北黄海秋、冬季浮游动物多样性及年间变化

2009年秋、冬季在北黄海全海域121°30'-124°00'E、37°30'-40°00'N范围开展了浮游动物多样性监测及年间变化研究,探讨浮游动物多样性对海流及全球变化的指示。共鉴定出浮游动物8大类28种(不含6大类浮游幼虫和鱼卵仔鱼),类群组成以暖温性近岸种和广温广盐种为主,兼有少量冷温性和暖水性外海种。聚类分析将浮游动物群落划分为:北黄海高盐水团群落、北黄海混合水团群落、北黄海沿岸低盐水团群落。2009年秋、冬季在北黄海均监测到暖水种小齿海樽和肥胖箭虫,前者形成秋季浮游动物优势种,但1959年调查显示它们向北分布不能抵达北黄海,这些暖水种的向北扩布可能预示着黄海暖流的增强。2009年秋、冬季北黄海主要暖温种中华哲水蚤和强壮箭虫丰度也较1959年同期有所升高。研究表明全球变化影响下温带海域北黄海浮游动物暖水种种类增加、分布北移,暖温种丰度升高,这与亚热带海域东海浮游动物对气候变暖的响应模式不同,能够为浮游动物对全球变暖的区域响应机制研究提供参考资料。     

东海大陆架鱼类群落的空间结构

根据1997～2000年东海大陆架水深30～200米海域4个航次的底拖网调查资料,运用多元分析(聚类分析和非度量多维标度(NMDS))、SIMPER以及BIO-ENV方法分析了东海鱼类群落的空间格局以及与非生物环境因子之间的关系。结果表明,东海大陆架海域鱼类群落在空间上可分为3个群落类型,分别为东海近海群落、东海大陆架外缘群落以及这两个群落之间的东海大陆架混合群落。东海大陆架鱼类群落的种类组成沿着水深梯度的变化明显,每种鱼类均有一定的水深范围。不同的流系具有不同的温盐特征,影响了鱼类的分布及其洄游,从而控制了不同鱼类群落类型的种类组成。东海大陆架鱼类群落类型中,大陆架外缘群落类型各调查季节在空间分布和种类组成上相对稳定,而东海近海群落类型和东海大陆架混合群落类型在夏季融合在一起,其它季节保持各自的空间结构。同时东海陆架区只在一种群落类型中出现的鱼类相对较少,多数鱼类同时出现在两个群落类型中或3个群落类型中,但是它们相对较集中的区域明显不同,在不同群落类型中的生物量和出现频率有很大的差异,这些鱼类在其不同的生长发育阶段由于对海洋环境的不同需求,它们根据繁殖或摄食需求而在东海陆架区范围内洄游以寻找最适的海洋环境,因此对3个群落类型定义是相对的,很难严格确定一个永久的鱼类群落地理区域,以形成相互隔离的鱼类群落,而且鱼类群落之间的边界随着季节不同发生变化。     

中国近海浮游动物群落结构及季节变化

2006年7-8月、12月-2007年2月、2007年4-5月、2007年10-12月,对中国近海进行了4个航次生物、化学和水文等专业综合调查.根据采集的浮游动物样品分析鉴定结果,对中国近海浮游动物群落结构、种类组成及优势种的季节变化进行研究.结果表明,中国近海浮游动物有1330种,隶属于7门19大类群,浮游幼体47类,其中,节肢动物为最优势类群,有782种,占58.80％,其次为刺胞动物,有324种,占24.36％.在浮游动物群落结构中,4个海区均以桡足类和水母类的种类和数量占绝对优势.中国近海4个海区浮游动物种类数有明显季节变化,渤海和黄海,浮游动物种类数夏、秋季多于春、冬季;东海和南海,浮游动物种类数春、夏季多于秋、冬季.中国近海浮游动物群落大体可划分为6个主要生态类群:近岸低盐类群、低温高盐类群、高温高盐类群、低温广盐类群、高温广盐类群和广温广盐类群.结合同步调查的其它生物、水文、化学环境参数的分析结果,对中国近海浮游动物群落种类丰度与环境因子进行生物与环境变量关系分析,结果表明,浮游动物群落结构与水温、盐度、水深、溶解氧、硝酸盐和pH存在明显相关关系.水温和盐度是影响浮游动物群落结构最重要的两个环境因子.     

