine genera grouped into three subfamilies: Otopheidomeninae Treat, Treatiinae Wainstein, and Kadytiseiinae Fain & Lukoschus. Keys to the subfamilies and genera of Otopheidomenidae are provided and the described species of each genus are listed. The biology of the Otopheidomenidae and its potential in biological control are discussed.     

Distinctive fossilised termite nests at Laetoli, Tanzania

A distinctive type of structure found preserved in a volcanic ash layer about 3.7 million years old appears to be a fossilised termite nest. Comparison is made to modern nests of a fungus-growing termite Macrotermes jeanneli (Isoptera, Termitidae, Macrotermitinae). Received: 30 May 2005; revised 27 September 2005; accepted 6 October 2005.     

台湾乳白蚁与赭黄乳白蚁的异名关系---基于形态与分子特征的分析(等翅目：鼻白蚁科）

乳白蚁属Coptotermes是鼻白蚁科Rhinotermitidae最具经济意义的属之一,其中的台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus Shriaki分布广、适应性强,个体在不同种群以及不同巢龄间外部形态存在明显变异,已报道多个同物异名。本研究发现在模式产地重新采集到经形态学鉴定为赭黄乳白蚁Coptotermes ochraceus Ping et Xu的标本,其形态特征与台湾乳白蚁相似度较高,又以线粒体16S rRNA和CO II基因作为分子标记,将两者进行了序列比对,并与美国国立生物技术信息中心(NCBI)中台湾乳白蚁以及其他一些乳白蚁种类的相应序列一起进行了遗传差异比较和同源性分析。结果表明,台湾乳白蚁与赭黄乳白蚁16S rRNA和CO II序列的遗传差异均明显小于台湾乳白蚁与属内其它种之间的差异;在基于两种分子标记构建的支序图中,台湾乳白蚁和赭黄乳白蚁均聚为一支,并得到了很高的自展支持率。综合分子和形态两方面的证据,本研究建议赭黄乳白蚁为台湾乳白蚁的次异名。     

云南大白蚁属一新种（等翅目：白蚁科）

我国已知大白蚁属１８种,其中仅１种属于大,中,小（兵蚁,工蚁）三态类型,由李桂祥,平正明定名为三型大白蚁。作者等于１９９４年,在云南省南亚热带地区,发现另一三态类型大白蚁,定名为箕头大白蚁新种。     

Divergence times in the termite genus Macrotermes (Isoptera: Termitidae)

The evolution of fungus-growing termites is supposed to have started in the African rain forests with multiple invasions of semi-arid habitats as well as multiple invasions of the Oriental region. We used sequences of the mitochondrial COII gene and Bayesian dating to investigate the time frame of the evolution of Macrotermes, an important genus of fungus-growing termites. We found that the genus Macrotermes consists of at least 6 distantly related clades. Furthermore, the COII sequences suggested some cryptic diversity within the analysed African Macrotermes species. The dates calculated with the COII data using a fossilized termite mound to calibrate the clock were in good agreement with dates calculated with COI sequences using the split between Locusta and Chortippus as calibration point which supports the consistency of the calibration points. The clades from the Oriental region dated back to the early Tertiary. These estimates of divergence times suggested that Macrotermes invaded Asia during periods with humid climates. For Africa, many speciation events predated the Pleistocene and fall in range of 6-23 million years ago. These estimates suggest that savannah-adapted African clades radiated with the spread of the semi-arid ecosystems during the Miocene. Apparently, events during the Pleistocene were of little importance for speciation within the genus Macrotermes. However, further investigations are necessary to increase the number of taxa for phylogenetic analysis.     

广西地区等翅目昆虫的生态地理分布

广西地区等翅目昆虫采到并定名的种类已有１３３种。本文选择该地区具有代表性的天然林区和人工林区,对区内白蚁的生态地理分布进行了剖析。结果表明：生态地理环境不同,白蚁的种类组成、适应性及对环境的作用存在着差异。其中,黄翅大白蚁Ｍａｃｒｏｔｅｒｍｅｓ ｂａｒｎｅｙｉ、黑翅土白蚁Ｏｄｏｎｏｔｏｔｅｒｍｅｓ ｆｏｒｍｏｓａｎｕｓ和小头蛮白蚁Ｍｉｃｒｏｔｅｒｍｅｓ ｄｉｍｏｒｐｈｕｓ分别是广西中亚热带、南亚热     

Colour variation and polyethism of the soldier caste in the termite Macrotermes bellicosus

Based on abdominal colour three categories of major soldiers were found in Macrotermes bellicosus (Smeathman) (Isoptera: Termitidae). The three main colour types, yellow, red and brown are due to the colour of the defence-secretion stored in the labial gland's reservoirs. The order of these categories correlates with the uric acid titres of the whole individuals. It is concluded that colour could be used as a label for the relative age of a soldier. Age dependent polyethism was observed in soldiers: the individuals of the highest age class were the only ones leaving the nest to accompany the foraging workers, whereas all age categories were found inside the nest. After a significant loss of old individuals younger individuals show flexibility by replacing the missing outgoing nestmates. Caste regulation takes place by an increased rate of soldier development.     

Specificity of termite trails: Analysis of natural trails of Trinervitermes, macrotermes and Odontotermes from sympatric populations

Laboratory tests for selective trail-following between naturally established trails indicate that termites from neighbouring colonies of Trinervitermes bettonianus (Isoptera: Termitidae) do not show a significant preference for their own colony's trails in a choice situation. However, termites from different genera, T. bettonianus, Macrotermes michaelseni and Odontotermes sp. from neighbouring populations recognize their respective trails with a high degree of precision.

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Résumé Des expériences de laboratoire ont montré que les Trinervitermes bettonianus provenant de deux colonies voisines, quand ils ont le choix, ne préfèrent pas les pistes de leur propre colonie. Par contre, les termites Trinervitermes bettonianus, Macrotermes michaelseni et Odontotermes sp., provenant de populations voisines, reconnaissent avec une grande précision leurs propres pistes.

     

The influence of juvenile hormone analogue on soldier differentiation in the higher termite,Macrotermes michaelseni*

ABSTRACT. The influence of topically-applied or vapour-administered juvenile hormone analogue (ZR-515, methoprene (JHA)), on soldier differentiation in a higher termite species, Macrotermes michaelseni (Sjostedt) (Isoptera; Macro-termitinae) was examined. It was found that even male third larvae, which under natural conditions develop exclusively into major workers, could be induced by JHA to differentiate into presoldiers. Intermediate forms between workers and soldiers were produced from some of the treated individuals. Administered in vapour form, JHA induced a higher proportion of presoldiers and a lower proportion of intermediate forms than it did when administered topically. The rate of presoldier formation was found to be JHA-dose-dependent. Biometric analysis showed that male presoldiers have the largest head capsule size, but the smallest mandibular index. The possible mechanism of soldier induction is discussed.