南黄海、东海鲐鲹鱼索饵场浮游动物生态特征

本文采用比较的方法,研究了黄海南部东海北部和东海中南部两个鲐鲹鱼索饵场浮游动物生态特征。结果表明,南部渔场生物量的极差、变异系数小于北部渔场。若扣除个别站位的影响,则南部渔场的平均值高于北部渔场。北部渔场群落多样度、均匀度、丰富度、单纯度较高,南部渔场则相反。北部渔场浮游动物优势种较少,且大多数种具有较高的聚集强度;而南部渔场优势种较多,优势度低,聚集性差。     

吕宋海峡浮游动物群落结构的初步研究

不同理化性质的水团影响浮游动物种类组成和群落结构。为了探讨吕宋海峡的环境对浮游动物群落结构的影响,于2008年8月15日至9月15日对吕宋海峡浮游动物的种类组成和丰度分布进行了调查和分析。共鉴定出浮游动物257种和浮游幼虫12个类群,吕宋海峡西部海域浮游动物种类数和多样性比中东部海域的高。浮游动物平均丰度为(16.76±11.36)ind./m3。其中,吕宋海峡西部海域浮游动物平均丰度高于吕宋海峡中东部海域。聚类分析结果表明,吕宋海峡浮游动物可分为两个类群,一类为分布于吕宋海峡的中东部,受黑潮水影响的类群;另一类为分布于吕宋海峡西部,受南海水影响的类群。吕宋海峡浮游动物群落结构反映了该海域浮游动物的种类组成和分布受不同性质水团的调控。     

东海区沙海蜇和浮游动物的分布特征

根据2003—2005年夏、秋季在东、黄海进行的大型水母监测调查资料,分析了沙海蜇及其分布区内浮游动物的数量动态分布特点,研究了浮游动物优势种的生态类型及其种间变化。结果表明:夏季沙海蜇主要分布于29°00′—34°00′N海域,秋季主要分布于31°00′—34°00′N海域;3年间,沙海蜇生物量逐年递减、分布范围逐年变小,但并不影响东海、黄海沙海蜇从夏季至秋季具有由东海北部向黄海逐渐移动的特点;沙海蜇分布海域浮游动物的高生物量密集区一般位于沙海蜇中心区的边缘区域;沙海蜇和浮游动物的生物量在空间分布上存在着明显的负相关关系;浮游动物优势种夏季为中华哲水蚤与长尾类溞状幼体,秋季为中华哲水蚤、肥胖箭虫和小齿海樽。浮游动物与沙海蜇的生物量变化有较好的对应关系,浮游动物生物量大小与主要优势种组成可作为分析年间沙海蛰是否暴发的重要参考。     

长江口北港和北支浮游动物群落比较

根据2004年5、8、11月和2005年2月在长江口4个航次的海洋综合调查,通过物种多样性、累积优势度曲线等群落水平指标和相似性检验分析(ANOSIM),对长江口北港和北支浮游动物群落及其主要优势种的差异,以及主要生态因子对浮游动物群落的影响进行了分析.结果表明：北港主要由潮汐影响的淡水和低盐水组成,北支由中、高盐水组成.春季,北港浮游动物丰度和多样性均低于北支,主要优势种为中华华哲水蚤;北支浮游动物优势种数较多,主要优势种为真刺唇角水蚤.夏季,北港和北支的多样性较接近,但种类组成差别较大,北港以中华华哲水蚤为主;北支由火腿许水蚤、虫肢歪水蚤和太平洋纺锤水蚤等构成河口和近岸群落.秋季,北港的丰度和多样性均低于北支,且两个水域的浮游动物群落差异明显,北港以中华华哲水蚤为主,北支则由小拟哲水蚤、针刺拟哲水蚤、真刺唇角水蚤和中华哲水蚤等组成.冬季,两个水域种数和多样性均较低,群落差别在四季中最小,均以中华华哲水蚤占绝对优势.温度和盐度及其相互作用是决定长江口浮游动物群落特征的最主要因素.其中温度是研究水域浮游动物群落季节变化的主要因素,而由径流和外海水之间的消长引起的盐度变化是北港和北支浮游动物群落区域变化的决定因素.     

南沙群岛美济礁海域夏季浮游动物群落特征

浮游动物是珊瑚礁生态系统中的重要组成部分,但国内相关研究相对较少。利用2012年7月在南沙群岛美济礁海域开展的13个站次的海洋生物调查数据,对美济礁浮游动物的群落特征进行研究,表明:(1)美济礁浮游动物种类组成丰富,共出现15个类群138种(类)浮游动物;(2)优势种组成复杂、区域变化明显,单一种的优势度不高;(3)浮游动物平均密度和湿重生物量分别为117.70个/m3、69.01 mg/m3,浮游幼虫在总密度中所占比例最大;(4)浮游动物非常丰富,多样性程度较高。平均丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度分别为4.93、3.33和0.67;(5)浮游动物可划分为2个群落,分别为潟湖-礁坪区群落和向海坡群落;(6)受珊瑚礁不同生物地貌带的空间异质性和水动力条件的影响,美济礁浮游动物群落区域差异明显。潟湖区浮游动物多样性较高,生物量最低;礁坪区浮游动物数量大,但分布不均匀,且多样性水平最低;向海坡区浮游动物种类最多、多样性非常丰富,但栖息密度最低。     

南海西北部陆架区鱼类的种类组成与群落格局

根据2006-2007年在南海西北部陆架区海域进行的4航次底拖网调查数据,对该海域鱼类的种类组成和群落格局进行分析.调查共采获鱼类262种,隶属于20目102科.以冬季出现种类数最多,为166种;夏季和秋季次之,分别为161种和155种;春季最少,为135种.运用聚类分析和非度量多维标度(NMDS)方法分析了南海西北部陆架区鱼类群落结构的空间分布.研究表明,该海域鱼类可划分为5个群落,分别为粤西沿岸群落(群落Ⅰ)、海南岛东南沿岸群落(群落Ⅱ)、海南岛东部深海群落(群落Ⅲ)、过渡群落(群落Ⅳ)和混合群落(群落Ⅴ).ANOSIM检验表明,各群落间鱼类组成的差异极为显著(R=0.847-0.939,P＜0.001).鱼类群落格局的变化与海流和水深关系密切,有较明显的沿水深梯度分布的规律.咸淡水鱼类在雷州半岛东部的冷涡区域,形成群落Ⅰ;南海暖流控制区域内的深海鱼类,形成群落Ⅲ;在南海暖流最为强劲的冬季,研究区域内大部分鱼类集结为混合性群落Ⅴ;琼东南沿岸的上升流区内形成群落Ⅱ;沿岸流强劲的夏、秋季,在沿岸流和上升流交汇处,形成过渡性群落Ⅳ.     

杭州湾不同水域秋季浮游动物群落结构及其影响因素

依据2009、2011和2012年秋季在杭州湾北岸东侧水域(30.68°—30.83° N,121.67°—121.87° E)、杭州湾南岸东侧水域(29.95°—30.24° N,121.60°—121.85° E)和杭州湾北岸西侧水域(30.58°—30.77° N,121.31°—121.56° E)的海洋综合调查资料,分析了杭州湾不同水域浮游动物的种类组成、生态类群及相似性等群落结构特征,以及其影响因素.结果表明: 杭州湾北岸西侧水域浮游动物有14种,虫肢歪水蚤为绝对优势种,钱塘江径流是影响该水域浮游动物的主要水团,生态类群以亚热带河口半咸水种为主,占浮游动物总丰度的79.8%.杭州湾北岸东侧水域浮游动物有19种,主要受长江冲淡水和东海外海水水团的影响,生态类群主要为暖温带沿岸低盐种和亚热带沿岸低盐种,分别占该水域总丰度的43.5%和31.1%.杭州湾南岸东侧水域浮游动物有25种,主要受东海外海水的影响,亚热带沿岸低盐种的丰度占总丰度的72.3%,为最主要的生态类群,其次是亚热带近海种,占总丰度的18.3%,其中亚热带沿岸低盐种左突唇角水蚤占总丰度的65.3%.聚类、排序结果表明,杭州湾不同水域浮游动物群落结构的空间异质性分布比较明显,与各自水域受到不同水团的影响有关.     

Marine molluscs and fish as biomarkers of pollution stress in littoral regions of the Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea and North Sea

The intensive development of industry and urban structures along the seashores of the world, as well as the immense increase in marine transportation and other activities, has resulted in the deposition of thousands of new chemicals and organic compounds, endangering the existence of organisms and ecosystems. The conventional single biomarker methods used in ecological assessment studies cannot provide an adequate base for environmental health assessment, management and sustainability planning. The present study uses a set of novel biochemical, physiological, cytogenetic and morphological methods to characterize the state of health of selected molluscs and fish along the shores of the German North Sea, as well as the Israeli Mediterranean and Red Sea. The methods include measurement of activity of multixenobiotic resistance-mediated transporter (MXRtr) and the system of active transport of organic anions (SATOA) as indicators of antixenobiotic defence; glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity as an indicator of biotransformation of xenobiotics; DNA unwinding as a marker of genotoxicity; micronucleus test for clastogenicity; levels of phagocytosis for immunotoxicity; cholinesterase (ChE) activity and level of catecholamines as indicators of neurotoxicity; permeability of external epithelia to anionic hydrophilic probe, intralysosomal accumulation of cationic amphiphilic probe and activity of non-specific esterases as indicators of cell/tissue viability. Complete histopathological examination was used for diagnostics of environmental pathology. The obtained data show that the activity of the defensive pumps, MXRtr and SATOA in the studied organisms was significantly higher in the surface epithelia of molluscs from a polluted site than that of the same species from control, unpolluted stations, providing clear evidence of response to stress. Enhanced frequency of DNA lesions (alkaline and acidic DNA unwinding) and micronucleus-containing cells was significantly higher in samples from polluted sites in comparison to those from the clean sites that exhibited genotoxic and clastogenic activity of the pollutants. In all the studied molluscs a negative correlation was found between the MXRtr levels of activity and the frequency of micronucleus-containing hemocytes. The expression of this was in accordance with the level of pollution. The complete histopathological examination demonstrates significantly higher frequencies of pathological alterations in organs of animals from polluted sites. A strong negative correlation was found between the frequency of these alterations and MXRtr activity in the same specimens. In addition to these parameters, a decrease in the viability was noted in molluscs from the polluted sites, but ChE activities remained similar at most sites. The methods applied in our study unmasked numerous early cryptic responses and negative alterations of health in populations of marine biota sampled from the polluted sites. This demonstrates that genotoxic, clastogenic and pathogenic xenobiotics are present and act in the studied sites and this knowledge can provide a reliable base for consideration for sustainable development. Received: 2 March 1999 / Received in revised form: 2 August 1999 / Accepted: 3 August 1999     

东海和黄海主要鱼类的食物竞争

以2000年和2001年在东、黄海两次大面调查所收集的、占总生物量90%的重要生物种类中的鱼类为研究对象,通过分析胃含物获得各饵料成分的重量百分比,用Pianka(1973)提出的公式计算的饵料重叠系数分析了东、黄海主要鱼类之间的食物竞争状况,以了解食物竞争与种群变动和优势种交替之间的相互关系。结果表明:黄海主要鱼类的食物竞争对象主要为太平洋磷虾、脊腹褐虾和,东海主要鱼类的食物竞争对象主要为太平洋磷虾、细条天竺鱼、发光鲷、、七星底灯鱼和带鱼。东、黄海鱼类通过摄食种类、摄食食物大小、摄食时间和栖息地的分化来减少食物竞争,从而维持群落结构的动态平衡。渔业资源群落结构的变化将导致食物竞争状况发生改变;鱼类食物竞争状况也会影响种群动态,但要确定食物竞争程度还需进一步深入研究     

The rotifer fauna of arctic sea ice from the Barents Sea,Laptev Sea [2pt] and Greenland Sea

Hydrobiologia - Samples from arctic sea ice were studied for their rotifer fauna. Ice core samples were collected in the northern Barents Sea and the Laptev Sea from August to October 1993 and in...     

Phylogenetic diversity of Synechococcus strains isolated from the East China Sea and the East Sea

Phylogenetic relationships among 33 Synechococcus strains isolated from the East China Sea (ECS) and the East Sea (ES) were studied based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and 16S–23S rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Pigment patterns of the culture strains were also examined. Based on 16S rRNA gene and ITS sequence phylogenies, the Synechococcus isolates were clustered into 10 clades, among which eight were previously identified and two were novel. Half of the culture strains belonged to clade V or VI. All strains that clustered into novel clades exhibited both phycoerythrobilin and phycourobilin. Interestingly, the pigment compositions of isolates belonging to clades V and VI differed from those reported for other oceanic regions. None of the isolates in clade V showed phycourobilin, whereas strains in clade VI exhibited both phycourobilin and phycoerythrobilin, which is in contrast to previous studies. The presence of novel lineages and the different pigment patterns in the ECS and the ES suggests the possibility that some Synechococcus lineages are distributed only in geographically restricted areas and have evolved in these regions. Therefore, further elucidation of the physiological, ecological, and genetic characteristics of the diverse Synechococcus strains is required to understand their spatial and geographical distribution.     

Hydromedusae of the Mediterranean Sea

Mediterranean hydromedusae can be classified in several categories: common species, widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean and rare species reported from the Pacific, Indian or Atlantic Oceans; seasonal species comprising cold-season species with a boreal affinity and warm-season species with a hot to temperate affinity; neritic and mid-ocean species; surface species and meso-, infra-, and bathypelagic species. Holoplanktonic species are known to be associated with stable hydrological conditions (offshore waters, deep waters, summer and winter homothermy), whereas meroplanktonic species are more likely to be found in more disturbed hydrological conditions (coastal waters, surface waters, spring and autumn periods of temperature fluctuation). A general pattern of medusa distribution is established based upon comparative study throughout the Mediterranean.     

Effects of the severe winter 1995/96 on the benthic macrofauna of the Wadden Sea and the coastal North Sea near the island of Sylt

The development of benthic macrofauna in the Wadden Sea and in the coastal North Sea after the severe winter of 1995/96 is compared with the preceding years with mild to moderate winters. In the intertidal of the Wadden Sea, ice-drift and low temperature caused the expected changes in species composition by increasing winter mortality in sensitive species, and by exceptionally high recruitment of some species during the succeeding summer. In the shallow subtidal (10–20 m depth), similar winter effects were observed. However, recovery of many subtidal populations was still incomplete until the summer of 1997. It is suggested that this was due to hydrographic conditions that carried many larvae or drifting juveniles into more distant offshore areas. This may have limited larval supply and may have delayed recovery at the onshore sites. Since in the eastern North Sea severe winters are accompanied by frequent easterly winds, it is not clear whether decreasing winter abundances in some species were due to increased mortality, or to a seaward dislocation of organisms. Received in revised form: 7 May 2001 Electronic Publication     

黄海和东海营养盐分布及其对浮游植物的限制

根据1997～1999年黄海和东海4个季节的现场调查资料,分析探讨了黄海、东海的营养盐分布特征及其对浮游植物生长的限制状况．结果表明,在长江口以东及其东北部海域终年存在一个范围很大的营养盐高值区．分析表明,这些营养盐主要来自长江冲淡水的扩展及苏北沿岸流的输送．此外,还获得了1998年长江流域特大洪水期间,迄今被观测到的长江冲淡水中营养盐的最大扩展范围,计算并研究了黄海、东海上层水中Si／N／P比值,结果表明,黄东海上层水中Si／N比值较高,Si不会成为黄东海浮游植物生长的限制因子;但在南黄海南部尤其是西南部、东海近岸及长江口以东海域,N／P比值很高(>30),说明与一般海洋环境的情况不同,黄海、东海有很大一部分海域浮游植物的生长受磷限制,而不是受氮限制．     

黄、东海生态系统中鱼卵、仔稚幼鱼种类组成与数量分布

2000年秋季和2001年春季“北斗号”生物资源调查船利用大型浮游生物网采用表层水平拖网的调查方式对黄、东海鱼卵、仔稚幼鱼种类组成与数量分布进行了调查。秋季和春季分别设置66个(黄海26个,东海40个)和98个(黄海46个,东海52个)调查站。每站拖网10min,拖网速度为3.0nmile/h。调查结果表明:秋季和春季所采集到的鱼卵和仔稚幼鱼样品共62种以及鳗鲡目和飞鱼类两大类,鉴定到种的44种,隶属于9目33科40属;还有10种仅能鉴定到属,6种和飞鱼类仅能鉴定到科,1种和鳗鲡目一大类仅能鉴定到目以及1种不能识别。优势种为、鲐、带鱼、棱、黑鳃梅童鱼、绿鳍鱼以及多鳞、鼠、大泷六线鱼、细纹狮子鱼等。2000年秋季,从黄海和东海分别采集到16粒鱼卵、107尾仔稚幼鱼和495粒鱼卵、116尾仔稚幼鱼。鱼卵、仔稚幼鱼的出现频率分别为26.92%、38.46%和65.00%、40.46%,平均密度分别为0.6粒/站、3.6尾/站和12.4粒/站、2.8尾/站。2001年春季,从黄海和东海分别采集到3粒鱼卵、61尾稚幼鱼和17587粒鱼卵和1560尾仔稚幼鱼,鱼卵、仔稚幼鱼的出现频率分别为2.17%、39.13%和57.69%、48.08%,平均密度仅分别为0.07粒/站、1.3尾/站和338.2粒/站、30.0尾/站。秋季,黄海区的硬骨鱼类进入产卵末期,而东海区才刚刚进入产卵末期。春季,黄海区的硬骨鱼类刚刚进入产卵初期,而东海区已进入产卵盛期。此外,对秋季和春季鱼卵和仔稚幼鱼的数量分布以及鼠、、棱、多鳞、少鳞、黑鳃梅童鱼、小黄鱼、鲐、带鱼、绿鳍鱼、大泷六线鱼和细纹狮子鱼等优势种类的鱼卵和仔稚幼鱼数量分布进行了详尽的描述。2000年和2001年黄海区鱼卵、仔稚幼鱼的种类组成与1985年和1986年发生了明显的变化,这与黄海区渔业资源和鱼类群落结构的变化是相符合的。从而说明人类的长期捕捞活动对海洋生态系统中鱼类资源的种群交替和鱼类群落结构的变化产生了较大的影响     

Fish assemblage structure in the East China Sea and southern Yellow Sea during autumn and spring

Based on bottom trawl surveys in autumn 2000 and spring 2001, the fish assemblage structure in the southern Yellow Sea and the continental shelf of the East China Sea was analysed. Four groups of fishes were identified for each season by the two-way indicator species analysis (TWIA). Although seasonal migration caused a slight difference in fish assemblages between autumn and spring, two major groups of fishes, corresponding to the Yellow Sea and East China Sea were identified. Inshore and offshore groups were subsequently separated. Changes in water depth may be most important in the separation of the groups in the offshore waters of the East China Sea. Temperature affected the groupings between north and south, particularly in the central part of the Yellow Sea. Here, the cold water mass affected the species composition which was low in diversity and different from the other areas.     

黄渤海海水养殖自身污染的评估

探讨了投饵和非投饵两种养殖方式自身污染对海洋环境的影响.结果表明,海水养殖产量与营养盐类、COD和赤潮发生次数均呈正相关关系,其中无机氮含量和赤潮发生次数与虾养殖产量有显著正相关关系,说明海水养殖自身污染对邻近海域富营养化及赤潮发生有一定影响.通过黄渤海海水养殖向海洋排泄氮、磷、COD等污染物估算,分别占相应陆源污染物排海量的2.8%、5.3%、1.8%.虽然与人类其他活动向海洋排污量相比,水产养殖的排污量所占比重还不算大,对于某些局部水域,特别是海水养殖密集区,将对海洋环境的影响产生叠加作用,很可能成为刺激近海富营养化和赤潮发生的一个重要因素,应引起足够的重视.